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Documentary, The Vietnam War -part 01
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00:00:00Transcribed by ESO, translated by —
00:00:30Transcribed by —
00:01:00Transcribed by ESO, translated by —
00:01:02For years, nobody talked about Vietnam.
00:01:07We were friends with a young couple.
00:01:10And it was only after 12 years that the two wives were talking.
00:01:14Found out that we both had been Marines in Vietnam.
00:01:17Never said a word about it.
00:01:20Never mentioned it.
00:01:21And the whole country was like that.
00:01:25It was so divisive.
00:01:29And it's like living in a family with an alcoholic father.
00:01:34Shh, we don't talk about that.
00:01:35Our country did that with Vietnam.
00:01:40It's only been very recently that I think that, you know, the baby boomers are finally starting to say,
00:01:45What happened?
00:01:47What happened?
00:01:48What we need now in this country is to heal the wounds and to put Vietnam behind us.
00:02:04The killing in this tragic war must stop.
00:02:20No matter how you measure it, we're better off than we...
00:02:24Thought we would be at this time.
00:02:26No matter how you measure it, we're better off than we thought we would be at this time.
00:02:31No matter how you measure it, we're better off than we thought we would be at this time.
00:02:36No matter how you measure it, we're better off than we thought we would be at this time.
00:02:51You have been less than candid as to how deeply we are involved in Vietnam.
00:03:03We have increased our assistance to the government, its logistics.
00:03:07We have not sent combat troops there.
00:03:10You have a row of dominoes set up, and you knock over the first one, and the last one certainly little over.
00:03:17If aggression is successful in Korea, we can expect it to spread throughout Asia and Europe and to this hemisphere.
00:03:24It could also be with strong water pouring in so it can fill with every drop of nonviolence nĂ y...
00:03:30What is so like?
00:03:34The night breeze.
00:03:41Cloudy there my energy.
00:03:44There he is.
00:03:46Oh, where have you been, my blue-eyed son?
00:03:51And where have you been, my darling young one?
00:03:58Victor Frankl, who survived the death camps in World War II,
00:04:03wrote a book called Man's Search for Meaning.
00:04:06I've walked and I crawled on six feet high.
00:04:08You know, to live is to suffer.
00:04:11To survive is to find meaning in suffering.
00:04:16And for those of us who suffered because of Vietnam,
00:04:19that's been our quest ever since.
00:04:26And it's hard, it's hard, it's hard,
00:04:30it's hard, it's hard rain.
00:04:37America's involvement in Vietnam began in secrecy.
00:04:43It ended 30 years later in failure,
00:04:46witnessed by the entire world.
00:04:50And what did you see, my darling one?
00:04:53It was begun in good faith by decent people
00:04:56out of fateful misunderstandings,
00:04:59American overconfidence,
00:05:01and Cold War miscalculation.
00:05:03And it was prolonged because it seemed easier to muddle through
00:05:09than admit that it had been caused by tragic decisions
00:05:12made by five American presidents
00:05:15belonging to both political parties.
00:05:20Before the war was over,
00:05:22more than 58,000 Americans would be dead.
00:05:27At least 250,000 South Vietnamese troops
00:05:31died in the conflict as well.
00:05:34So did over a million North Vietnamese soldiers
00:05:37and Viet Cong guerrillas.
00:05:44Two million civilians, North and South,
00:05:48are thought to have perished,
00:05:49as well as tens of thousands more
00:05:52in the neighboring states of Laos and Cambodia.
00:05:57For many Vietnamese,
00:05:59it was a brutal civil war.
00:06:02For others,
00:06:03the bloody climactic chapter
00:06:05in a century-old struggle for independence.
00:06:10And what are you doing now,
00:06:11my blue-eyed son?
00:06:14For those Americans who fought in it,
00:06:16and for those who fought against it back home,
00:06:19as well as for those who merely glimpsed it
00:06:22on the nightly news,
00:06:24the Vietnam War was a decade of agony,
00:06:27the most divisive period since the Civil War.
00:06:34Vietnam seemed to call everything into question.
00:06:38The value of honor and gallantry,
00:06:41the qualities of cruelty and mercy,
00:06:47the candor of the American government,
00:06:50and what it means to be a patriot.
00:07:01And those who lived through it
00:07:03have never been able to erase its memory,
00:07:07have never stopped arguing about what really happened,
00:07:10why everything went so badly wrong,
00:07:13who was to blame,
00:07:15and whether it was all worth it.
00:07:17It went from the mountains
00:07:18so all souls can see it.
00:07:22The time is about 40 years.
00:07:23it went from the mountains
00:07:25to the ready to heal the games,
00:07:25it went from the mountains,
00:07:27as the youth Kazakhstan started to �gue.
00:07:30The enslave quit,
00:07:32they played in Northern Ireland.
00:07:35How could you do it?
00:07:38The Cardinals quit,
00:07:38anka.
00:07:42The Cardinals quit,
00:07:43the Cardinals quit,
00:07:46and when war.
00:07:47So it won'tpp them.
00:07:50The Cardinals quit,
00:07:50the Cardinals,
00:07:51the Cardinals quit.
00:07:52And it's a hard, it's a hard rain, I'm gonna fall.
00:08:22I'm gonna fall.
00:08:45The French conquest of Indochina began with an attack on the ancient Vietnamese port of Da Nang in 1858.
00:09:05It took 50 years to lay claim to the whole region, Laos and Cambodia,
00:09:10as well as the 1,200 mile long area that would come to be called Vietnam.
00:09:19All of it was ruled by a French governor general from his palace in Hanoi.
00:09:25The French largely lived on plantation estates and in cities like Saigon, made to look as much as possible like those at home.
00:09:37Most did not even bother to learn the language spoken by their subjects.
00:09:42Instead, they installed a series of puppet emperors and employed a network of French-speaking Vietnamese officials,
00:09:51mandarins, willing to carry out their wishes.
00:09:57The French put their subjects to work, building roads and canals, railroads and bridges.
00:10:05The Vietnamese people did not take easily to French occupation, just as they had fought against earlier invasions by the Chinese.
00:10:29By the early 20th century, nationalism was on the rise.
00:10:34But anyone who dared resist colonial rule risked exile, prison or the guillotine.
00:10:44They controlled everything.
00:10:47They resourced from our country.
00:10:50But mostly, they took our independence and our freedom.
00:10:56When I was a small child, I got a nationalism already from school.
00:11:03And I always looked at the French as my enemy.
00:11:07My enemy.
00:11:10My hatred for them was pure.
00:11:38I hated them so much.
00:11:43And I was so scared of them.
00:11:45Boy, I was terrified of them.
00:11:48And the scarier I got, the more I hated them.
00:12:03I was an 18-year-old Marine rifleman with the ink still wet on my high school diploma.
00:12:12I didn't want to shame myself in front of my buddies.
00:12:16But I was so scared, I felt like I was hanging onto my honor by my fingernails the whole time I was there.
00:12:26In the spring of 1919, as the victorious Allied powers met in Paris to rebuild a world shattered by the Great War, President Woodrow Wilson headed the American delegation, housed in the Hotel Crillon.
00:12:53One day, a tall, slender 29-year-old man appeared with a petition for the president he and other Vietnamese nationalists had written.
00:13:08Inspired by Wilson's declaration that the interests of colonial peoples should be given equal weight with those of their European rulers, the man was asking that this principle be applied to his homeland.
00:13:23The president's secretary promised to show it to Wilson, but there is no evidence that he ever did.
00:13:30His name was Wintat Tan, but he was now living under an alias, Wintai Kwok, Wint the Patriot.
00:13:41During his long shadowy career, he would adopt some 70 different pseudonyms, finally settling on the most enlightened one, Ho Chi Minh.
00:13:54Ho Chi Minh was a man who succeeded in projecting an image of somebody who was totally dedicated to freeing his country and his people from foreign domination to the point that he sacrificed his own well-being, his own life, not having a family of his own.
00:14:15To Vietnamese, that's such a big sacrifice because to us, everybody needs a family.
00:14:22Ho Chi Minh was born in 1890, the son of a minor official in the French regime.
00:14:29After taking part in a demonstration against the puppet emperor and the Frenchman who pulled his strings, Ho was expelled from school and marked for arrest.
00:14:40He left Vietnam in 1911 and remained in exile for 30 years.
00:14:50He served as a cook's helper aboard a French liner and visited New York and Boston, where he worked for a time as a pastry chef at the Parker House.
00:15:01He shoveled snow in London, tinted photographs in Paris.
00:15:08There, Ho Chi Minh joined the French Socialist Party, but when he discovered the anti-colonial writings of Lenin, he became a communist.
00:15:18He was invited to Moscow to study, underwent training as a Soviet agent, was sometimes criticized for being a nationalist first, a communist second.
00:15:30And then was dispatched to China to organize a cell of other Vietnamese exiles and help establish the Indo-Chinese Communist Party.
00:15:40Through it all, he was taut and quivering, a friend remembered, with only one thought.
00:15:47His country, Vietnam.
00:16:06By 1940, much of the world was at war again.
00:16:10Germany had seized most of Western Europe, including France.
00:16:23Imperial Japan threatened many of the European colonies in Asia and occupied Vietnam, where they permitted their allies, the collaborationist French, to continue to oversee their colony.
00:16:39To some Vietnamese, the coming of the Japanese seemed to signal a welcome end to white colonial rule.
00:16:51But Ho Chi Minh, still in exile in China, saw the Japanese as alien invaders, no more welcome than the French.
00:16:59They were only interested in exploiting his country and seizing Vietnamese crops to fill their own rice bowls.
00:17:09The time had come, he said, to rally patriots of all ages and all types.
00:17:15Peasants, workers, merchants, and soldiers, to defeat the Japanese and the collaborationist French.
00:17:27In February of 1941, after three decades away from his homeland, Ho Chi Minh slipped back across the Chinese border into Vietnam and set up headquarters near the remote village of Poc Ba,
00:17:41in a limestone cave at the side of a mountain he named for Karl Marx.
00:17:47Overlooking a jungle stream, he named for his hero, Lenin.
00:17:54There, he founded a revolutionary movement, which he called the Vietnam Independence League, the Viet Minh.
00:18:04Everybody wants to join the Viet Minh with the fight.
00:18:08Mostly, nobody knows about the Viet Minh as a communist organization.
00:18:14To build and lead a fighting force for his revolution, Ho called upon Va Win Zapp, a one-time teacher of French history who had instructed the children of Hanoi's elite.
00:18:28Zapp was an early convert to communism, whose lifelong hatred for the French intensified when they beat his wife to death in prison.
00:18:40Inspired by Napoleon, Lawrence of Arabia, and the communist Chinese revolutionary Mao Zedong, Zapp had already begun to develop a distinctive theory of warfare that relied on guerrilla tactics until a full-scale conventional attack could be mounted.
00:18:59In the fight for independence, which he believed was coming, his army, Zapp said, would be everywhere and nowhere.
00:19:09The reason Vietnamese had always resort to guerrilla warfare was because we were a small country.
00:19:16And it was just a way of fighting the weak against the strong.
00:19:20Don't fight unless you're sure you can win.
00:19:25And surprise is a big element.
00:19:29Choose your own battle.
00:19:32I had about 26 guys that day out of 45.
00:19:43We were always somewhat understrength, and this day we were quite understrength.
00:19:49My platoon's on point.
00:19:53And all of a sudden, the very point man, the first guy in the column, said, V.C. on the trail, V.C. on the trail.
00:20:08Before I had a chance to digest this, he went down, shot right through the chest.
00:20:15And what was a very well-laid ambush erupted.
00:20:30I knew I'd lost a bunch of guys.
00:20:32I said a prayer to God, saying, basically, if you need any more guys from my platoon, take me.
00:20:39Don't take any more of my men.
00:20:41As soon as I said it, I freaked myself out.
00:20:45I said, holy shit.
00:20:46Can I take that prayer back?
00:21:00By the spring of 1945, more than three years after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor,
00:21:08the United States government was looking for allies behind the lines in Vietnam.
00:21:13The Americans were hoping to find a way to undermine Japanese forces there when they were contacted by Ho Chi Minh.
00:21:22And so it was decided to drop an OSS team in to meet with the Vietnam men leadership.
00:21:29Paul Hoagland was the medic on the team.
00:21:34And the first thing he was told was that he must attend to their leader who was desperately sick.
00:21:40So he was taken to a grass shack where a bewhiskered skinny man lay in a bundle of straw, desperately ill.
00:21:49And that was Ho Chi Minh.
00:21:51The OSS, the secret wartime precursor of the CIA, supplied Ho's ragtag gorillas with arms,
00:22:02and marveled at how quickly they learned to handle them.
00:22:06Ho Chi Minh began to call his followers the Viet American army,
00:22:11and praised the United States as a champion of democracy that would surely help them end colonial rule.
00:22:19We saw the Americans coming.
00:22:23And when we look at the Americans, we consider them as a kind of free man, liberating the people.
00:22:33They have liberated Europe already.
00:22:36Meanwhile, famine gripped the northern part of the country.
00:22:41Hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese were dying of starvation, while Japanese storehouses were filled with rice.
00:22:52In those days, garbage was collected by people pushing carts.
00:22:56And my mother remembers that every morning she would see these garbage carts going around
00:23:03and people picking up dead bodies and throwing them on the carts.
00:23:07It was incredible, and people who lived through it would never, never have forgot.
00:23:14Zhuang Von Mai's father was the deputy governor of a province east of Hanoi,
00:23:19the son and grandson of mandarins who had all served the French.
00:23:24He and his wife had 17 children.
00:23:29Parents who had children who had, you know, plump,
00:23:32were very afraid of their children being stolen and killed.
00:23:36And it was really like hell on earth.
00:23:41The government didn't have a clue on how to deal with this calamity.
00:23:47But Ho Chi Minh did.
00:23:50He directed the Viet Minh to break into the Japanese storehouses wherever they could
00:23:55and distribute the rice to the people.
00:23:58They were hailed as saviors.
00:24:01When an atomic bomb destroyed Hiroshima and three days later a second one destroyed Nagasaki,
00:24:23Japanese surrender seemed imminent.
00:24:28Ho Chi Minh called upon all Vietnamese to rise up and take over their own country
00:24:34before the Free French could reestablish their old colonial regime.
00:24:39They did, in cities and towns across the country.
00:24:44On September 2nd, 1945, the same day the Japanese formally surrendered,
00:24:55hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese streamed into Ba Dinh Square in Hanoi
00:25:00to see for the first time the mysterious leader of the Vietnam
00:25:05and hear him proclaim Vietnam's independence.
00:25:15With an OSS officer standing nearby, Ho Chi Minh began with the words of Thomas Jefferson,
00:25:22all men are created equal.
00:25:26They are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights.
00:25:31But among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
00:25:37The whole country of Vietnam is the only one who is living.
00:25:43Nobody can see that from now that Vietnam has been a single,
00:25:48independent, independent, and the whole country.
00:25:51And it has a name for the world.
00:25:54Everyone is very proud.
00:25:59Ho Chi Minh had great hopes that the U.S. would support the Vietnam desire for independence,
00:26:06not necessarily by intervening, but by doing what it could to support an independence movement.
00:26:16Ho Chi Minh's hopes for American support were calculated but understandable.
00:26:23President Franklin Roosevelt had promised a post-war world
00:26:27that would respect the rights of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they live.
00:26:35But Roosevelt was dead now, and his successor Harry Truman had inherited a very different world.
00:26:44The alliance with the Soviet Union that had won the Second World War had collapsed.
00:26:50The Soviets now occupied the Eastern European countries they had overrun,
00:26:55and hoped to spread their influence farther into Iran, Turkey, and the Mediterranean.
00:27:04A new Cold War had begun.
00:27:08French President Charles de Gaulle warned that if the United States insisted on independence for her colonies,
00:27:15France might have no choice but to fall into the Russian orbit.
00:27:20The United States must do nothing to undercut the restoration of France's empire, including Vietnam.
00:27:33There were hardly any Americans in Vietnam, you know, State Department people,
00:27:39councilor officials, a few businessmen.
00:27:43Hardly anyone from this country knew where Vietnam was located.
00:27:48George Wicks was part of a seven-man OSS mission sent to Saigon, the largest city in the South.
00:27:56The United States was officially neutral, hoping the French and Viet Minh could reach some peaceful solution on their own.
00:28:05Allied leaders had agreed temporarily to divide Vietnam into two separate zones.
00:28:11Nationalist Chinese troops were to handle things in the North.
00:28:15British colonial troops would try to perform the same task in the South,
00:28:20where rival factions, including the French and Viet Minh, were already fighting in the streets of Saigon.
00:28:28No one was in charge. On both sides, there was brutality and atrocity and violence.
00:28:38It wasn't quite a civil war, but it was getting very close to civil war in the streets of Saigon.
00:28:43Lieutenant Colonel Peter Dewey, the 28-year-old commander of the OSS in Saigon, tried to make sense of it all.
00:28:53Right from the start, he was in touch with everybody, not only the French,
00:28:58but very soon he established a connection with various Vietnamese groups.
00:29:03The Viet Minh soon established themselves as the most successful.
00:29:08Dewey, who spoke fluent French, brokered talks between a Viet Minh spokesman
00:29:15and the senior French representative in the city.
00:29:18His efforts infuriated British General Douglas Gracie, who commanded Allied forces in the South.
00:29:27Gracie was convinced that French control should be reimposed as soon as possible.
00:29:33By conferring with the Viet Minh, Gracie said, Colonel Dewey had become a subversive force.
00:29:39The violence in and around Saigon escalated.
00:29:47Colonel Dewey urgently cabled his superiors.
00:29:51Vietnam is burning, he wrote.
00:29:54The French and British are finished here, and the United States, he concluded,
00:29:59ought to clear out of Southeast Asia.
00:30:02Two days later, September 26, 1945, he set out for the airport, prepared to fly to OSS headquarters.
00:30:18At a roadblock, the Viet Minh mistook Dewey for a Frenchman and opened fire.
00:30:24He was killed instantly.
00:30:31Ho Chi Minh wrote to the United States, lamenting the death of Dewey, whom he recognized as a person sympathetic to his cause.
00:30:40It seemed a terrible irony that Dewey, who was doing what he could to help the Vietnamese independence movement,
00:30:48should have been killed by the Vietnamese, by a mistake.
00:31:05An elderly African-American woman answered the door.
00:31:10I think she knew the instant she saw us, why we were there.
00:31:21And the Padres said, I'm terribly sorry to inform you, but your son was killed in Vietnam.
00:31:33And she just sat down, didn't still work.
00:31:38And her husband says, no, there's a mistake.
00:31:42He comes back with this letter, and he said, look, see?
00:31:46We got it yesterday, our son was still alive yesterday.
00:31:52And the chaplain looked at the letter, and he said, it's a week old.
00:31:56I think your son was killed on the day he wrote this letter.
00:32:01In the fall of 1945, a week after Colonel Dewey's death, fresh French troops began arriving in Saigon, taking over from the British.
00:32:20They quickly established control of the city and set out to reoccupy the entire country.
00:32:28Ho Chi Minh hoped somehow to achieve independence without a war with France.
00:32:34And he still hoped the United States would intervene.
00:32:37You never had an empire.
00:32:39Never exploited the Asian peoples, he would tell a visiting American journalist.
00:32:44Do not be blinded by this issue of communism.
00:32:48He did not want to fight the French as an enemy of America.
00:32:55And in fact, I saw the letters he wrote to President Truman saying, we believe in the same things you believe.
00:33:04Those letters I saw in the CIA files, they had never been given to President Truman.
00:33:13In June of 1946, Ho Chi Minh returned to Paris in a fruitless attempt to get the French to live up to a promise they had made of increased autonomy for his country.
00:33:28While Ho was away, General Zopp began consolidating communist control of the revolution.
00:33:37He conducted a merciless purge of members of rival nationalist parties and people he called reactionary saboteurs.
00:33:46Landlords and moneylenders, Trotskyites and Catholics, men and women accused of collaborating with the French.
00:33:56Hundreds were shot, drowned, buried alive.
00:34:01I saw that the German war did not really fight against the Russians, but we fought against the international government.
00:34:14On December 19th 1946, after months of building tension, fighting broke out in Hanoi between the Viet Minh and the French.
00:34:24The Viet Minh proved no match for French firepower.
00:34:33Ho, Zop, and their comrades slipped out of the city and returned to their mountain stronghold
00:34:44far to the north.
00:34:47Those who have rifles will use their rifles, Ho declared in a radio address calling for a nationwide guerrilla war.
00:34:56Those who have swords will use swords.
00:35:00Those who have no swords will use spades or sticks.
00:35:05Those who have no idea of the country.
00:35:18And I remember that during the war, it was very beautiful and beautiful.
00:35:24But the country Ho Chi Minh hoped to unite was itself bitterly divided.
00:35:41Families were being torn apart.
00:35:44Despite her father's position in the French government,
00:35:48Zhuang Von Mai's sister felt compelled to answer Ho's call.
00:35:54My older sister, Trang, was married to a man who had great sympathy for the Viet Minh.
00:36:03And by that time, Ho Chi Minh had evacuated his government to the mountain base.
00:36:08So my sister and her husband tricked all the way from Hanoi toward the base
00:36:13in order to join the resistance against the French.
00:36:19So the Vietnam War was really a civil war, down to the family level.
00:36:24France poured thousands of men into Vietnam.
00:36:36French regulars, European mercenaries, and colonial troops from Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Senegal,
00:36:44who fought alongside an army of Cambodians, Laotians, and anti-communist Vietnamese.
00:36:56French forces managed to occupy most of the large towns and province capitals
00:37:01The French also set out to try to win over rural Vietnamese through a program they called
00:37:14pacification, pacification, building dikes, schools, and roads, and vaccinating children.
00:37:22The French would pacify a village, and during the daytime they could control it, but at night
00:37:33the Viet Minh would come back, and so it was never completely secure.
00:37:38My father would check his head and said, you know, pacification is really futile, because it's like trying to hold sand in your fingers.
00:37:49The Viet Minh mined roads, blew up bridges and railroads, ambushed French patrols, and then disappeared.
00:38:05French soldiers sometimes took revenge on the nearest village, burning homes, raping women,
00:38:13executing men suspected of aiding the Viet Minh.
00:38:16French soldiers after the
00:38:43It has been deep in my heart, in my heart.
00:38:54But the Communists proved every bit as ruthless as the French.
00:38:59It is better to kill even those who might be innocent, one commander said,
00:39:04than to let a guilty person go.
00:39:08And they specifically targeted anyone who had links to the French.
00:39:14Once my father started working for the French, then he was a target,
00:39:19especially the higher he rose, the bigger target he became.
00:39:23A Vietnamese agent actually came in with a pistol to shoot him,
00:39:29but at the last moment decided not to.
00:39:32At the last moment, we saw that the Vietnamese people
00:39:39had to kill the Vietnamese people in the U.S.
00:39:42in the U.S. in the U.S.
00:39:45and killed them, and killed them in the U.S.
00:39:47and killed them in the U.S.
00:39:52and killed them in the U.S.
00:39:54and killed them in the U.S.
00:39:55but they didn't have to kill them.
00:40:00We have lived in the U.S.
00:40:03We have lived in the U.S.
00:40:05French casualties continued to mount.
00:40:16There are days when we are so discouraged that we would like to give it all up,
00:40:20a French soldier wrote his mother.
00:40:23Convoys under attack, roads cut, firing in all directions every night.
00:40:29The indifference at home.
00:40:32When I was there, I had the opportunity to call my mother, you know.
00:40:47And I was telling my mother what was happening over there,
00:40:49and I was telling her how she shouldn't believe what she sees in the newspaper
00:40:53and the emergency is on television because we're losing the war.
00:40:58I said, you'll probably never see me again because we're the most northern outposts that the Marines have.
00:41:04You know, we could literally look right into Vietnam.
00:41:07We could see the sparks when the guns fired on us.
00:41:10And I said, everybody in my unit is dying.
00:41:12I probably won't be coming back.
00:41:14And my mother said, no, you're coming back.
00:41:16She said, I talk to God every day, and you're special.
00:41:20You know, you're coming back.
00:41:23And I said, ma, everybody's mother thinks that they're special.
00:41:26You know, I'm putting pieces of special people in bags.
00:41:31We were very aware that there was a Cold War and that we had an enemy, and that enemy was the Soviet Union.
00:41:54The United States stood at one pole, and the Soviet Union stood at the other pole.
00:42:00It was kind of a Manichaean dynamic that there was evil, and there was good, and we were good, and the other side was evil.
00:42:08It wasn't morally ambiguous.
00:42:14Just a few weeks after Russia became a nuclear power, there was more stunning news.
00:42:19Communist forces under Mao Zedong seized control of China.
00:42:26Separate Communist insurrections were also underway in the British colonies of Burma and Malaya.
00:42:35In January 1950, Mao formally recognized Ho Chi Minh's insurgency,
00:42:41and agreed to provide the arms, equipment, and military training he had been seeking.
00:42:47The Soviets recognized the Viet Minh as well, and also offered help.
00:42:54President Truman, who was being blamed by his political opponents for having lost China,
00:43:00and having failed to contain communism, approved a $23 million aid program for the French in Vietnam.
00:43:10The United States was no longer neutral.
00:43:14We were caught on the horns of a dilemma, of how can we maintain our friendship and our alliance with the French,
00:43:21and support them in Indochina, while we, as a former colony ourselves,
00:43:27sympathize with the Vietnamese and their aspirations for freedom and independence.
00:43:32A highly trained and well-equipped North Korean army swarmed across the 30th parallel to attack unprepared South Korean defenders.
00:43:45In June of 1950, China's ally, Communist North Korea, invaded South Korea.
00:43:55President Truman ordered tens of thousands of American ground troops onto the Korean peninsula.
00:44:02The United States and its allies eventually pushed the invaders back north.
00:44:15Meanwhile, in southern China, Mao's military was beginning to turn the Viet Minh into a modern fighting force,
00:44:23capable of inflicting a heavy toll on the French occupiers.
00:44:35In July, the Truman administration quietly dispatched transport planes and a shipload of Jeeps to Vietnam.
00:44:42Thirty-five military advisers went along to oversee their use.
00:44:49None of them, and no one in the American Embassy, spoke a word of Vietnamese.
00:44:56But the United States was now officially in Vietnam.
00:45:01In October of 1950, hundreds of thousands of Chinese troops began pouring into North Korea,
00:45:11driving the Allies back down the peninsula.
00:45:15As that fighting raged, Truman continued to increase military aid for the French War in Vietnam.
00:45:22If aggression is successful in Korea, we can expect it to spread throughout Asia and Europe,
00:45:32and to this hemisphere.
00:45:36We are fighting in Korea for our own national security and survival.
00:45:41In the autumn of 1951, a young Massachusetts congressman named John F. Kennedy
00:45:55dined at the rooftop bar of the Hotel Majestic overlooking Saigon.
00:46:00As he and his party ate, they could hear the thunder of guns across the Saigon River.
00:46:06French commanders assured Kennedy that with more American support, French rule would be reestablished.
00:46:16But Kennedy spent two hours with Seymour Topping, a seasoned American reporter,
00:46:22who gave him a very different perspective.
00:46:25The French were losing, he said, and many Vietnamese who had once admired the Americans
00:46:31were beginning to despise them for backing the French.
00:46:34Kennedy believed the reporter.
00:46:39Unless the United States could persuade the Vietnamese that it was as opposed to injustice and inequality
00:46:46as it was to communism, he told his constituents when he got home,
00:46:51the current effort would result in foredoomed failure.
00:46:54In 1952, General Dwight Eisenhower was elected president, in part because he promised to take a tougher stance on communism.
00:47:12That year, American taxpayers were footing more than 30% of the bill for the French war in Vietnam.
00:47:23Within two years, that number would rise to nearly 80%.
00:47:28And many of you ask this question. Why is the United States spending hundreds of millions of dollars supporting the forces of the French Union in the fight against communism in Indochina?
00:47:46I think perhaps if we go over to the map here, I can indicate to you why it is so vitally important.
00:47:53Here is Indochina.
00:47:55If Indochina falls, Thailand is put in almost impossible position.
00:48:00The same is true of Malaya, with its rubber and tin.
00:48:03Now may I say that as far as the war in Indochina is concerned, that I was there, right on the battlefield, or close to it, and it's a bloody war, and it's a bitter one.
00:48:17By 1953, the French had been fighting for seven years.
00:48:27They had suffered over 100,000 casualties and failed to pacify the countryside.
00:48:33Six commanders had come and gone.
00:48:37Nevertheless, the seventh commander, General Henri Navarre, assured his countrymen that victory was near.
00:48:44Now we can see it clearly, he said, like the light at the end of the tunnel.
00:48:53Meanwhile, large parts of the French population were horrified by reports of French brutality,
00:49:00and the widespread use of napalm, gelatinized petroleum that burned foliage, homes, and human flesh.
00:49:09When returning French troops disembarked at Marseille, members of the Longshoremen's Union pelted them with rocks.
00:49:20Parisian leftists began to call the conflict La Salle Guerre, the dirty war.
00:49:26The camera was a close-up, was over the shoulder of the storm trooper, who had a kid by the cruff of his shirt, and he smacked someone.
00:49:44At that moment in time, I realized that anybody who really cared for America was spent halfway around the world chasing some ghosts in the jungle.
00:49:55In the meantime, my country's being torn apart.
00:49:57So I saw somebody who looked like my dad hitting somebody who looked like me.
00:50:04Whose side would I be on?
00:50:05In Korea, three years of combat end as United Nations and Communist negotiators at Panmunjom sign a truce.
00:50:20In July of 1953, the Korean War ended in a negotiated settlement and a still divided peninsula.
00:50:28American policymakers saw it as proof that communism in Asia could be contained.
00:50:36That fall, the French indicated their willingness to begin talks to end the fighting in Vietnam.
00:50:44Ho Chi Minh agreed to meet.
00:50:48But before the negotiators were to convene in Geneva, each side sought to improve its position on the battlefield.
00:50:58General Navarre set up a fortified base in a remote valley in northwestern Vietnam called Dien Bien Phu,
00:51:06where he hoped to lure the Viet Minh into a decisive battle.
00:51:12Navarre was certain that superior French firepower and air support would crush any attack by the Viet Minh.
00:51:19He and his commanders saw no need to worry about the jungle-covered hills that overlooked his 11,000 men dug in on the valley floor.
00:51:29The artillery commander was so confident of victory, he complained,
00:51:37I have more guns than I need.
00:51:40General Zopp saw his chance.
00:51:43General Zopp saw his chance.
00:51:46We decided to wipe out, at all costs, the whole enemy force at Dien Bien Phu, he remembered.
00:51:55To do it, he pulled off one of the greatest logistical feats in military history.
00:52:01A feat that would be restaged in propaganda films and celebrated for decades.
00:52:06A quarter of a million civilian porters, nearly half of them women, moved everything he needed for a siege,
00:52:16from sacks of rice to disassembled artillery pieces, on foot, through the jungle.
00:52:22Zopp surrounded the valley with 50,000 soldiers and 200 big guns, dug in and camouflaged so well they could not be spotted from the air.
00:52:35On March 13, 1954, the Viet Minh artillery on the hillsides began raining down 50 shells a minute on the French troops huddled below.
00:52:52The airstrip was destroyed.
00:52:56The besieged troops could only be reinforced and resupplied by airdrop.
00:53:05The French artillery commander, who had underestimated his enemy, committed suicide.
00:53:15The airlift to Dien Bien Phu continues.
00:53:19Vital men and supplies for the heroic garrison that has defied the massed Viet Minh onslaughts for over six weeks.
00:53:25Today, Dien Bien Phu is a human dam trying to stem the red tide that threatens to engulf Southeast Asia.
00:53:30The French government begged President Eisenhower to intervene.
00:53:37He refused to act without congressional approval and support from European allies.
00:53:42Britain said no, and the Congress would not support unilateral action.
00:53:50The communists under Ho Chi Minh are able to claim that they are fighting for independence,
00:53:55and the French appear to be fighting for a maintained maintenance of colonial rule.
00:53:58I therefore believe that before the United States moved in, in any degree, that independence must be granted to the people, that the people must support the struggle.
00:54:08I am convinced Eisenhower confided to his diary that no military victory is possible in this theater.
00:54:18Still, without consulting Congress, the President had secretly sent more American transport planes.
00:54:25Their markings painted over and flown by civilian contractors to help resupply the desperate French troops at Dien Bien Phu.
00:54:39Everyone understood that in and of itself, Vietnam didn't mean very much.
00:54:45But they believed, I believed, if we lost it, that the rest of Asia would tumble to communism.
00:54:52You have broader considerations that might follow what you would call the falling domino principle.
00:55:01You have a row of dominoes set up, and you knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is that the certainty that it will go over very quickly.
00:55:12Very quickly.
00:55:13You have a row of dominoes set up, and you have a row of dominoes set up.
00:55:15On the afternoon of May 7th, 1954, after 55 days of siege, the exhausted French forces
00:55:44at Dien Bien Phu surrendered.
00:55:49They had lost 8,000 men, killed, wounded, or missing.
00:55:58General Zap had lost three times as many, but he had won a great victory.
00:56:04Even Zhuang Van Mai's parents could not help but be impressed.
00:56:26They were very proud that the ruling had defeated the French, this great Western power, admiration
00:56:35and respect on the one hand, but fear on the other hand, and fear was a stronger emotion.
00:56:42We have been caught bluffing by our enemies, Senate Minority Leader Lyndon Johnson said.
00:56:51Today it is Indochina, tomorrow Asia may be in flames, and the day after, the Western
00:56:58alliance will lie in ruins.
00:57:02We should have seen it as the end of the colonial era in Southeast Asia, which it really was,
00:57:09but instead we saw it in Cold War terms, and we saw it as a defeat for the free world that
00:57:15was related to the rise of China, and it was a total misreading of a pivotal event, which
00:57:24cost us very dearly.
00:57:27The former home of the League of Nations, Geneva, Switzerland, where East is meeting West
00:57:35in the international conference that may decisively affect the political future of Asia.
00:57:41The day after the fall of Dien Bien Phu, diplomats from nine nations gathered in Geneva to settle
00:57:48the future of Vietnam.
00:57:51The talks dragged on for nearly two and a half months.
00:57:58Despite their victory, Ho Chi Minh and General Zopp could not keep fighting without more support
00:58:05from China and the Soviet Union.
00:58:08But China had lost a million men in Korea, and did not want to become involved in another
00:58:14war along its border.
00:58:18The Soviet Union was hoping to ease tensions with the West.
00:58:24Both of Ho Chi Minh's communist patrons urged him to agree to a negotiated settlement, a partition
00:58:31like the one that had ended the Korean War.
00:58:35Ho had no option but to give in.
00:58:41In the end, no one was satisfied.
00:58:46Vietnam was temporarily to be divided at the 17th parallel.
00:58:50The 130,000 French-led troops stationed in the North were to withdraw to the South, and somewhere
00:58:59between 50,000 and 90,000 Viet Minh were to regroup to the North.
00:59:05The two halves would be separated by a demilitarized zone, until an election could be held to reunify
00:59:12North and South Vietnam.
00:59:15An election everyone knew Ho Chi Minh would win.
00:59:39We had started walking up and we'd probably gotten about a third of the way up the hill and then they unleashed on us.
01:00:02We were in the middle of this horrible shit sandwich. That's what we called it.
01:00:09One of the things that I learned in the war is that we're not the top species on the planet because we're nice.
01:00:22People talk a lot about how well the military turns kids into killing machines and stuff.
01:00:28And I'll always argue that it's just finishing school.
01:00:39Braving the dangers of the open sea and tiny rickety crap, thousands of Roman Catholic and Buddhist faith have found life impossible under the Communists.
01:00:48For them it's freedom or nothing.
01:00:50Under the Geneva Accords, civilians living in either half of Vietnam who wanted to relocate to the other would have 300 days to do so.
01:01:04My mother and father wanted to stay and meet my sister Thang again because they knew Thang would come back.
01:01:13But on the other hand, they couldn't risk that.
01:01:17They were convinced that when Ho Chi Minh and his government arrived in Hanoi, my father would be the first one to be killed.
01:01:26And all of us would be persecuted.
01:01:31And I remember the day we left.
01:01:33I looked around and I thought, I'll never come back here again.
01:01:38It was extremely traumatic.
01:01:41It was like the ground was suddenly cut from under you.
01:01:46In the end, some 900,000 refugees, including more than half of all the Catholics living in the North, fled to the South, many of them aboard American ships.
01:02:00The United States hoped somehow to encourage the building of a legitimate government in the South.
01:02:13That government was now headed by Ngo Deng Ziyan.
01:02:17Both a Roman Catholic and a Confucian in a largely Buddhist country, he was a celibate bachelor who had once planned to be a priest.
01:02:26The war for us really started when we became the partner, or I would say the victim, of President Ziyan.
01:02:38We were going to help him turn South Vietnam into a democracy.
01:02:44That's what he said he wanted to do.
01:02:46And we believed him.
01:02:47Like Ho Chi Minh, Ziyan had spent years abroad seeking support for his own brand of Vietnamese nationalism.
01:02:56He was a veteran politician, whose loathing for the French was matched only by his hatred for the communists, who had imprisoned him and buried alive his eldest brother and his nephew.
01:03:11Ziyan was aloof, autocratic, mistrustful of anyone much beyond his own family.
01:03:17He also proved to be shrewd, resourceful, and skilled at exploiting the weaknesses of his opponents.
01:03:24But he faced a daunting task in creating a new country.
01:03:31The French, who still had thousands of troops stationed in the south, detested Ziyan.
01:03:38Several provinces were under the sway of religious sects, with armies of their own.
01:03:43Tens of thousands of Viet Minh soldiers had gone north, but several thousand cadre, trained and dedicated Communist Party workers, had stayed behind to organize resistance in the countryside.
01:03:58And Saigon itself was ruled by the Binh Suyen, a crime syndicate backed by the French.
01:04:06And the French were behind the Binh Suyen, sort of supporting them, because they didn't want Ziyan to succeed.
01:04:14And that became the central contest.
01:04:18Some in the CIA believed that Ziyan could be the savior of South Vietnam.
01:04:25Others were not so sure.
01:04:26He is a messiah without a message, one diplomat reported to Washington.
01:04:32The U.S. ambassador agreed.
01:04:36On April 27, 1955, President Eisenhower decided to end American support for Ziyan's regime.
01:04:44But then, Ziyan made an all-out assault on the Binh Suyen syndicate.
01:04:55Suddenly, in the middle of the day, we heard gunfire, and then we saw flames, and the neighborhood was burning.
01:05:04There are hundreds of dead and wounded on both sides as the street fighting continues for an entire week.
01:05:10For the United States, the situation presents a grave problem.
01:05:14Ziyan finally regains control of Ziyan.
01:05:19In the end, Ziyan's forces prevailed.
01:05:24Eisenhower now saw no option but to stick with Ziyan.
01:05:30The French then announced their intention to withdraw completely from South Vietnam,
01:05:37ending nearly a century of occupation.
01:05:40Ziyan became wildly popular because he seemed to embody the nationalist cause in the South.
01:05:50He succeeded in getting the French out of Vietnam all the way,
01:05:54and Ho Chi Minh had only got them out of the northern half.
01:05:57Flush with victory, Ziyan called for a referendum in the South.
01:06:03The CIA warned him not to meddle too much with the returns.
01:06:07But when the ballots were counted, Ziyan claimed to have won 98.2% of the vote.
01:06:18On October 26, 1955, Ngo Dinh Ziyan named himself the first president of the brand-new Republic of Vietnam.
01:06:29The election to reunify the North and South that had been promised at Geneva would never be held.
01:06:37He became our ally, or rather our master, because the goal of preventing the communism taking over the South
01:06:48was so strong that we couldn't afford for him to lose.
01:06:54So Ziyan started to boss us around.
01:06:58And this was a typical relationship.
01:07:01You need any ally, you believe, to be the centerpiece of your foreign policy.
01:07:06They understand that right away.
01:07:08And the tail wags the dog.
01:07:10From the Far East comes a distinguished visitor.
01:07:17President Ngo Dinh Diem of Vietnam is accorded one of President Eisenhower's rare airport greetings
01:07:23as he arrives for a four-day state visit.
01:07:25President Diem, one of America's staunchest allies in Southeast Asia,
01:07:29will seek an increase in aid to shore up his country against increasing communist pressure,
01:07:34a request to which the president lends a sympathetic ear.
01:07:36Most politicians, Democrats as well as Republicans,
01:07:43now seem to share the changing views of Senator John F. Kennedy.
01:07:48South Vietnam is our offspring, he said.
01:07:51We cannot abandon it.
01:07:52If it fell, the United States would be held responsible,
01:07:57and our prestige in Asia will sink to a new low.
01:08:02There had never before been a South Vietnamese nation.
01:08:06But Americans, who had rebuilt much of their own country during the New Deal
01:08:11and had helped rebuild Western Europe through the Marshall Plan,
01:08:16were convinced they could build one nonetheless.
01:08:22Eisenhower ordered scores of American civilians to South Vietnam,
01:08:27full of plans for economic development,
01:08:30meant to win, he hoped, the hearts and minds of the Vietnamese people.
01:08:38But those civilians would always be outnumbered by military advisors,
01:08:43with orders to modernize, train, and equip Diem's forces,
01:08:48now called the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, the ARVN.
01:08:53Some ARVN officers found American methods unsuited to the guerrilla war
01:09:00they expected to wage against the communists.
01:09:04Most American military advisors were veterans of the war in Korea,
01:09:09determined to prepare South Vietnamese forces
01:09:12to slow a conventional invasion from the north.
01:09:16But no one in North Vietnam was planning a conventional invasion.
01:09:26Ho Chi Minh was focused on rebuilding his country,
01:09:29devastated by more than a decade of war.
01:09:35The communists imposed brutal land reforms
01:09:39modeled on those underway in China,
01:09:41with a ruthlessness that left thousands of people dead,
01:09:46including not only landlords who had sided with the French,
01:09:50but also many villagers who had fought with the Viet Minh.
01:09:56Ho Chi Minh was still determined to reunite Vietnam,
01:10:00but he worried that if he took direct military action against the South,
01:10:04the United States would be drawn more deeply into the struggle.
01:10:08He cautioned his comrades in the South
01:10:11to put their faith in political agitation and avoid violence.
01:10:18But that message rang hollow among embattled southern revolutionaries
01:10:23struggling to survive under Diem's increasingly harsh regime.
01:10:31In a campaign he called Denounce the Communists,
01:10:34Diem had imprisoned tens of thousands of citizens without trial
01:10:39and ordered the executions of hundreds more.
01:10:45Now, the Communists took matters into their own hands
01:10:48and began attacking South Vietnamese officials.
01:10:52He said,
01:10:54We're back in 19 part of the British and the U.S.
01:10:54He told them that But then they started a long time
01:10:55So the American people wanted to do the violence
01:10:57and they started to fight against theCN,
01:10:59So the U.S.
01:11:01I thought that they had a blast of theCN.
01:11:02That's the U.S.
01:11:02it was a brilliant story,
01:11:02so it was a great one and the people
01:11:04in the time of the immigration laws.
01:11:05So
01:11:06we had a blast of theN,
01:11:06the U.S.
01:11:07We closed out theCN,
01:11:08so we had a blast of theCN,
01:11:09We joined CRN,
01:11:11and we had a blast of theCN,
01:11:12and we had a blast of theCN.
01:11:13We had a blast of theHN,
01:11:14and we were done by theCN,
01:11:15We were killed.
01:11:17And we told the people,
01:11:20that if someone was sick of death,
01:11:23then we were killed.
01:11:26That's why my parents knew that death was not going anywhere.
01:11:33As violence in South Vietnam intensified,
01:11:36new leaders emerged in Hanoi.
01:11:39Ho Chi Minh would remain the face of the revolution around the world,
01:11:44but he now began to share power with men
01:11:47who were growing impatient with his caution,
01:11:50men about whom Americans knew almost nothing.
01:11:56The most important proved to be a carpenter's son
01:11:59from Quang Tri Province in the South named Lei Zuan.
01:12:05He had helped found the Indo-Chinese Communist Party,
01:12:09survived nearly 10 years in a French prison,
01:12:12and proved himself a shrewd political infighter
01:12:15as he rose to become first secretary of the party.
01:12:21In 1951, I met Lei Duyne.
01:12:25At that time, we were very small,
01:12:27but we didn't even learn anything.
01:12:29We were very different from other leaders.
01:12:34We were very strong,
01:12:36and I was very strong,
01:12:37but it was very strong.
01:12:38He brought the wisdom of the white people of North Vietnam
01:12:40of that period of time.
01:12:42He brought the wisdom of the 19-year-old
01:12:43and the strength of the ancient community,
01:12:45to the highest leadership of the country.
01:12:49By 1959, Lei Xuan and his hardline allies were gaining influence within the North Vietnamese
01:13:01Politburo and beginning to change its policy.
01:13:06They now argued that Hanoi should do everything within its power to help southern revolutionaries
01:13:12remove Siem by force.
01:13:17The North Vietnamese adopted a more aggressive posture.
01:13:22They did not accept the division of the country as such and they would like to have the country
01:13:30reunified again at any cost.
01:13:36Now bands of 40 to 50 armed Viet Minh began slipping back home into South Vietnam.
01:13:44Long jungle paths hacked through the Laotian mountains that the Americans would soon call
01:13:49the Ho Chi Minh Trail.
01:13:57Violence against the Siem regime steadily accelerated.
01:14:08On the evening of July 8th, 1959, at Bien Hoa, 20 miles northeast of Saigon, six American
01:14:19military advisers were watching a movie in their mess hall.
01:14:25Black men guerrillas who had crept silently into the compound opened fire through the windows.
01:14:36Major Dale Bice from Pender, Nebraska, and Master Sergeant Chester Avnand from Copperas Cove,
01:14:43Texas were killed.
01:14:47They were the first American soldiers to die from enemy fire in the Vietnam War.
01:14:53We must prove all over again to a watching world, as we stand on a most conspicuous stage,
01:15:04whether this nation, conceived as it is, with its freedom of choice, its breadth of opportunity,
01:15:12its range of alternatives, can compete with the single-minded advance of the communist system.
01:15:18On November 8th, 1960, John Fitzgerald Kennedy was elected President of the United States.
01:15:27His Vice President was Senator Lyndon Johnson.
01:15:30They had narrowly beaten Vice President Richard Nixon and his running mate Senator Henry Cabot Lodge.
01:15:38During the campaign, both Kennedy and Nixon had pledged to hold the line against international communism,
01:15:47wherever it seemed to be a threat.
01:15:51But very few Americans knew or cared about what was going on in Vietnam.
01:15:58Six weeks after Kennedy's election, at a remote jungle village called Tun Lop, near the Cambodian border,
01:16:06representatives of Southern Revolutionary groups met to form a new organization to replace the Viet Minh,
01:16:13dedicated to overthrowing Ngo Dinh Diem and ousting the foreigners supporting him.
01:16:21Behind the scenes, Le Zhuan and his communist comrades in Hanoi were orchestrating everything.
01:16:28The new organization would be called the National Liberation Front, the NLF.
01:16:38The armed wing of the NLF was called the People's Liberation Armed Forces,
01:16:44but its enemies in Saigon and Washington preferred a more disparaging term.
01:16:49In their eyes, the revolutionaries were communist traitors to the Vietnamese nation,
01:16:56the Viet Cong.
01:16:57One, someaisia BĂĽrger means Turkey's influence on our small commercial dweltic conditions.
01:17:07HealerŃŹ- There's always been a mix of
01:17:14as she seems to have passed on ourciallyclements.
01:17:18With this awareness of the hoping over Russia in Jerusalem this morning,
01:17:20the Japanese people will still be kept while lurking under the border.
01:17:22In fact, people don't know that the West can't be aware of the fact that
01:17:29what they are saying is that it is the death of them.
01:17:35After this history, we will see that the war will be worth the death of a lot of people like that.
01:17:43Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price,
01:18:00bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.
01:18:14For me, I'd always thought of courage as charging enemy bunkers or standing up under fire.
01:18:34But just to walk day after day from village to village and through the paddies and up into the mountains,
01:18:44just to get up in the morning and look out at the land and think,
01:18:49in a few minutes I'll be walking out there and will my corpse be there or there?
01:18:55Will I lose a leg out there?
01:18:58Just to walk felt incredibly brave.
01:19:02I would sometimes look at my legs as I walked, thinking, how am I doing this?
01:19:17Oh, where have you been, my blue-eyed son?
01:19:24And where have you been, my darling young one?
01:19:28I've stumbled on the side of twelve misty mountains.
01:19:35I've walked and I've crawled on six crooked highways.
01:19:41I've stepped in the middle of seven side forests.
01:19:47I've been out in front of a dozen dead oceans.
01:19:54I've been ten thousand miles in the mouth of a graveyard.
01:20:00And it's a hard, it's a hard, it's a hard, it's a hard, it's a hard rain.
01:20:14My dreams are gonna fall.
01:20:24Oh, what did you see, my blue-eyed son?
01:20:29And what did you see, my darling young one?
01:20:35I saw a newborn baby with wild wolves all around it, I saw a highway of diamonds with nobody on it, I saw a black branch with blood that kept dripping, I saw a room full of men with their hammers a-bleeding,
01:21:00I saw a white ladder all covered with water, I saw 10,000 talkers whose tongues were all broken, I saw guns and sharp swords in the hands of young children,
01:21:20and it's hard, it's hard, it's hard, and it's hard, it's hard rain that's gonna fall,
01:21:33and it's hard, it's hard, it's hard, and it's hard, it's hard rains are gonna fall.
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