00:00The court concludes that the duty of states to prevent significant environmental harm
00:06applies in the context of climate change
00:10and that this duty forms part of the most directly relevant applicable law.
00:20Concerning the duty to cooperate, the court recalls
00:24that it lies at the core of the Charter of the United Nations.
00:30And it has been spelled out in the Foundational Declaration on Friendly Relations.
00:37The court has held that the adoption by states of this text
00:42affords an indication of their opinion juris as to custom international law.
00:49That observation also applies to the duty to cooperate
00:54insofar as it finds expression in many binding and non-binding instruments
01:01relating specifically to the environment.
01:04The duty to cooperate is a central obligation under the Climate Change Treaties
01:12and other environmental treaties.
01:15In view of the related practice of states, the court considers
01:19that the duty of states to cooperate for the protection of the environment
01:24is a rule whose customary character has been established.
01:28The court considers that a clean, healthy and sustainable environment
01:34is a precondition for the enjoyment of many human rights
01:39such as the right to life, right to health
01:42and the right to an adequate standard of living
01:45including access to water, food and housing.
01:48The right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment
01:53results from the interdependence between human rights
01:58and the protection of the environment.
02:02Consequently, insofar as state parties to human rights treaties
02:07are required to guarantee the effective enjoyment of such rights,
02:12it is difficult to see how these obligations can be fulfilled
02:17without at the same time ensuring the protection of the right
02:23to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment as a human right.
02:28The human right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment
02:32is therefore inherent in the enjoyment of other human rights.
02:37The court thus concludes that under international law
02:42the human right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment
02:46is essential for the enjoyment of other human rights.
02:51Newsperscared
02:56Land
02:57Undoubtedly
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