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Documentary, 8 Days That Made Rome S01E01 - Hannibal's Last Stand
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00:00Ancient Rome, one of the greatest superpowers in history, whose far-reaching legacy continues to shape our lives.
00:09For close on a thousand years, the Romans dominated the known world.
00:16Theirs was an extraordinary empire that heralded an age of unprecedented prosperity and stability,
00:23but that also ruled through violence and oppression.
00:28Rome's rise to greatness wasn't inevitable.
00:32Its epic history was often decided by single critical moments.
00:39In this series, I'm exploring eight key days that I believe help to explain Rome's remarkable success.
00:49To understand the full significance of these eight days, I'm travelling across the Roman world.
00:55I am incredibly lucky to get access to this archaeological site.
01:00Examining remarkable finds.
01:02When you dig up something like this, how does it make you feel about the Romans who were here at the time?
01:08We think that it's a kind of genocide.
01:11This is the day when a Roman general, Publius Cornelius Scipio, went head to head with the legendary Hannibal and the mighty empire of Carthage.
01:33In a battle that would determine if Rome really had the muscle to rule the ancient world.
01:42Or what?
01:44On the 19th of October, 202 BC, the future of two great civilizations was decided in the unforgiving deserts of North Africa, at a place called Zama.
02:08For me, this was a momentous day in the story of the ancient world.
02:14A winner takes all confrontation between the majesty of Carthage and the upstart that was Rome.
02:22Now, 500 years before this titanic battle, Rome had been pretty much like any other small-time Mediterranean settlement.
02:39And in this case, a bunch of wooden houses around the river Tiber, surrounded by these protecting hills.
02:44But there seemed to be something special in the Roman DNA, something that drove her to the top of the pile.
02:56A relentless ambition, a delight in battle, that propelled Rome to the day she'd confront Hannibal's Carthaginian army at Zama.
03:06And the Romans told themselves this warrior ethos was there right at the city's birth.
03:14Rome's founders, Romulus and Remus, were, all good Romans believed, the actual sons of Mars, the god of war.
03:23And it was said that when Romulus infamously murdered his own brother to rule alone, the character of Rome was set, driven, bloody, ruthless from day one.
03:36Even by ancient standards, the Romans fetishised violence and aggression and ambition.
03:46It seems that this little state had a hard, flinty determination to make their mark on the world.
03:53Two and a half thousand years ago, Rome occupied a fraction of today's modern city, just four tightly packed square miles, with a population of around 60,000.
04:11But Rome was in a prime location, the river Tiber offering access to the possibilities of the wider world.
04:19The city was ruled as a republic, a res publica, somewhere that people came together to engage, literally, in public things.
04:32It was a super smart political philosophy, where every Roman was assured that the state had their interests at heart, that we're all in this together.
04:42So every Roman citizen had a vested interest to ensure that Rome didn't just survive, but thrived.
04:53In the 6th century BC, Rome pushed into central Italy, the lands of Latium, where Latin was the common language.
05:01The city of Gabi, 11 miles to the east, was one of the first to be absorbed into the Roman project.
05:07Here, at the site of ancient Gabi, new excavations are revealing exactly how Rome assimilated her neighbours,
05:18turning outsiders, them, into Roman allies.
05:23Us, with threats of violence, but also promises of protection and prosperity.
05:30Nicola Terenato is director of this remarkable project.
05:33Digging here, what does it tell you about a relationship of a town like Gabi with Rome?
05:39This is the city that is closest to Rome, and so this is where Rome is testing its mettle.
05:46We see, right after the alliance with Rome starts, that all sorts of good things happen.
05:52Great temples being built, elite houses become bigger, more lavish, fabulous roads being laid.
05:59We're standing right on top of a sequence of roads, connecting the people of Gabi with Rome,
06:04roads that the Roman army is going to protect, so that makes it very easy to travel.
06:09There's a very strong Roman strategy, isn't there, to come to towns like this and offer protection
06:15in return for men who will then fight for Rome.
06:19Absolutely. It's a cheap way of expanding, but they also have the ability to be ruthless,
06:25and when the city is opposing the Roman expansion, they will attack, they will siege, they will pillage,
06:31and, you know, exceptional instances, they will eliminate the city.
06:34So it is a carrot and stick approach.
06:36I'll tell you what is brilliant about being here, is that you can almost smell Rome's determination.
06:42This is Rome learning how to do what then it will do across the whole Mediterranean.
06:47This is the laboratory, and they will repeat this with hundreds of other urban communities
06:52throughout the Mediterranean, but they start here.
06:55250 years after Gabi's takeover, most of Italy had fallen under Roman control.
07:04This was a vast protection racket in all but name.
07:08Now, the only thing standing in the way of Rome's insatiable ambition was Carthage.
07:16Carthage had what Rome wanted, a glorious empire,
07:21with trading networks and colonies stretching from Lebanon in the east to Spain in the west,
07:28it was the sophisticated superpower of the Mediterranean.
07:31These two powers were about to come head to head.
07:38Carthage, the dominant force in the ancient world, versus Rome, the new kid on the block.
07:44The fields of Europe and North Africa were to be giant battlegrounds,
07:50with one man emerging to block Rome's overweening ambition.
07:55His name was Hannibal Barker, the legendary Carthaginian general,
08:02and he threatened to be Rome's nemesis.
08:05In 218 BC, Hannibal launched one of the most famous and daring military manoeuvres in history.
08:16At the head of a huge multi-ethnic army, he marched from Spain with 38 war elephants across the frozen Alps and into Italy.
08:26Pushing south, Hannibal won victory after victory.
08:31Rome was facing disaster.
08:34Mike Lodes is an expert in ancient warfare.
08:38What an exceptional man Hannibal must have been.
08:41Hannibal is such a legend because he was both a strategic genius and a tactical genius.
08:46He led a polyglot army.
08:50He had Numidians from North Africa.
08:52He had his Liby-Phoenicians from North Africa.
08:54He had Iberian troops from his Spanish campaigns.
08:58And he supposedly spoke to all these people in their own languages.
09:01He was a soldier's general.
09:03What greater testament could there be to his character?
09:06These men willingly followed him on this great and dangerous adventure.
09:11Rome was in a desperate fight against Hannibal and his armies as they rampaged through the Italian homeland.
09:27Eventually, in August 216 BC, at Cannae in southern Italy, a huge Roman army was assembled.
09:36The largest force ever put in the field.
09:39It was 80,000 strong, twice the size of Hannibal's, and the Roman generals were confident of victory.
09:49But what happened next would become known as one of Rome's darkest hours.
10:03More than 40,000 men, over half of Rome's fighting force, were massacred.
10:09Hannibal's victory at Cannae stands as one of the most memorable military feats of all time.
10:20A sight to me whole, General.
10:21But according to one of Rome's most celebrated historians, Livy, from the shameful bloodbath of Cannae emerged a true Roman hero.
10:49Publius Cornelius Scipio.
10:54To be continued...
11:24...and show the world why Rome was the exception, born to rule.
11:40216 BC, immediately after Rome's crushing defeat at the hands of Hannibal.
11:46The Roman historian Livy records that the young army officer, Scipio, was on the run in enemy territory with a fellow soldier.
11:56Now, after the slaughter at Cannae, Scipio's companion was one of many ready to desert the Roman army.
12:10Scipio's companion was one of many ready to desert the Roman army.
12:23I'm done hiding in ditches. I'm heading to the coast. Are you with me?
12:29I swear that I will never desert Rome. If I break my vow, may Jupiter himself bring to me a shameful death.
12:44Now you! Take the sword from my throat, and I'll swear it.
12:51Swear it!
12:53Swear it!
12:54I swear! Never to desert Rome! If I break my oath, may Jupiter bring me to a shameful death!
13:05Scipio's refusal to abandon Rome at this critical time...
13:12Rome is this way.
13:14Rome is this way.
13:15...would become part of Roman folklore.
13:23In a war that was going badly, Scipio's bravado stood out.
13:27In fact, he was made to embody all the qualities that the Romans valued, in particular, vertus.
13:35Now, vertus comes from the word vir, which means man.
13:40And if you possessed vertus, then you were brave and strong on behalf of Rome.
13:45And in return, that bestowed on you gloria and dignitas, a kind of glorious fame and a dignified reputation.
13:57These qualities would mark Scipio out as a textbook Roman hero.
14:02But immediately after the defeat at Kenai, ideas of glory seemed a long way off.
14:10When news of the slaughter finally arrived in Rome, one emotion swept through the city.
14:17Fear.
14:19Hannibal could arrive at the gates at any moment.
14:24Panic was threatening to take hold of the city.
14:26Almost every household had lost someone, and the sound of wailing mourners filled the streets.
14:33The politicians had to get a grip on the situation.
14:37At the time of Kenai, the Roman Senate was in charge of administration of the city,
14:41and they called an emergency meeting in a building that's now buried right underneath this church.
14:45At a loss as to what to do, the Senate sought the guidance of an establishment figure from one of Rome's most distinguished families.
14:59Quintus Fabius Maximus was an elder statesman and celebrated general, who'd advised against fighting Hannibal at Kenai.
15:07Senator.
15:09He now took control of the city.
15:15One of Fabius Maximus' first actions was to ban female mourners from the streets in an effort to restore calm.
15:23In effect, weeping was outlawed.
15:25But that wasn't enough.
15:28The Roman historian Livy tells us what happens next, and it is an extraordinary, and for us, appalling measure.
15:37A priestess, known as a Vestal Virgin, was accused of having had sex, breaking her vow of chastity.
15:59Fabius Maximus declared that she had angered the gods, who'd punished Rome with the devastating defeat at Kenai.
16:11To appease the gods, he ordered that the Vestal Virgin be condemned to a horrific fate.
16:19Human sacrifice.
16:22Human sacrifice.
16:33Any news of your son?
16:37No, Serendor.
16:43Pray the gods in their majesty.
16:45Let him be living.
16:46Is the spectacle really necessary?
16:57Rome is nothing without the favour of the gods.
17:10Is this horrible when others like her have not desecrated their office?
17:14Perhaps your son would be at your side today.
17:44This was ritual murder, carried out by a people desperate to overcome the trauma of defeat.
18:02When we think about the Romans, we shouldn't just imagine men and women like us dressed in togas.
18:07This was often a very primitive and deeply superstitious society.
18:13There were gods and goddesses and demigods and spirits all around.
18:18It was somewhere both of extraordinary sophistication and also sometimes of chilling savagery.
18:25And Rome was also an achingly macho society, where girls were married off from the age of 10, with mythic rapes reenacted as part of their marriage rituals.
18:39The Romans hoped that burying a woman alive would help to purify the state, restoring Rome's confidence and vigour.
18:51Alexander Evers is an expert on the culture of ancient Rome.
18:55Cannae was a huge psychological blow to the Roman mind.
19:01And clearly the relationship with the gods must have been, at the time, must have been disturbed.
19:06And so the Romans looked for a scapegoat.
19:09It was absolutely horrific.
19:10Gruesome as it may seem to us, burying someone alive, it does work for the Romans.
19:17It unites everyone.
19:19It pulls them all back together again, behind the common cause, which is the war against Hannibal.
19:27The Romans were rediscovering their unrelenting drive.
19:31In the intervening years after the defeat at Cannae, the war with Carthage spread across the ancient world.
19:46An intercontinental game of cat and mouse, with bitter fighting on land and sea.
19:52While Rome fought a desperate guerrilla war in Italy, preventing Hannibal attacking the city itself,
19:57the Roman generals made a plan to destabilize the wider Carthaginian Empire.
20:04In 210 BC, they launched a counterattack in Carthage's main power base, Spain.
20:15For Scipio, this was an opportunity to rise through the ranks.
20:20A singular man, brave enough to take on a job most considered a death sentence.
20:28To lead Rome's forces here in Spain.
20:32Scipio was just 25 when he took command of the Roman armies in Spain.
20:37And almost immediately, he turned the war in Rome's favour by capturing Carthaginian forces and cities.
20:44But he did so with a combination of cunning and downright cruelty that would come to be a hallmark of Roman warfare.
20:53This is Illiturgis, Andalusia, the site of a city attacked by Scipio in 206 BC.
21:03There are some remarkable finds here that are transforming our understanding of how the Romans clawed back control at the expense of the Carthaginians.
21:13A group of Spanish archaeologists, led by Juan Pedro Bellon, have just discovered fascinating new evidence directly linking Scipio to an act of mass murder against the civilian population of Illiturgis.
21:31This is a typical Iberian town, and in this area we have all the houses of the city.
21:40And do you have evidence of conflict here?
21:42Yes, of course. We have found a lot of evidence.
21:44Gosh.
21:45If you follow me, I can show you it.
21:50Illiturgis was once a flourishing town.
21:53But the inhabitants made the mistake of taking the Carthaginian side in the war.
21:58For Scipio, this betrayal deserved the ultimate punishment.
22:04Juan Pedro's team have been uncovering signs of a savage Roman attack.
22:09So talk me through what you've got on the table.
22:14For example, this is hobnails from the Roman Caligae.
22:19Hobnails from the Roman boots?
22:20Yes.
22:22That's really significant, isn't it? Because the hobnailed boot is a real emblem of the Romans.
22:27Yes, and these kind of pieces allow us to follow the path of the Roman army.
22:33Yes.
22:34It's very useful for us.
22:35Amazing. And this is, I know, a very typical, horrible, ferocious Roman weapon, isn't it?
22:41Yes. In this case, it belongs to the Roman artillery.
22:44Yeah, because it's from a ballista bolt, isn't it?
22:46Yes, yes, yes.
22:48We think that Scipio comes with the weapons related with his idea of destroying the city.
22:55I probably shouldn't ask this, but I can see there's a ring there.
22:58Is there any chance I could try it on?
22:59Yes, I could try it.
23:00Gosh, thank you. What's it made of?
23:02It's a bronze ring.
23:06Oh, that's amazing. So this will be the first time that this has been worn in 2,200 years.
23:12Yes.
23:14I mean, it is just a little thing, but it speaks volumes, doesn't it? Because it talks about the local people here, who are just suffering invasion from foreign armies, who are using their territory as a battleground.
23:26We think that there is a kind of genocide by the Romans, because we have no evidence of population in the landscape after the siege.
23:37So the population here was pretty much wiped out then?
23:40Yes, probably 80, 90% of the population was eliminated.
23:45The evidence found by Juan Pedro and his team is compelling.
23:50At the exact historical moment that Roman weapons appear in this landscape, nearly all signs of life in Illiturgis disappear from the archaeological record.
24:02It's sobering to think that Scipio, one of Rome's greatest heroes, was capable of the cold-blooded massacre of men and women who dared to defy Rome.
24:15Just listen to what the Roman author Livy wrote about the battle here.
24:20No one thought of taking prisoners alive. No one thought of plunder.
24:26They slaughtered the unarmed and the armed alike.
24:31The women besides the men. Driven on by a cruel rage, they butchered the infants too.
24:38They delighted in destroying all traces of the city and in blotting out the very memory of their enemies' home.
24:50It's a very powerful bit of writing, but up until now we haven't been able to verify it.
24:57The finds here, though, tell us that this was the site of an atrocity.
25:03Word of the massacre spread incredibly fast, and this actually became one of the Romans' most powerful tools.
25:10Fear. The message was clear. You don't mess with Rome. You are either with them or against them.
25:20It's an early form of state-sponsored terrorism.
25:26Scipio's bloody victories in Spain established him as Rome's greatest hope for defeating Hannibal and the armies of Carthage.
25:35Now this ferocious battle for power is about to reach its climax.
25:41In a confrontation between the two generals.
25:45Not in Italy or Spain, but on the plains of North Africa.
25:51206 BC. After five years of bloody fighting, Scipio had defeated the Carthaginian forces in Spain, securing land and critical resources, including Spanish silver mines for his mother city.
26:13Scipio returned to Rome a hero, determined to win the war against Hannibal, who, 12 years after crossing the Alps, was still at large in southern Italy.
26:25Rome's leaders had avoided launching another large-scale attack against Hannibal, terrified of repeating the mistakes of Cannae.
26:33Scipio, in Spain.
26:34Scipio, emboldened by his victories in Spain, now proposed a radical and daring plan.
26:40He would draw Hannibal out of Italy by seining with an army to North Africa and attacking Carthage itself.
26:48First, Scipio had to win the approval of the Senate.
26:54But his high-stakes strategy flew in the face of everything the old Senator, Fabius Maximus, stood for.
27:09Your strategy of avoidance and restraint will never rid us of Hannibal.
27:14I will strike him where he is most vulnerable, in his homeland.
27:21Hannibal isn't in his homeland.
27:23He's here in Italy, which is where the Roman army should be also.
27:28Not in Africa, on some vainglorious, plundering trip.
27:33I have no time for this, old man.
27:37The Senate asked me to speak with you, and we have spoken.
27:41Now is the time for Romans to be Romans again.
27:46It's Africa's turn to be put to fire and sword!
27:50Finally, two years after his return from Spain, the Senate relented.
28:03Scipio set sail for Africa.
28:07With Carthage itself now under direct threat, Hannibal was forced to return to his homeland.
28:13So far, Scipio's audacious plan appeared to be working.
28:18And in October 202 BC, on the plains of Zama, about 80 miles inland from Carthage, the two armies came face to face.
28:28Scipio had got Hannibal exactly where he wanted him.
28:39The stage was set for a critical clash between Rome and the ancient power of Carthage.
28:47The Battle of Zama was an enormously personal grudge match between Hannibal and Scipio.
28:56Both of these men had history, and they met.
29:00They allegedly met before the Battle of Zama.
29:04It plays into romantic ideals of ancient warfare.
29:09It's like two team captains having a handshake before a sporting match.
29:13And even if they are doing this for their own individual civilizations, this is an age where personal glory counts for a huge amount.
29:22Absolutely, the warrior culture for these two giants of generals now to come face to face.
29:30Maybe it's because they just wanted to look each other in the eye once.
29:34Who knows?
29:35But it is a remarkable thing that they had a private solo meeting before this final decisive battle.
29:52The Battle of Zama.
30:11Certain peace.
30:13Or uncertain hope of victory.
30:16The first.
30:18First, I offer you now.
30:26The second would be in the hands of the gods.
30:33Here are my terms.
30:35You must put yourself and your country entirely at my mercy.
30:46So be it.
30:49The battle that followed this legendary meeting would be a single day of combat
30:55to decide if Rome had the wit and will to achieve its boldest ambitions
31:01to defeat the power that had taught Rome how a great empire operated.
31:07As Livy makes clear, the stakes could not have been higher.
31:12If they were successful, they'd be victors not only for a day,
31:16but for all time.
31:19They would know before the next day ended whether Rome or Carthage was to give laws to the nations.
31:26For not only Africa and Italy, the whole world would be the prize of victory.
31:31Great as is the prize, the peril of defeat will be as great.
31:37This was written 200 years after Sama, so we know then that the battle loomed large in the Roman imagination.
31:45But I am absolutely sure that people at the time realised how critically important it was.
31:51This was the culmination of 50 years of on and off conflict between the greatest powers in the Mediterranean.
32:00This really was winner takes all.
32:04The two great armies faced one another.
32:22Hannibal had 36,000 troops.
32:26Scipio, 30,000.
32:28But Scipio had one advantage thanks to a political masterstroke.
32:39One of the things that Scipio learned from Hannibal is to use troops from other nations, to use specialists.
32:49You have got the Numidians with this vastly superior cavalry force from North Africa, with their javelins and their fast, agile horses,
33:00who had been crucial in all of Hannibal's campaigns for 16 years through Italy.
33:06Now fighting for Scipio.
33:08Scipio.
33:09And the critical thing about this battle is that it reminds us it's not just brawn but brain that the Romans use,
33:16because they've been wooing the Numidians for years that diplomacy is as important as sheer military strength.
33:24Absolutely. The tables have turned.
33:27They had been Hannibal's secret weapon, now they're Rome's secret weapon.
33:30Courtesy of the historian Polybius, we have an account of the speech each general gave to his troops.
33:39If you overcome your enemies, you will gain for yourselves and your country the undisputed command and sovereignty of the rest of the world!
33:51The war!
33:52The war!
33:53The war!
33:54The war!
33:55The war!
33:56The war!
33:57The war!
33:58The war!
33:59The war!
34:00The war!
34:01The war!
34:02The war!
34:03The war!
34:04The war!
34:05The war!
34:06The war!
34:07The war!
34:08The war!
34:09The war!
34:10The war!
34:11The war!
34:12The war!
34:13The war!
34:14The war!
34:15The war!
34:16The war!
34:17The war!
34:18The war!
34:19The war!
34:20The war!
34:21The war!
34:22The war!
34:23The war!
34:24The war!
34:25The war!
34:26Fight bravely and uphold your proud reputation as an army that has never known defeat!
34:50Forwards!
34:56Scipio's Numidian cavalry immediately attacked Hannibal's smaller cavalry force, pursuing them into the desert.
35:10But as they charged from the battlefield, Scipio had temporarily lost his one advantage.
35:17Now, the two armies clashed.
35:21The Roman infantry had the edge in discipline and training.
35:37But the Carthaginians fought desperately to save their city.
35:53Now, Hannibal ordered some of his troops to move out to the wings, hoping to envelop the Romans just as he'd done at Cannae.
36:05Turn up the horse!
36:11For the army!
36:14For the army!
36:16For the army!
36:18So far, Scipio's forces had held out against the larger army.
36:22But suddenly, they were outflanked by the Carthaginians, facing Hannibal's elite, battle-hardened veterans who he'd held back to deliver a killer blow.
36:32Scipio's decision over the next few moments would decide the fate of two great empires.
36:39As the battler's armor raged, Rome's infantry were bloodied and exhausted.
36:54But Scipio held fast.
36:59Come on!
37:01Come on!
37:03Come on!
37:06For victory!
37:19With Rome's superior cavalry still out of sight,
37:26Scipio rushed reinforcements to the centre of the battlefield.
37:36Where Hannibal's elite veterans threatened to punch through the Roman lines.
37:49Scipio's forces were on the brink of collapse.
38:13Scipio's forces were on the brink of collapse.
38:16But the tide was about to turn.
38:46The battle had been raging since daybreak.
38:52By early afternoon, the Numidian cavalry returned to the fray,
38:56attacking Hannibal's forces from the rear and encircling his troops.
39:01Just as, 14 years before at Cannae, Hannibal had encircled the forces of Rome.
39:08Scipio had won a stunning victory.
39:2820,000 Carthaginian troops lay dead.
39:40Hannibal's army had been completely destroyed.
39:44Victory for Rome!
39:57Hannibal himself escaped the slaughter,
40:00riding straight for Carthage, a city he'd not seen for 36 years.
40:05He'd survive to see Rome humble his once-proud homeland.
40:15Scipio knew what this victory meant.
40:18He'd established himself as Rome's most successful general
40:21and had changed the balance of power in the Mediterranean.
40:25The Carthaginians had no choice but to beg for peace.
40:29They knew that the alternative was annihilation.
40:35Carthage was made to pay a massive indemnity.
40:3810,000 talents, about 250 tonnes of silver,
40:44and hand over all but 10 of her warships.
40:48Rome's terms ensured the mighty city of Carthage
40:51would never be a great power again.
40:54Finally, in 146 BC,
40:58Roman forces, led by none other than Scipio's grandson,
41:03razed Carthage to the ground.
41:06The entire population was massacred or enslaved.
41:12The suffering must have been hideous.
41:15Men and women were strung up,
41:17disemboweled, raped, beheaded.
41:20Meanwhile, the Romans set about rewriting history,
41:25portraying the civilised Carthaginians as rank barbarians
41:29who deserved no mercy in defeat.
41:34The very same year,
41:36Rome also sacked the Greek city of Corinth,
41:39making Greek culture their own.
41:42Such stomach-churning ferocity and cynical myth-making was essential.
41:47The triumphalism of a people
41:50embarking on a massive imperial project.
41:54And that's what, for me, makes this day so crucial.
41:58Scipio's victory over Hannibal
41:59marks a tipping point in Rome's history,
42:02when an influential city-state
42:04becomes an unstoppable imperial power.
42:08In their defeat of Carthage,
42:12one pitiless day on the plains of Zama,
42:15we also see key features of the Roman Empire
42:17starting to emerge.
42:19An irrepressible belief in their right to rule,
42:24a ruthless determination to win at any costs,
42:28and a complex identity,
42:30lionising honour and decency,
42:32as well as instigating campaigns of violence and terror.
42:39Welcome to the brave new Roman world.
42:45Next time,
42:47Rome's new empire is under threat
42:50from within.
42:52On the day when a slave escaped
42:55and went on to lead a bloody rebellion
42:59that threatened to destroy Scipio's legacy.
43:06My name is Spartacus.
43:09The brave new empire is under threat
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