- 3 months ago
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Short filmTranscript
00:00:00I'm sorry, I'm sorry.
00:00:30Coming home from Vietnam was close to as traumatic as the war itself.
00:01:00For years, nobody talked about Vietnam.
00:01:07We were friends with a young couple, and it was only after 12 years that the two wives
00:01:13were talking, found out that we both had been Marines in Vietnam.
00:01:18Never said a word about it, never mentioned it.
00:01:22And the whole country was like that.
00:01:25It was so divisive.
00:01:29And it's like living in a family with an alcoholic father.
00:01:33Shh, we don't talk about that.
00:01:38Our country did that with Vietnam.
00:01:40It's only been very recently that I think that, you know, the baby boomers are finally starting
00:01:45to say, what happened?
00:01:48What happened?
00:01:54What we need now in this country is to heal the wounds and to put Vietnam behind us.
00:02:06The killing in this tragic war must stop.
00:02:19The general Westmoreland strategy is producing results.
00:02:22The enemy is no longer closer to victory.
00:02:35No matter how you measure it, we're better off than we thought we would be at this time.
00:02:49You have been less than candid as to how deeply we are involved in Vietnam.
00:03:03We have increased our assistance to the government, its logistics.
00:03:07We have not sent combat groups there.
00:03:11You have a row of dominoes set up and you knock over the first one and the last one certainly
00:03:16little over.
00:03:17If aggression is successful in Korea, we can expect it to spread throughout Asia and Europe
00:03:22and to this hemisphere.
00:03:24Awesome.
00:03:25Lots of crerp方向, man.
00:03:30We'll cover it with beyond Turkey.
00:03:32It's coming down early every day as well by many years.
00:03:35Wednesday, Wednesday and Saturday.
00:03:37The D угolined stage is evacuating.
00:03:38Surely you're not sleeping.
00:03:41Well, the others have been besides, no dangerifest.
00:03:44Same as the cream man does not sleep.
00:03:48Come, U., 않을 aussi once a year,
00:03:50And where have you been, my darling young one?
00:03:59Victor Frankel, who survived the death camps in World War II, wrote a book called Man's
00:04:04Search for Meaning.
00:04:06You know, to live is to suffer.
00:04:11To survive is to find meaning in suffering.
00:04:16And for those of us who suffered because of Vietnam, that's been our quest ever since.
00:04:26And it's hard, it's hard, it's hard, it's hard, it's hard rain, you're gonna fall.
00:04:38America's involvement in Vietnam began in secrecy.
00:04:43It ended 30 years later in failure, witnessed by the entire world.
00:04:53It was begun in good faith by decent people out of fateful misunderstandings, American overconfidence
00:05:01and Cold War miscalculation.
00:05:05And it was prolonged because it seemed easier to muddle through than admit that it had been
00:05:10caused by tragic decisions made by five American presidents belonging to both political parties.
00:05:19And it's hard.
00:05:20Before the war was over, more than 58,000 Americans would be dead.
00:05:27At least 250,000 South Vietnamese troops died in the conflict as well.
00:05:34So did over a million North Vietnamese soldiers and Viet Cong guerrillas.
00:05:39Two million civilians, North and South, are thought to have perished, as well as tens of thousands
00:05:51more in the neighboring states of Laos and Cambodia.
00:05:58For many Vietnamese, it was a brutal civil war.
00:06:02For others, the bloody climactic chapter in a century-old struggle for independence.
00:06:09And what do you do now, my blue-eyed son?
00:06:14For those Americans who fought in it, and for those who fought against it back home, as
00:06:19well as for those who merely glimpsed it on the nightly news, the Vietnam War was a decade
00:06:26of agony, the most divisive period since the Civil War.
00:06:34Vietnam seemed to call everything into question.
00:06:39The value of honor and gallantry.
00:06:43The qualities of cruelty and mercy.
00:06:48The candor of the American government.
00:06:53And what it means to be a patriot.
00:07:02And those who lived through it have never been able to erase its memory, have never stopped
00:07:07arguing about what really happened, why everything went so badly wrong, who was to blame, and whether
00:07:16it was all worth it.
00:07:18It went from the mountain so all souls can see it.
00:07:22The time has been almost 40 years.
00:07:24And I'll stand on the ocean until I start sinking.
00:07:29And I'll know my soul will be singing.
00:07:31And I'll know my soul will be singing.
00:07:33And I'll know my soul will be singing.
00:07:35I'll know my soul will be singing.
00:08:05The dreams are gonna fall
00:08:35The French conquest of Indochina began with an attack on the ancient Vietnamese port of Da Nang in 1858.
00:09:05It took 50 years to lay claim to the whole region, Laos and Cambodia, as well as the 1,200-mile-long area that would come to be called Vietnam.
00:09:19All of it was ruled by a French governor-general from his palace in Hanoi.
00:09:24The French largely lived on plantation estates and in cities like Saigon, made to look as much as possible like those at home.
00:09:35Most did not even bother to learn the language spoken by their subjects.
00:09:41Instead, they installed a series of puppet emperors and employed a network of French-speaking Vietnamese officials, mandarins, willing to carry out their wishes.
00:09:53The French put their subjects to work, building roads and canals, railroads and bridges.
00:10:03The Vietnamese people did not take easily to French occupation, just as they had fought against earlier invasions by the Chinese.
00:10:15By the early 20th century, nationalism was on the rise.
00:10:20But anyone who dared resist colonial rule risked exile, prison or the guillotine.
00:10:27They controlled everything.
00:10:30They were a source from our country.
00:10:47But mostly, they took our independence and our freedom.
00:10:53independence and our freedom when I was a small child I got a national
00:11:00discipline already from school and I always looked at their friends as my
00:11:06enemy my enemy
00:11:12my hatred for them was pure pure I hated
00:11:41them so much and I was so scared of why I was terrified of and the scarier I got
00:12:02the more I hated I was an 18 year old marine rifleman with with the ink still
00:12:10wet on my high school diploma I didn't want to shame myself in front of my
00:12:14buddies but I was so scared I felt like I was hanging on to my honor by my
00:12:21fingernails the whole time I was there
00:12:24in the spring of 1919 as the victorious Allied powers met in Paris to rebuild a
00:12:44world shattered by the Great War president Woodrow Wilson headed the American
00:12:50delegation housed in the Hotel Creon one day a tall slender 29 year old man
00:13:00appeared with a petition for the president he and other Vietnamese
00:13:04nationalists had written inspired by Wilson's declaration that the interests
00:13:11of colonial peoples should be given equal weight with those of their European
00:13:15rulers the man was asking that this principle be applied to his homeland the
00:13:23president's secretary promised to show it to Wilson but there is no evidence that
00:13:28he ever did his name was when taught on but he was now living under an alias when I
00:13:36quack when the Patriot during his long shadowy career he would adopt some 70
00:13:45different pseudonyms finally settling on the most enlightened one Ho Chi Minh what
00:13:54you mean was a man who succeeded in projecting an image of somebody who was
00:14:00totally dedicated to freeing his country and his people from foreign domination to the
00:14:08point that he sacrificed his own well-being his own life not having a family of his own
00:14:15to Vietnamese that's it's a big sacrifice because to us everybody needs a family Ho Chi Minh was born in
00:14:251890 the son of a minor official in the French regime after taking part in a
00:14:32demonstration against the puppet Emperor and the Frenchman who pulled his strings
00:14:36Ho was expelled from school and marked for arrest he left Vietnam in 1911 and
00:14:45remained in exile for 30 years he served as a cook's helper aboard a French liner and
00:14:53visited New York and Boston where he worked for a time as a pastry chef at the Parker house he
00:15:01shoveled snow in London tinted photographs in Paris there Ho Chi Minh joined the French Socialist Party
00:15:11but when he discovered the anti-colonial writings of Lenin he became a communist he was invited to
00:15:20Moscow to study underwent training as a Soviet agent was sometimes criticized for being a nationalist
00:15:27first a communist second and then was dispatched to China to organize a cell of other Vietnamese
00:15:35exiles and help establish the Indochinese Communist Party through it all he was taught and quivering a
00:15:44friend remembered with only one thought his country Vietnam
00:15:50by 1940 much of the world was at war again
00:16:10Germany had seized most of Western Europe including France
00:16:23Imperial Japan threatened many of the European colonies in Asia and occupied Vietnam where they
00:16:33permitted their allies the collaborationist French to continue to oversee their colony
00:16:39to some Vietnamese the coming of the Japanese seemed to signal a welcome end to white colonial rule but Ho Chi Minh still in
00:16:52exile in China saw the Japanese as alien invaders no more welcome than the French
00:16:59they were only interested in exploiting his country and seizing Vietnamese crops to fill their own rice bowls
00:17:07the time had come he said to rally patriots of all ages and all types peasants workers merchants and soldiers to defeat the Japanese and the collaborationist French
00:17:23in February of 1941 after three decades away from his homeland Ho Chi Minh slipped back across the Chinese border into Vietnam and set up headquarters near the remote village of Poc Ba in a limestone cave at the side of a mountain he named for Karl Marx overlooking a jungle stream he named for his hero Lenin
00:17:52there he founded a revolutionary movement which he called the Vietnam Independence League
00:18:00the Viet Minh everybody want to join the Viet Minh with the fight mostly nobody know about the Viet Minh as a communist organization to build and lead a fighting force for his revolution
00:18:19Ho called upon Va Win Zapp a one-time teacher of French history who had instructed the children of Hanoi's elite
00:18:27Zapp was an early convert to communism whose lifelong hatred for the French intensified when they beat his wife to death in prison
00:18:37in prison inspired by Napoleon Lawrence of Arabia and the communist Chinese revolutionary Mao Zedong
00:18:46Zapp had already begun to develop a distinctive theory of warfare that relied on guerrilla tactics until a full-scale conventional attack could be mounted
00:18:58and the fight for independence which he believed was coming his army Zapp said would be everywhere and nowhere
00:19:08the reason Vietnamese had always resort to guerrilla warfare was because we were a small country and it was just a way of fight the weak against the strong
00:19:20don't fight unless you're sure you can win and surprise is a big element choose your own battle
00:19:32I had about 26 guys that day out of 45 we were always somewhat under strength and this day we were quite under strength
00:19:48my platoons on point
00:19:51and all of a sudden the very point man that the first guy in the column said BC on the trail BC on the trail
00:20:06before I had a chance to digest this he went down shot right through the chest
00:20:13and what was a very well laid ambush erupted
00:20:19I knew I'd lost a bunch of guys I said a prayer to God
00:20:34saying basically if you need any more guys from my platoon take me don't take any more of my men
00:20:41as soon as I said it I freaked myself out I said holy shit
00:20:45can I take that prayer back
00:20:48by the spring of 1945
00:21:02more than three years after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
00:21:07the United States government was looking for allies behind the lines in Vietnam
00:21:13the Americans were hoping to find a way to undermine Japanese forces there
00:21:18when they were contacted by Ho Chi Minh
00:21:21and so it was decided to drop an OSS team in to meet with the Viet Minh leadership
00:21:29Paul Hoagland was the medic on the team
00:21:34and the first thing he was told was that he must attend to their leader who was desperately sick
00:21:40so he was taken to a grass shack where a bewhiskered skinny man lay in a bundle of straw
00:21:48desperately ill and that was Ho Chi Minh
00:21:51the OSS
00:21:55the secret wartime precursor of the CIA
00:21:58supplied Ho's ragtag gorillas with arms
00:22:01and marveled at how quickly they learned to handle them
00:22:05Ho Chi Minh began to call his followers the Viet American army
00:22:11and praised the United States as a champion of democracy
00:22:15that would surely help them end colonial rule
00:22:19we saw the American army
00:22:22and when we look at the American
00:22:26we consider them as a kind of free man
00:22:31liberating the people
00:22:33they have liberated Europe already
00:22:35meanwhile famine gripped the northern part of the country
00:22:41hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese were dying of starvation
00:22:45while Japanese storehouses were filled with rice
00:22:49in those days garbage was collected by people pushing carts
00:22:56and my mother remembers that every morning
00:23:00she would see these garbage carts going around
00:23:03and people picking up dead bodies and throwing them on the carts
00:23:07it was incredible
00:23:09and people who lived through it would never, never have forgot
00:23:13Zwang von Mai's father was the deputy governor of a province east of Hanoi
00:23:19the son and grandson of mandarins who had all served the French
00:23:24he and his wife had 17 children
00:23:27parents who had children who had, you know, plump
00:23:33were very afraid of their children being stolen and killed
00:23:36and it was really like hell on earth
00:23:41the government didn't have a clue on how to deal with this calamity
00:23:46but Ho Chi Minh did
00:23:50he directed the Viet Minh to break into the Japanese storehouses
00:23:54wherever they could
00:23:55and distribute the rice to the people
00:23:58they were hailed as saviors
00:24:02when an atomic bomb destroyed Hiroshima
00:24:20and three days later a second one destroyed Nagasaki
00:24:24Japanese surrender seemed imminent
00:24:27Ho Chi Minh called upon all Vietnamese to rise up and take over their own country
00:24:34before the free French could re-establish their old colonial regime
00:24:40they did
00:24:42in cities and towns across the country
00:24:45on September 2, 1945, the same day the Japanese formally surrendered
00:24:55hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese streamed into Ba Dinh Square in Hanoi
00:25:00to see for the first time the mysterious leader of the Vietnam
00:25:05and hear him proclaim Vietnam's independence
00:25:09with an OSS officer standing nearby
00:25:18Ho Chi Minh began with the words of Thomas Jefferson
00:25:22all men are created equal
00:25:25they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights
00:25:30that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
00:25:36Ho Chi Minh had great hopes that the US would support
00:26:04the Vietnam desire for independence
00:26:06not necessarily by intervening
00:26:09but by doing what it could
00:26:12to support an independence movement
00:26:15Ho Chi Minh's hopes for American support
00:26:19were calculated
00:26:20but understandable
00:26:21President Franklin Roosevelt
00:26:25had promised a post-war world
00:26:27that would respect the rights of all peoples
00:26:30to choose the form of government
00:26:32under which they live
00:26:33but Roosevelt was dead now
00:26:38and his successor, Harry Truman
00:26:40had inherited a very different world
00:26:43the alliance with the Soviet Union
00:26:46that had won the Second World War
00:26:48had collapsed
00:26:49the Soviets now occupied
00:26:52the Eastern European countries they had overrun
00:26:55and hoped to spread their influence farther
00:26:58into Iran, Turkey, and the Mediterranean
00:27:01a new Cold War had begun
00:27:06French President Charles de Gaulle warned
00:27:10that if the United States insisted on independence
00:27:14for her colonies
00:27:15France might have no choice
00:27:17but to fall into the Russian orbit
00:27:20the United States must do nothing
00:27:23to undercut the restoration of France's empire
00:27:27including Vietnam
00:27:29there were hardly any Americans in Vietnam
00:27:37you know, State Department people
00:27:38counselor officials
00:27:40a few businessmen
00:27:42hardly anyone from this country
00:27:45knew where Vietnam was located
00:27:47George Wicks was part of a seven-man OSS mission
00:27:51sent to Saigon
00:27:53the largest city in the South
00:27:55the United States was officially neutral
00:27:58hoping the French and Viet Minh
00:28:00could reach some peaceful solution on their own
00:28:04Allied leaders had agreed temporarily
00:28:07to divide Vietnam into two separate zones
00:28:11Nationalist Chinese troops
00:28:13were to handle things in the North
00:28:15British colonial troops
00:28:17would try to perform the same task in the South
00:28:20where rival factions
00:28:22including the French and Viet Minh
00:28:24were already fighting in the streets of Saigon
00:28:28no one was in charge
00:28:31on both sides
00:28:33there was brutality
00:28:35and atrocity
00:28:36and violence
00:28:37it wasn't quite a civil war
00:28:40but it was getting very close to civil war
00:28:42in the streets of Saigon
00:28:43Lieutenant Colonel Peter Dewey
00:28:47the 28-year-old commander of the OSS in Saigon
00:28:51tried to make sense of it all
00:28:53right from the start
00:28:55he was in touch with everybody
00:28:56not only the French
00:28:58but very soon he established a connection
00:29:00with various Vietnamese groups
00:29:03the Viet Minh soon established themselves
00:29:06as the most successful
00:29:08Dewey, who spoke fluent French
00:29:12brokered talks between a Viet Minh spokesman
00:29:15and the senior French representative in the city
00:29:18his efforts infuriated British General Douglas Gracie
00:29:24who commanded Allied forces in the South
00:29:26Gracie was convinced that French control
00:29:30should be reimposed as soon as possible
00:29:32by conferring with the Viet Minh, Gracie said
00:29:36Colonel Dewey had become a subversive force
00:29:39the violence in and around Saigon escalated
00:29:45Colonel Dewey urgently cabled his superiors
00:29:50Vietnam is burning, he wrote
00:29:54the French and British are finished here
00:29:57and the United States, he concluded
00:29:59ought to clear out of Southeast Asia
00:30:02two days later, September 26, 1945
00:30:10he set out for the airport
00:30:12prepared to fly to OSS headquarters
00:30:15at a roadblock
00:30:19the Viet Minh mistook Dewey for a Frenchman
00:30:22and opened fire
00:30:24he was killed instantly
00:30:28Ho Chi Minh wrote to the United States
00:30:33lamenting the death of Dewey
00:30:36whom he recognized as a person sympathetic to his cause
00:30:40it seemed a terrible irony
00:30:43that Dewey, who was doing what he could
00:30:46to help the Vietnamese independence movement
00:30:48should have been killed by the Vietnamese
00:30:51by a mistake
00:30:52an elderly African-American woman
00:31:08answered the door
00:31:09I think she knew
00:31:15the instant she saw us
00:31:17why we were there
00:31:18and the Padres said
00:31:23I'm terribly sorry to inform you
00:31:28that your son was killed in Vietnam
00:31:31and she just sat down
00:31:34it didn't still work
00:31:35and her husband says
00:31:41no, there's a mistake
00:31:42he comes back with this letter
00:31:44and he said
00:31:45look, see
00:31:45we got it yesterday
00:31:47our son was still loved yesterday
00:31:49and the chaplain looked at the letter
00:31:54and he said
00:31:55it's a week old
00:31:56I think your son was killed
00:31:58on the day he wrote this letter
00:32:00in the fall of 1945
00:32:11a week after Colonel Dewey's death
00:32:13fresh French troops began arriving in Saigon
00:32:17taking over from the British
00:32:18they quickly established control of the city
00:32:23and set out to reoccupy the entire country
00:32:26Ho Chi Minh hoped somehow
00:32:30to achieve independence
00:32:32without a war with France
00:32:34and he still hoped the United States would intervene
00:32:37you never had an empire
00:32:39never exploited the Asian peoples
00:32:42he would tell a visiting American journalist
00:32:44do not be blinded
00:32:46by this issue of communism
00:32:48he did not want to fight the French
00:32:52as an enemy of America
00:32:54and in fact
00:32:55I saw the letters
00:32:57he wrote
00:32:59to President Truman
00:33:01saying
00:33:02we believe in the same things you believe
00:33:04those letters
00:33:06I saw in the CIA files
00:33:08they had never been given
00:33:11to President Truman
00:33:12in June of 1946
00:33:19Ho Chi Minh returned to Paris
00:33:21in a fruitless attempt
00:33:23to get the French
00:33:24to live up to a promise
00:33:25they had made
00:33:26of increased autonomy
00:33:28for his country
00:33:29while Ho was away
00:33:32General Zapp
00:33:33began consolidating
00:33:34communist control
00:33:36of the revolution
00:33:37he conducted
00:33:39a merciless purge
00:33:40of members of rival
00:33:41nationalist parties
00:33:42and people he called
00:33:44reactionary saboteurs
00:33:46landlords and moneylenders
00:33:49Trotskyites and Catholics
00:33:51men and women accused
00:33:53of collaborating with the French
00:33:55hundreds were shot
00:33:57drowned
00:33:58buried alive
00:34:00on December 19th 1946
00:34:16after months of building tension
00:34:19fighting broke out in Hanoi
00:34:21between the Viet Minh
00:34:22and the French
00:34:23the Viet Minh
00:34:29proved no match
00:34:30for French firepower
00:34:31Ho, Zapp
00:34:38and their comrades
00:34:39slipped out of the city
00:34:41and returned
00:34:42to their mountain stronghold
00:34:43far to the north
00:34:45those who have rifles
00:34:48will use their rifles
00:34:50Ho declared
00:34:51in a radio address
00:34:52calling for a nationwide
00:34:54guerrilla war
00:34:55those who have swords
00:34:57will use swords
00:34:59those who have no swords
00:35:01will use spades
00:35:03or sticks
00:35:04they have no fire
00:35:16and they have no power
00:35:17to the Snow
00:35:18and I remember
00:35:19the period
00:35:20that was from Japan
00:35:21it was nice
00:35:22and beautiful
00:35:23it was beautiful
00:35:23it was beautiful
00:35:24when we went to the obstinate
00:35:27we were playing
00:35:27and there was any
00:35:29song
00:35:29But the country Ho Chi Minh hoped to unite was itself bitterly divided.
00:35:41Families were being torn apart.
00:35:44Despite her father's position in the French government,
00:35:47Zhuang Von Mai's sister felt compelled to answer Ho's call.
00:35:54My older sister Trang was married to a man who had great sympathy for the Viet Minh.
00:36:02And by that time, Ho Chi Minh had evacuated his government to the mountain base.
00:36:08So my sister and her husband tricked all the way from Hanoi toward the base
00:36:13in order to join the resistance against the French.
00:36:19So the Vietnam War was really a civil war, down to the family level.
00:36:32France poured thousands of men into Vietnam.
00:36:36French regulars, European mercenaries, and colonial troops from Morocco,
00:36:41Algeria, Tunisia, and Senegal.
00:36:44Who fought alongside an army of Cambodians, Laotians, and anti-communist Vietnamese.
00:36:56French forces managed to occupy most of the large towns and province capitals.
00:37:01And established hundreds of isolated outposts.
00:37:06The French also set out to try to win over rural Vietnamese
00:37:11through a program they called pacification.
00:37:15Pacification.
00:37:16Building dikes, schools and roads.
00:37:19And vaccinating children.
00:37:25The French would pacify a village.
00:37:27And during the daytime, they could control it.
00:37:30But at night, the Viet Minh would come back.
00:37:33And so it was never completely secure.
00:37:39My father would shake his head and said, you know, pacification is really futile.
00:37:44Because it's like trying to hold sand in your fingers.
00:37:49The Viet Minh mined roads.
00:37:54Blew up bridges and railroads.
00:37:56Ambushed French patrols.
00:38:01And then disappeared.
00:38:05French soldiers sometimes took revenge on the nearest village.
00:38:09Burning homes.
00:38:10Raping women.
00:38:11Executing men suspected of aiding the Viet Minh.
00:38:15French soldiers.
00:38:16That's a very poor tribe.
00:38:17That is how many of our fathers have not been cursed?
00:38:20The French activists have been the most proven to you.
00:38:23They have literally been cured by the같ified people.
00:38:24They now have never been cured.
00:38:25The American Catholics.
00:38:26It has been cured by the last, in the ảnh.
00:38:27But the French Devil has been cured.
00:38:28But the French and the French people have been cured.
00:38:29The French people had been cured.
00:38:30The French people had been cured.
00:38:31They have tried to kill themselves.
00:38:32According to the French people, they have taken out their mind.
00:38:33They had been cured.
00:38:36In the French people.
00:38:37At the French people of the Spanish whose fathers had been committed.
00:38:39The French people had found another way the German temple.
00:38:40The French women was killed and used to be endangereded.
00:38:41The French people had been killed.
00:38:42But the communists proved every bit as ruthless as the French.
00:38:59It is better to kill even those who might be innocent, one commander said, than to let
00:39:06a guilty person go.
00:39:10They specifically targeted anyone who had links to the French.
00:39:15Once my father started working for the French, then he was a target, especially the higher
00:39:21he rose, the bigger target he became.
00:39:24A Vietnamese agent actually came in with a pistol to shoot him, but at the last moment
00:39:31decided not to.
00:40:0312 tầng áp bức.
00:40:3312 tầng áp bức.
00:41:0312 tầng áp bức.
00:41:3314 tầng áp bức.
00:41:37President Truman's dramatic announcement that Russia had the atom secret caused state departments all over the world to stir uneasily.
00:41:45We were very aware that there was a Cold War and that we had an enemy, and that enemy
00:41:52was the Soviet Union.
00:41:56The United States stood at one pole and the Soviet Union stood at the other pole.
00:42:01It was kind of a Manichaean dynamic that there was evil and there was good and we were good
00:42:07and the other side was evil.
00:42:09It wasn't morally ambiguous.
00:42:15Just a few weeks after Russia became a nuclear power, there was more stunning news.
00:42:21Communist forces under Mao Zedong seized control of China.
00:42:27Separate communist insurrections were also underway in the British colonies of Burma and Malaya.
00:42:36In January 1950, Mao formally recognized Ho Chi Minh's insurgency and agreed to provide
00:42:43the arms, equipment, and military training he had been seeking.
00:42:49The Soviets recognized the Viet Minh as well and also offered help.
00:42:56President Truman, who was being blamed by his political opponents for having lost China and
00:43:01having failed to contain communism, approved a $23 million aid program for the French in Vietnam.
00:43:10The United States was no longer neutral.
00:43:14We were caught on the horns of a dilemma of how can we maintain our friendship and our alliance
00:43:21with the French and support them in Indochina while we as a former colony ourselves sympathize
00:43:29with the Vietnamese and their aspirations for freedom and independence.
00:43:33A highly trained and well-equipped North Korean army swarmed across the 38th parallel to attack unprepared
00:43:44South Korean defenders.
00:43:47In June of 1950, China's ally, communist North Korea, invaded South Korea.
00:43:57Truman ordered tens of thousands of American ground troops onto the Korean peninsula.
00:44:09The United States and its allies eventually pushed the invaders back north.
00:44:16Meanwhile in southern China, Mao's military was beginning to turn the Viet Minh into a modern
00:44:22fighting force, capable of inflicting a heavy toll on the French occupiers.
00:44:36In July, the Truman administration quietly dispatched transport planes and a shipload of jeeps to Vietnam.
00:44:44Thirty-five military advisers went along to oversee their use.
00:44:51None of them, and no one in the American embassy, spoke a word of Vietnamese.
00:44:58But the United States was now officially in Vietnam.
00:45:04In October of 1950, hundreds of thousands of Chinese troops began pouring into North Korea,
00:45:12driving the Allies back down the peninsula.
00:45:16As that fighting raged, Truman continued to increase military aid for the French war in Vietnam.
00:45:27If aggression is successful in Korea, we can expect it to spread throughout Asia and Europe and to this hemisphere.
00:45:37We are fighting in Korea for our own national security and survival.
00:45:48In the autumn of 1951, a young Massachusetts congressman named John F. Kennedy dined at the rooftop bar of the Hotel Majestic overlooking Saigon.
00:46:00As he and his party ate, they could hear the thunder of guns across the Saigon River.
00:46:07French commanders assured Kennedy that with more American support, French rule would be reestablished.
00:46:15But Kennedy spent two hours with Seymour Topping, a seasoned American reporter who gave him a very different perspective.
00:46:24The French were losing, he said, and many Vietnamese who had once admired the Americans were beginning to despise them for backing the French.
00:46:34Kennedy believed the reporter, unless the United States could persuade the Vietnamese that it was as opposed to injustice and inequality as it was to communism, he told his constituents when he got home, the current effort would result in foredoomed failure.
00:46:55In 1952, General Dwight Eisenhower was elected president, in part because he promised to take a tougher stance on communism.
00:47:15That year, American taxpayers were footing more than 30% of the bill for the French war in Vietnam.
00:47:23Within two years, that number would rise to nearly 80%.
00:47:32And many of you ask this question.
00:47:35Why is the United States spending hundreds of millions of dollars supporting the forces of the French Union in the fight against communism in Indochina?
00:47:46I think perhaps if we go over to the map here, I can indicate to you why it is so vitally important.
00:47:53Here is Indochina.
00:47:55If Indochina falls, Thailand is put in almost impossible position.
00:48:00The same is true of Malaya, with its rubber and tin.
00:48:03Now, may I say that as far as the war in Indochina is concerned, that I was there, right on the battlefield, or close to it, and it's a bloody war, and it's a bitter one.
00:48:17By 1953, the French had been fighting for seven years.
00:48:27They had suffered over 100,000 casualties and failed to pacify the countryside.
00:48:33Six commanders had come and gone.
00:48:36Nevertheless, the seventh commander, General Henri Navarre, assured his countrymen that victory was near.
00:48:45Now we can see it clearly, he said, like the light at the end of the tunnel.
00:48:50Meanwhile, large parts of the French population were horrified by reports of French brutality.
00:49:01And the widespread use of napalm, gelatinized petroleum that burned foliage, homes, and human flesh.
00:49:10When returning French troops disembarked at Marseille, members of the Longshoremen's Union pelted them with rocks.
00:49:21Parisian leftists began to call the conflict La Salle Guerre, the dirty war.
00:49:27The camera was a close-up, was over the shoulder with a stormtrooper who had a kid by the cruff of his shirt, and he smacked someone.
00:49:46At that moment in time, I realized that anybody who really cared for America was spent halfway around the world chasing some ghosts in the jungle.
00:49:54In the meantime, my country is being torn apart.
00:49:59So I saw somebody who looked like my dad hitting somebody who looked like me.
00:50:04Whose side would I be on?
00:50:13In Korea, three years of combat end as United Nations and Communist negotiators at Panmunjom sign a truce.
00:50:19In July of 1953, the Korean War ended in a negotiated settlement and a still divided peninsula.
00:50:29American policymakers saw it as proof that communism in Asia could be contained.
00:50:35And in Washington, a dramatic evening press...
00:50:37That fall, the French indicated their willingness to begin talks to end the fighting in Vietnam.
00:50:44Ho Chi Minh agreed to meet.
00:50:48But before the negotiators were to convene in Geneva, each side sought to improve its position on the battlefield.
00:50:56General Navarre set up a fortified base in a remote valley in northwestern Vietnam called Dien Bien Phu, where he hoped to lure the Viet Minh into a decisive battle.
00:51:10Navarre was certain that superior French firepower and air support would crush any attack by the Viet Minh.
00:51:21He and his commanders saw no need to worry about the jungle-covered hills that overlooked his 11,000 men dug in on the valley floor.
00:51:30The artillery commander was so confident of victory, he complained, I have more guns than I need.
00:51:40General Zopp saw his chance.
00:51:44We decided to wipe out, at all costs, the whole enemy force at Dien Bien Phu, he remembered.
00:51:54To do it, he pulled off one of the greatest logistical feats in military history.
00:52:01A feat that would be restaged in propaganda films and celebrated for decades.
00:52:06A quarter of a million civilian porters, nearly half of them women, moved everything he needed for a siege,
00:52:16from sacks of rice to disassembled artillery pieces, on foot, through the jungle.
00:52:22Zopp surrounded the valley with 50,000 soldiers and 200 big guns, dug in and camouflaged so well they could not be spotted from the air.
00:52:36On March 13th, 1954, Viet Minh artillery on the hillsides began raining down 50 shells a minute on the French troops huddled below.
00:52:53The airstrip was destroyed.
00:52:57The besieged troops could only be reinforced and resupplied by airdrop.
00:53:04The French artillery commander, who had underestimated his enemy, committed suicide.
00:53:17The airlift to Dien Bien Phu continues, vital men and supplies for the heroic garrison that has defied the massed Viet Minh onslaughts for over six weeks.
00:53:25Today, Dien Bien Phu is a human dam trying to stem the red tide that threatens to engulf Southeast Asia.
00:53:31The French government begged President Eisenhower to intervene.
00:53:38He refused to act without congressional approval and support from European allies.
00:53:44Britain said no.
00:53:45And the Congress would not support unilateral action.
00:53:50The communists under Ho Chi Minh are able to claim that they are fighting for independence and the French appear to be fighting for a maintenance of colonial rule.
00:53:58I therefore believe that before the United States moved in, in any degree, that independence must be granted to the people, that the people must support the struggle.
00:54:08I am convinced Eisenhower confided to his diary that no military victory is possible in this theater.
00:54:17Still, without consulting Congress, the President had secretly sent more American transport planes.
00:54:26Their markings painted over and flown by civilian contractors to help resupply the desperate French troops at Dien Bien Phu.
00:54:35Everyone understood that, in and of itself, Vietnam didn't mean very much.
00:54:45But they believed, I believed, if we lost it, that the rest of Asia would tumble to communism.
00:54:52You have broader considerations that might follow what you would call the falling domino principle.
00:55:02You have a row of dominoes set up, and you knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is the certainly little rover.
00:55:12Very quickly.
00:55:22On the afternoon of May 7th, 1954, after 55 days of siege, the exhausted French forces at Dien Bien Phu surrendered.
00:55:46They had lost 8,000 men, killed, wounded, or missing.
00:55:57General Zap had lost three times as many, but he had won a great victory.
00:56:03Even Zhuang Van Mai's parents could not help but be impressed.
00:56:26They were very proud that the building had defeated the French.
00:56:31This great Western power, admiration and respect on the one hand, but fear on the other hand, and fear was a stronger emotion.
00:56:44We have been caught bluffing by our enemies, Senate Minority Leader Lyndon Johnson said.
00:56:50Today, it is Indochina.
00:56:53Tomorrow, Asia may be in flames.
00:56:56And the day after, the Western alliance will lie in ruins.
00:57:00We should have seen it as the end of the colonial era in Southeast Asia, which it really was.
00:57:06But instead, we saw it in Cold War terms, and we saw it as a defeat for the free world that was related to the rise of China.
00:57:17And it was a total misreading of a pivotal event, which cost us very dearly.
00:57:24The former home of the League of Nations, Geneva, Switzerland, where East is meeting West in the international conference that may decisively affect the political future of Asia.
00:57:40The day after the fall of Dien Bien Phu, diplomats from nine nations gathered in Geneva to settle the future of Vietnam.
00:57:48The talks dragged on for nearly two and a half months.
00:57:57Despite their victory, Ho Chi Minh and General Zopp could not keep fighting without more support from China and the Soviet Union.
00:58:06But China had lost a million men in Korea and did not want to become involved in another war along its border.
00:58:16The Soviet Union was hoping to ease tensions with the West.
00:58:22Both of Ho Chi Minh's communist patrons urged him to agree to a negotiated settlement, a partition like the one that had ended the Korean War.
00:58:32Ho had no option but to give in.
00:58:37In the end, no one was satisfied.
00:58:43Vietnam was temporarily to be divided at the 17th parallel.
00:58:50The 130,000 French-led troops stationed in the north were to withdraw to the south,
00:58:56and somewhere between 50 and 90,000 Viet Minh were to regroup to the north.
00:59:04The two halves would be separated by a demilitarized zone, until an election could be held to reunify North and South Vietnam.
00:59:14An election everyone knew Ho Chi Minh would win.
00:59:18The U.S. Grandpa's back.
00:59:19An election was opened up for a long term of two weeks in the capitalarchy to another country.
00:59:22I was allowed to win this year for the whole country and to go back and rescue land.
00:59:27No one had to believe.
00:59:29No one thought that it would have been for a long time.
00:59:34In the UK, we went to the South China and took an hour to escape from the West.
00:59:38It was not a riot.
00:59:40It was a bit so heavy.
00:59:41We had started walking up and we'd probably gotten about a third of the way up the hill and then they unleashed on us.
01:00:02We were in the middle of this horrible shit sandwich. That's what we called it.
01:00:11One of the things that I learned in the war is that we're not the top species on the planet because we're nice.
01:00:22People talk a lot about how well the military turns kids into killing machines and stuff and I'll always argue that it's just finishing school.
01:00:30Braving the dangers of the open sea in tiny rickety crap, thousands of Roman Catholic and Buddhist faith have found life impossible under the Communists.
01:00:48For them it's freedom or nothing.
01:00:50Under the Geneva Accords, civilians living in either half of Vietnam who wanted to relocate to the other would have 300 days to do so.
01:01:04My mother and father wanted to stay and meet my sister Thang again because they knew Thang would come back but on the other hand they couldn't risk that.
01:01:16They were convinced that when Ho Chi Minh and his government arrived in Hanoi, my father would be the first one to be killed and all of us would be persecuted.
01:01:27And I remember the day we left, I looked around and I thought, I never come back here again.
01:01:38It was extremely traumatic.
01:01:40It was like the ground was suddenly cut from under you.
01:01:46In the end, some 900,000 refugees, including more than half of all the Catholics living in the north, fled to the south.
01:01:56Many of them aboard American ships.
01:02:04The United States hoped somehow to encourage the building of a legitimate government in the south.
01:02:13That government was now headed by Ngo Deng Zien.
01:02:16Both a Roman Catholic and a Confucian in a largely Buddhist country, he was a celibate bachelor who had once planned to be a priest.
01:02:27The war for us really started when we became the partner, or I would say the victim, of President Ziem.
01:02:37We were going to help him turn South Vietnam into a democracy.
01:02:43That's what he said he wanted to do.
01:02:45And we believed him.
01:02:46Like Ho Chi Minh, Ziem had spent years abroad seeking support for his own brand of Vietnamese nationalism.
01:02:56He was a veteran politician whose loathing for the French was matched only by his hatred for the communists,
01:03:03who had imprisoned him and buried alive his eldest brother and his nephew.
01:03:08Ziem was aloof, autocratic, mistrustful of anyone much beyond his own family.
01:03:17He also proved to be shrewd, resourceful, and skilled at exploiting the weaknesses of his opponents.
01:03:24But he faced a daunting task in creating a new country.
01:03:30The French, who still had thousands of troops stationed in the south, detested Ziem.
01:03:37Several provinces were under the sway of religious sects, with armies of their own.
01:03:43Tens of thousands of Viet Minh soldiers had gone north,
01:03:47but several thousand cadre, trained and dedicated Communist Party workers,
01:03:54had stayed behind to organize resistance in the countryside.
01:03:59And Saigon itself was ruled by the Bingswuyen, a crime syndicate backed by the French.
01:04:07And the French were behind the Bingswuyens sort of supporting them,
01:04:11because they didn't want Ziem to succeed.
01:04:13And that became the central contest.
01:04:17Some in the CIA believed that Ziem could be the savior of South Vietnam.
01:04:24Others were not so sure.
01:04:26He is a messiah without a message, one diplomat reported to Washington.
01:04:31The U.S. ambassador agreed.
01:04:35On April 27th, 1955, President Eisenhower decided to end American support
01:04:42for Ziem's regime.
01:04:47But then, Ziem made an all-out assault on the Bingswuyen syndicate.
01:04:55Suddenly, in the middle of the day, we heard gunfire, and then we saw flames,
01:05:01and the neighborhood was burning.
01:05:04There are hundreds of dead and wounded on both sides,
01:05:06as the street fighting continues for an entire week.
01:05:09For the United States, the situation presents a grave problem.
01:05:15Ziem finally regains control of Saigon.
01:05:19In the end, Ziem's forces prevailed.
01:05:21Eisenhower now saw no option but to stick with Ziem.
01:05:29The French then announced their intention to withdraw completely from South Vietnam,
01:05:36ending nearly a century of occupation.
01:05:39Ziem became wildly popular because he seemed to embody the nationalist cause in the South.
01:05:49He succeeded in getting the French out of Vietnam all the way,
01:05:53and Ho Chi Minh had only got them out of the northern half.
01:05:57Flush with victory, Ziem called for a referendum in the South.
01:06:01The CIA warned him not to meddle too much with the returns.
01:06:08But when the ballots were counted,
01:06:11Ziem claimed to have won 98.2% of the vote.
01:06:18On October 26, 1955, Ngo Dinh Ziem named himself the first president
01:06:25of the brand-new Republic of Vietnam.
01:06:28The election to reunify the North and South that had been promised at Geneva would never be held.
01:06:39He became our ally, or rather, our master,
01:06:44because the goal of preventing the Communists from taking over the South
01:06:49was so strong that we couldn't afford for him to lose.
01:06:53So Ziem started to boss us around, and this was a typical relationship.
01:07:00You need any ally you believe to be the centerpiece of your foreign policy.
01:07:05They understand that right away, and the tail wags the dog.
01:07:09From the Far East comes a distinguished visitor.
01:07:13President Ngo Dinh Diem of Vietnam is accorded one of President Eisenhower's rare airport greetings
01:07:18as he arrives for a four-day state visit.
01:07:20President Diem, one of America's staunchest allies in Southeast Asia,
01:07:23will seek an increase in aid to shore up his country against increasing Communist pressure,
01:07:29a request to which the president lends a sympathetic ear.
01:07:33Most politicians, Democrats as well as Republicans,
01:07:43now seem to share the changing views of Senator John F. Kennedy.
01:07:47South Vietnam is our offspring, he said.
01:07:51We cannot abandon it.
01:07:53If it fell, the United States would be held responsible,
01:07:57and our prestige in Asia will sink to a new low.
01:08:00There had never before been a South Vietnamese nation,
01:08:06but Americans, who had rebuilt much of their own country during the New Deal,
01:08:11and had helped rebuild Western Europe through the Marshall Plan,
01:08:15were convinced they could build one nonetheless.
01:08:21Eisenhower ordered scores of American civilians to South Vietnam,
01:08:26full of plans for economic development,
01:08:30meant to win, he hoped, the hearts and minds of the Vietnamese people.
01:08:37But those civilians would always be outnumbered by military advisers,
01:08:43with orders to modernize, train, and equip Diem's forces,
01:08:46now called the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, the ARVN.
01:08:54Some ARVN officers found American methods unsuited to the guerrilla war
01:09:00they expected to wage against the Communists.
01:09:03Most American military advisers were veterans of the war in Korea,
01:09:07determined to prepare South Vietnamese forces to slow a conventional invasion from the North.
01:09:18But no one in North Vietnam was planning a conventional invasion.
01:09:24Ho Chi Minh was focused on rebuilding his country,
01:09:28devastated by more than a decade of war.
01:09:31The Communists imposed brutal land reforms modeled on those underway in China,
01:09:41with a ruthlessness that left thousands of people dead,
01:09:45including not only landlords who had sided with the French,
01:09:49but also many villagers who had fought with the Viet Minh.
01:09:52Ho Chi Minh was still determined to reunite Vietnam,
01:09:59but he worried that if he took direct military action against the South,
01:10:04the United States would be drawn more deeply into the struggle.
01:10:08He cautioned his comrades in the South to put their faith in political agitation,
01:10:14and avoid violence.
01:10:15But that message rang hollow among embattled Southern revolutionaries struggling to survive under Ziem's increasingly harsh regime.
01:10:28In a campaign he called Denounce the Communists,
01:10:34Ziem had imprisoned tens of thousands of citizens without trial,
01:10:39and ordered the executions of hundreds more.
01:10:42Now, the Communists took matters into their own hands,
01:10:47and began attacking South Vietnamese officials.
01:10:51No, it's not a problem,
01:10:56in the cargo operations that were coming toumi,
01:11:01that was the emergency rate
01:11:02that they would burn against them down.
01:11:05According to the needs of the military,
01:11:08he authorized both of their mission-held arm Schwab.
01:11:11They'd direct them to the government's level,
01:11:14at first llegó to the military and outside the territory.
01:11:17We told the people that if we were to die, we would kill them.
01:11:25That's why my parents started to think that no one would go.
01:11:32As violence in South Vietnam intensified, new leaders emerged in Hanoi.
01:11:39Ho Chi Minh would remain the face of the revolution around the world,
01:11:44but he now began to share power with men who were growing impatient with his caution.
01:11:50Men about whom Americans knew almost nothing.
01:11:56The most important proved to be a carpenter's son from Quang Tri Province in the South, named Lei Zuan.
01:12:05He had helped found the Indo-Chinese Communist Party, survived nearly 10 years in a French prison,
01:12:12and proved himself a shrewd political infighter as he rose to become First Secretary of the Party.
01:12:20In 1951, I met Lê Duyển first.
01:12:25We were a young man who didn't learn anything.
01:12:29He was a person who was different from many other leaders.
01:12:34He brought the power of the people of the South.
01:12:39He brought the power of the people of the South.
01:12:41He brought the power of the people of the South.
01:12:45He brought the power of the people of the South.
01:12:54By 1959, Lei Zuan and his hardline allies were gaining influence within the North Vietnamese Politburo,
01:13:02and beginning to change its policy.
01:13:05They now argued that Hanoi should do everything within its power to help Southern revolutionaries remove Siem by force.
01:13:14The North Vietnamese adopted a more aggressive posture.
01:13:20They did not accept the division of the country as such,
01:13:26and they would like to have the country reunified again at any cost.
01:13:33Now, bands of 40 to 50 armed Viet Minh began slipping back home into South Vietnam,
01:13:42following jungle paths hacked through the Laotian Mountains
01:13:46that the Americans would soon call the Ho Chi Minh Trail.
01:13:51Violence against the Siem regime steadily accelerated.
01:14:10On the evening of July 8th, 1959, at Bien Hoa, 20 miles northeast of Saigon,
01:14:17six American military advisors were watching a movie in their mess hall.
01:14:24The Et Minh guerrillas who had crept silently into the compound opened fire through the windows.
01:14:36Major Dale Bice from Pender, Nebraska,
01:14:39and Master Sergeant Chester Avnand from Copperas Cove, Texas, were killed.
01:14:44They were the first American soldiers to die from enemy fire in the Vietnam War.
01:14:55We must prove all over again to a watching world, as we stand on a most conspicuous stage,
01:15:03whether this nation, conceived as it is, with its freedom of choice, its breadth of opportunity,
01:15:11its range of alternatives, can compete with the single-minded advance of the Communist system.
01:15:19On November 8th, 1960, John Fitzgerald Kennedy was elected President of the United States.
01:15:26His Vice President was Senator Lyndon Johnson.
01:15:30They had narrowly beaten Vice President Richard Nixon and his running mate Senator Henry Cabot Lodge.
01:15:37During the campaign, both Kennedy and Nixon had pledged to hold the line against international communism,
01:15:47wherever it seemed to be a threat.
01:15:49But very few Americans knew or cared about what was going on in Vietnam.
01:15:55Six weeks after Kennedy's election, at a remote jungle village called Tun Lop, near the Cambodian border,
01:16:05representatives of southern revolutionary groups met to form a new organization to replace the Viet Minh,
01:16:13dedicated to overthrowing Ngo Dinh Diem and ousting the foreigners supporting him.
01:16:18Behind the scenes, Lei Zouan and his communist comrades in Hanoi were orchestrating everything.
01:16:29The new organization would be called the National Liberation Front, the NLF.
01:16:36The armed wing of the NLF was called the People's Liberation Armed Forces,
01:16:43but its enemies in Saigon and Washington preferred a more disparaging term.
01:16:49In their eyes, the revolutionaries were communist traitors to the Vietnamese nation, the Viet Cong.
01:16:57The UNUS огром!
01:16:58The UNUS is a very interesting story, and it begins to be the same.
01:17:04The UNUS is a very interesting story of the Ecuadorian country and the UNUS socially known and the UNUS.
01:17:11The UNUS.
01:17:21The UNUS is a very interesting story as the UNUS's right.
01:17:23In fact, people don't know that the Bắc can't be aware of the fact that
01:17:30what they are saying is that it is the sacrifice of their own people.
01:17:36The history of this history will look at the fact that it is worth to sacrifice many people like this.
01:17:48Let every nation know
01:17:50Whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.
01:18:20For me, I'd always thought of courage as charging enemy bunkers or standing up under fire, but just to walk day after day from village to village and through the paddies and up into the mountains.
01:18:43Just to get up in the morning and look out at the land and think, in a few minutes, I'll be walking out there and will my corpse be there or there? Will I lose a leg out there?
01:18:58Just to walk felt incredibly brave.
01:19:02I would sometimes look at my legs as I walked, thinking, how am I doing this?
01:19:13Oh, where have you been, my blue-eyed son?
01:19:24And where have you been, my darling young one?
01:19:31I've stumbled on the side of twelve misty mountains
01:19:35I've walked and I've crawled on six crooked highways
01:19:42I've stepped in the middle of seven-side forests
01:19:48I've been out in front of a dozen dead oceans
01:19:55I've been ten thousand miles in the miles of a graveyard
01:20:02And it's a hard, it's a hard, it's a hard, it's a hard, it's a hard rain
01:20:13You're gonna fall
01:20:17Oh, what did you see, my blue-eyed son?
01:20:26And what did you see, my darling young one?
01:20:35I saw a newborn baby with wild wolves all around it
01:20:40I saw a highway of diamonds with nobody on it
01:20:46I saw a black branch with blood that kept dripping
01:20:53I saw a room full of men with their hammers a-bleeding
01:20:59I saw a white ladder all covered with water
01:21:06I saw ten thousand talkers whose tongues were all broken
01:21:13I saw guns and chopped swords in the hands of young children
01:21:19And it's a hard, it's a hard, it's a hard
01:21:25And it's a hard, it's a hard rain
01:21:30You're gonna fall
01:21:33And it's a hard, it's a hard, it's a hard
01:21:40And it's a hard, it's a hard rain
01:21:45You're gonna fall
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