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80 Years Since The Atomic Bombing Of Hiroshima & Nagasaki
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TeknolojiDöküm
00:00We are now two minutes to the bomb run.
00:11No fighters, no flak as yet.
00:14We are now two minutes to the bomb run.
00:21We are ready.
00:25Ready.
00:27We are ready.
00:29We are ready.
00:33We are ready.
00:37Primary is no go, three passes and the aim point still obscured, flak's accurate for
00:50altitude and getting close.
00:55Navigator, plot course southwest to Nagasaki.
01:02In 1942, when Nazi Germany controlled much of Europe, the United States and its allies
01:17were working on the most secretive, ambitious project in history, the Manhattan Project,
01:23a race to beat the Nazis to the first atomic bomb.
01:27The weapon was developed at Los Alamos, high above Santa Fe, New Mexico, where scientists
01:33built a plutonium implosion device.
01:36After years of round-the-clock research and industrial effort, they proved it could work.
01:44Just before dawn on July 16, 1945, at a remote site called Trinity in the Jornada del Muerto
01:52desert, the device, nicknamed the gadget, detonated with a yield of about 21 kilotons.
01:58Night turned to day, and a man-made sun rose over the desert.
02:11Night turned to day, and a man-made sun rose over the desert.
02:25President Harry Truman was in Potsdam when news of Trinity reached him.
02:29A coded cable from New Mexico reported the test had been successful beyond expectations.
02:37It changed the tone of the conference.
02:39With Churchill and Stalin across the table, Truman now knew the bomb worked.
02:45On July 24, he told Stalin, deliberately vague, that the United States had a weapon of unusual
02:51destructive power.
02:52Stalin, with a smirk, replied, I hope you'll make good use of it against the Japanese, knowing
02:59full well about the secrets of the Manhattan Project through espionage.
03:04Two days later, on July 26, came the Potsdam Declaration, issued by the United States, Britain,
03:12and China.
03:14It called on Japan to surrender unconditionally, promised no enslavement of the nation, but
03:19demanded disarmament and war crimes trials, and warned that if Japan failed to meet these
03:25demands, it would face prompt and utter destruction.
03:30In Tokyo, the divided leadership effectively did not accept, choosing to ignore the declaration
03:36with silence, while pursuing a last-ditch hope for Soviet mediation.
03:41But even before that answer, the machinery was in motion.
03:45On July 25, Truman approved General Karl Spatz's order, authorizing the Composite Group to deliver
03:51atomic bombs as soon after August 3, as weather permitted, against a target list that included
03:57Hiroshima, Kokura, Niagata, and Nagasaki.
04:03Kyoto, once atop the list, had been removed after Secretary of War Henry Stimson argued
04:08it was the cultural and academic heart of Japan, and preserving it would matter for post-war
04:14reconciliation.
04:17Tokyo was not chosen because months of firebombing had already devastated the city, making damage
04:22assessment close to impossible.
04:24Instead, Hiroshima remained largely untouched, making it an ideal site to clearly gauge the atomic
04:31bomb's devastating effects.
04:34On August 6, 1945, the meticulously planned mission commenced at the Northfield Air Base
04:39on Tinian Island.
04:41At precisely 2.45 a.m., the silver Boeing B-29 Superfortress named Enola Gay, piloted by
04:48Colonel Paul Tibbetts, roared down the runway, carrying the world's first combat-ready atomic
04:54bomb, codenamed Little Boy.
05:01Weather's clear ahead.
05:03Ceiling unlimited.
05:05Maintain course and altitude.
05:07ETA to the IP, on time.
05:11Two accompanying aircraft, the Great Artiste, equipped with instrumentation to measure the
05:16bomb's explosive force and necessary evil, tasked with photography and documentation, followed
05:23closely behind.
05:26Little Boy was a gun-type uranium-235 fission bomb weighing approximately 9,700 pounds, or
05:33about 4,400 kilograms, designed to achieve critical mass through the rapid firing of a
05:39uranium projectile into a uranium target.
05:43This sudden union would initiate an uncontrolled chain reaction, releasing the equivalent explosive
05:48force of approximately 15,000 tons, or 15 kilotons, of TNT.
05:56After a six-hour flight covering roughly 1,500 miles, or about 2,400 kilometers, the formation
06:03approached the Japanese mainland around 7 a.m.
06:08Another reconnaissance aircraft, Straight Flush, had earlier confirmed clear skies over Hiroshima,
06:14sealing the city's fate.
06:18Approaching at an altitude of 31,000 feet, or about 9.5 kilometers, Tibbetts began his bombing
06:25run, handing final control to Bombardier Major Thomas Faraby.
06:30Japanese radar detected the small group of aircraft around 7.09 a.m., prompting initial air
06:36raid sirens in Hiroshima.
06:38However, when observers realized it was only three planes, the military assumed it was merely
06:44a reconnaissance mission, rather than a bombing raid.
06:48Tragically, they canceled the alert, allowing daily life to resume in the city.
06:53At 8.09 a.m., the target, Ayoi Bridge, near the city center, came clearly into view through
07:01Faraby's northern bomb site.
07:05Precisely at 8.15 a.m., as Enola Gay reached the optimal release point, Faraby triggered the
07:11mechanism, opening the bomb bay doors and releasing Little Boy toward Hiroshima.
07:19Approximately 43 seconds after release, Little Boy reached its predetermined detonation altitude
07:25of 600 meters or just over 650 yards above the Shima surgical clinic, missing the intended
07:32target, Ayoi Bridge, by roughly 240 meters or about 260 yards.
07:41At this precise height, radar altimeters triggered internal mechanisms that fired the uranium projectile
07:47into the target, initiating an instantaneous, unstoppable nuclear chain reaction.
08:04The explosion occurred in less than a microsecond, unleashing energy equivalent to approximately
08:0915 kilotons of TNT.
08:13Instantly, a brilliant, blinding flash of white light engulfed the city, visible for miles around,
08:20momentarily brighter than the sun.
08:24Observers on the ground described an intense burst, followed by an enormous, deafening boom.
08:30A fiery nuclear fireball formed, rapidly expanding to about 200 meters or 216 yards in radius,
08:38vaporizing everything it touched.
08:41Radiating outward, the blast wave produced staggering devastation.
08:46Within roughly 340 meters or 370 yards, nearly all reinforced concrete buildings were obliterated,
08:53with fatalities approaching 100 percent.
08:56Outward to about 1.7 kilometers, or just over a mile, residential buildings collapsed, widespread
09:03fires ignited, and massive loss of life occurred.
09:08At even greater distances, up to 4.5 kilometers or 2.8 miles, the shockwave shattered windows,
09:16injuring thousands who had curiously approached windows after seeing the flash.
09:21The intense thermal radiation inflicted third-degree burns, penetrating skin layers deeply and rendering
09:27thousands of survivors severely disfigured or disabled.
09:32Within approximately 2 kilometers, or 1.2 miles, the heat was severe enough to cause instantaneous
09:37third-degree burns, and fires erupted throughout the city, creating a deadly firestorm that raged
09:44for hours.
09:47Of Hiroshima's roughly 350,000 inhabitants, approximately 70,000 to 80,000 people died instantly
09:55from the blast, heat, and immediate radiation, many leaving only eerie human-shaped shadows behind,
10:02permanently etched into pavement and walls.
10:06Thousands more perished over the following months and years, succumbing to radiation sickness,
10:11burns, and associated cancers, pushing total casualties to well over 140,000 people by the end
10:18of 1945 alone.
10:22Later that same day, President Truman addressed the world, solemnly declaring that if Japan did
10:27not surrender, if they do not now accept our terms, they may expect a rain of ruin from the air, the
10:35like of which has never been seen on this earth.
10:39Despite the unprecedented destruction, Japan's leaders, paralyzed by internal division and disbelief,
10:46still did not offer surrender.
10:48So the decision followed to drop another atomic bomb.
10:53On August 9, 1945, three days after Hiroshima was destroyed, another meticulously planned atomic
11:00bombing mission took off from Northfield Air Base on Tinian Island, aiming to compel Japan's
11:06surrender.
11:07This time, six B-29 aircraft were assigned specific roles.
11:12The primary aircraft, a silver B-29 named Boxcar, piloted by Major Charles Sweeney, carried
11:18Fat Man, a plutonium-based implosion-type atomic bomb, far more sophisticated and powerful than
11:25the uranium-based device used on Hiroshima.
11:30The great artiste was tasked again with blast measurement instrumentation, while Big Stink was
11:35assigned photographic documentation.
11:39Two weather reconnaissance planes, Enola Gay, monitoring conditions over Kokura, and Lagin
11:45Dragon, checking Nagasaki, flew ahead, and a spare aircraft full house returned early
11:51due to technical issues and did not proceed to the target.
11:55Shortly after takeoff, Boxcar faced a significant problem, a fuel transfer pump failed, leaving
12:01around 640 gallons of fuel unusable.
12:05Meanwhile, Big Stink failed to correctly make the planned rendezvous over Yakushima Island,
12:11south of the Japanese mainland, flying at the wrong altitude and executing long dogleg patterns,
12:17rather than the briefed tight circles, causing confusion and delay.
12:22The formation proceeded toward Kokura, their primary target.
12:27On arrival, visibility was critically impaired, partially due to clouds, but mostly because
12:33workers at the nearby Yahutta steelworks deliberately burned coal tar to create thick black smoke, intentionally
12:40obscuring the city from bombing raids.
12:44Boxcar attempted three separate bombing runs over Kokura.
12:47Each unsuccessful as Bombardier Captain Kermit Bayhan struggled to visually confirm the aiming
12:53point.
12:55Adding to their urgency, increasingly accurate Japanese anti-aircraft fire bracketed the aircraft.
13:01Eventually, after the third failed pass, the crew abandoned Kokura for their secondary target,
13:07Nagasaki.
13:09The failed attempt on Kokura later gave rise to the phrase Kokura's luck, referring to narrowly
13:15escaping disaster without even realizing it.
13:20Once Boxcar turned southwest toward Nagasaki, fuel became critically low.
13:25Although the crew had agreed beforehand that landing with a fully armed atomic bomb was too
13:29risky, making ditching the fat man at sea preferable, it was decided that radar bombing over Nagasaki
13:37could be performed if visual targeting failed, with jettisoning as a last resort only.
13:44Shortly before 11am, the formation arrived over Nagasaki.
13:50Visibility here too was poor, but a sudden break in cloud cover allowed Bayhan a momentary visual
13:56confirmation of the target.
14:00At precisely 11am, the Great Artiste dropped instrument packages designed to measure the blast.
14:07Instrument canister away. Shoots good. Signals live.
14:13Roger, Great Artiste. Hold your track. We're awaiting visual on target.
14:18One minute later, at 11.01am, Bayhan shouted...
14:22I've got it! I've got it!
14:24...and released the Fat Man bomb.
14:46At exactly 11.02am, Fat Man detonated above Nagasaki, unleashing another devastating atomic
14:53blast upon Japan. Fat Man detonated approximately 503 meters or 550 yards above Nagasaki, exploding
15:03with a yield of roughly 21 kilotons. Immediately, an immense nuclear fireball, measuring around
15:10222 meters or 243 yards in radius, engulfed the city center, momentarily generating temperatures
15:18hotter than the surface of the sun. Anything within this volume was simply obliterated. Buildings,
15:26vehicles, and human beings, erased from existence in a blinding flash.
15:31The initial blast wave extended outwards, delivering catastrophic destruction within a radius of
15:37roughly 760 meters or 830 yards, where reinforced concrete buildings were demolished.
15:44Within a wider radius of about 1.7 kilometers, or just above a mile, residential and commercial buildings collapsed.
15:52Fires ignited uncontrollably, and casualties became widespread.
15:58Tens of thousands of Nagasaki's residents experienced severe injuries or were trapped beneath debris.
16:05By the end of 1945, approximately 60,000 to 80,000 people in Nagasaki had perished from the explosion, fires, and immediate radiation effects.
16:17Adding to Japan's problems, shortly before midnight on August 8th, the Soviet Union launched a massive invasion
16:25of Japanese-held Manchuria, shattering Japan's last desperate hope for Soviet mediation.
16:31Facing the overwhelming reality of dual catastrophes, the unprecedented devastation from atomic bombings,
16:38and the massive Soviet offensive, Emperor Hirohito acknowledged the futility of continued resistance,
16:45declaring to his people that the enemy possessed a new and most cruel bomb.
16:51Finally, on August 15th, 1945, Japan announced its unconditional surrender.
16:58The formal surrender document was signed aboard the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on September 2nd, 1945,
17:06officially ending World War II.
17:09Today, 80 years have passed since humanity first unleashed atomic destruction upon itself.
17:15Eight decades since that fateful event, often called man's last bomb, the world still lives under the shadow of nuclear annihilation.
17:25The hope remains that Hiroshima and Nagasaki will forever mark the first, the last, and only time these weapons were ever used in war.
17:35After 그리
17:41In the past, there are no 600 and seven of them are and the importance of being observed by concerning people who cannot register.
17:43The first is a effort in the war.
17:45After that, one of the were to drive to the war.
17:47The last is two people who have been killed before the war.
17:49The first 100 years after the war on war was wonted up against the war,
17:50The last bleak of the war because it was reported with the two families in the war.
17:54The first was an attack that was on the phone, the first was another 7th a day that was confirmed.
17:56The second was the first time the police in the war, and the two of which was very well.
17:58The second was from a head, the third was to the last time when it was the war.
17:59The first was to the End of the war the first time that was word-led and the last what happened to say, because it was the discovery of death.
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