00:00Hi, welcome to this new learning series.
00:03This is designed to develop a quick understanding on 5G architecture and key principles.
00:08In this learning series, we will give you some high-level overview on 5G technology.
00:13We will start with a brief history of telecommunications, then we will understand that what are the
00:18needs to develop more advanced technologies like currently in 5G and in future 6G or 7G
00:26and so on.
00:27We will understand that what is the necessity and how 5G can be used in various applications.
00:34Then we will see the most important building blocks of the 5G radio access networks and
00:395G core networks, which plays the important role to fulfill the wide use cases of 5G.
00:46If you are already familiar with 4G technology, then may be curious that what 5G comes with
00:51as an enhancement compared to the 4G technology or maybe you are already working with certain
00:57aspects of 5G but wanted to expand your understanding on the other aspects or other areas or if
01:04you are completely new to the telecom field and wanted to explore the telecom world, no
01:09matter where you are on your learning journey, we are here to take the next step together
01:14as we will explore the fundamental principles of 5G in this learning series.
01:19The purpose of this course is to deliver the concepts of important fundamentals and key
01:24principles which are evolved in 5G systems.
01:28We will also understand that what new techniques are introduced in 5G to cater the wide use
01:33cases of 5G.
01:35So let's get started.
01:37We will begin with a quick overview from the history of telecommunication because if you
01:42do not understand the past, you may not connect with the current evolutions and future demands.
01:47So it is important to understand but we will not go in deep.
01:51So in the era of 1900, landline phones were common around the world.
01:56That was the first step in telecommunications.
01:59By 1930s, the first mobile phone was invented and that actually had wireless support and
02:05that was the start of the wireless domain, generally called as Zero-G.
02:11These mobile phones were using a very basic feature, that is, push-to-talk.
02:16So the communication happened through two-way radio connections between a network and a
02:20car-mounted transceivers.
02:22At that time, we have huge transmission towers and they cover large areas.
02:28It is near around 20 miles in radius and that area was called mobile service areas.
02:35Frequency reuse concept also started to use at every 100 miles but the key challenge was
02:41that service providers had to manually connect the calls to the regular phone networks.
02:46So operators have a lot of manual monitoring and they also manages the channels which are
02:51being used for communication.
02:53So it was another challenge.
02:56Those communications was started from 36 MHz band and it hardly have 10 to 30 channels
03:02only.
03:03Means those systems can only accommodate very few users.
03:07Now during 1970s and early 80s, the demand was increased and user had to wait for their
03:14turn to get the mobile services.
03:17And surprisingly, that waiting list reaches up to 3 years of waiting period.
03:22And that shows the demand.
03:23That why we are needing the advanced wireless telecommunication systems.
03:28Now in 1980s, Bell Labs introduced AMPS, that is Advanced Mobile Phone Systems.
03:36This is also known as 1G or First Generation of Cellular Telecommunication.
03:42This new technology allows simultaneous talking.
03:45So we moved from push-to-talk kind of system to the AMPS system.
03:50And that was a great improvement from the previous generation.
03:531G also introduced automatic channel selection.
03:56So things gets easier for service providers.
04:00This innovation was the base of wireless communications.
04:03And now more people can experience a true mobile communications.
04:07AMPS uses analog technology.
04:10And it was using Frequency Division Multiple Access or FTMA.
04:15So each communication happens over separate 30kHz frequency channel.
04:20Now another problem is bandwidth requirement.
04:23Because now more users are expected to use mobile services.
04:26So to fulfill that need, FCC allocate the frequency spectrum from 824MHz to 894MHz.
04:35So this bandwidth can accommodate around 666 channels.
04:40Another important advancement was in coverage area.
04:43Now because AMPS started to use hexagonal cells to serve the Mobile Service Area or
04:48MSA, instead of using one single cell to serve circular radius in previous technology.
04:54Also those 666 available channels were distributed between 7 cells.
04:59And each cell having its own set of channels.
05:03Now these 7 cells collectively using 666 channels.
05:08And then frequency gets reused for additional set of 7 cells.
05:13This concept was the origin of cellular communication.
05:16However AMPS technology has many challenges.
05:20Like poor voice quality, short on battery life, bulky devices, unreliable hand-offs
05:25and weak securities etc.
05:28So when the rollout of AMPS was started, just soon after that new innovations get started
05:34on digital cellular communications.
05:37And in 1987, 13 European countries agreed to create a common cellular telephone system
05:42across the Europe, which refers to the GSM specifications from ETSI.
05:48And then GSM was commercially launched in Finland in 1991.
05:52GSM was using TDMA and FDMA based multiple access technologies.
05:58And because of this advancement, it allows more users to serve from the same resources.
06:03TDMA or Time Division Multiple Access is the concept where different users share the
06:09same frequency resource but at different time slots.
06:13Those digital systems also support new services like texting and even picture messaging, although
06:19they were at very low speeds.
06:21This was further evolved by introducing a new domain called as Packet Switch Domain.
06:27This was an addition to the Circuit Switch Domain, which is sometimes referred to as
06:312.5G or ADS.
06:34This offered better services to the ad users and now they can use it for more services
06:40like sending emails, receiving emails etc.
06:43And even web browsing was possible at a speed of 64 kbps to 144 kbps.
06:50In 2008 or 2009, LTE was introduced and now it was a fully Packet Switch technology.
06:56And that was the start of 4G.
06:59It is interesting to note that each generation of technology is sometimes referred by the
07:03name of radio access technology behind the generation.
07:06For example, 3G is known as WCDMA and 4G is called LTE and 5G is called New Radio NR.
07:154G supports the bandwidth from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz.
07:214G uses OFDMA technology in the downlink and single carrier FDMA in the uplink.
07:27OFDMA is a multiple access technology where a wideband carrier is split into many narrowband
07:34subcarriers and they act as individual channels.
07:38And because of that, we can have wideband data rates that offers high data rates and
07:43throughput.
07:44At the same time, we can also use the benefit of better propagation characteristics from
07:49narrowband channels.
07:504G offers good broadband data rates and because of that, it is generally referred as the generation
07:56of mobile broadband.
07:58As an advancement in 4G, it also introduced different new concepts to even boost the data
08:03rate.
08:04For example, multi-antenna systems and carrier aggregation techniques, etc.
08:10It also enabled new services like high-definition mobile TV streaming, mobile gaming, etc.
08:17Now as technology evolved and new services offered, as a result, more and more devices
08:22were started accessing the mobile internet and it is still growing in the present time
08:27as well.
08:28So, to meet those growing demands and to cater such huge number of devices and users, we
08:34are needing more advancement and hence we are needing new generation of systems.
08:40And hence 5G standards started developing and it is still evolving.
08:455G supports up to 400 MHz of bandwidth and it is huge.
08:505G continues to use OFDMA-based interface.
08:54In this course, we will be discussing majority of the key components that contribute in 5G.
09:00In the next session, we will be talking about why 5G is needed and we will understand that
09:05why 4G is not enough to cater the future requirements and what are the 5G use cases.
09:12So stay tuned for the updates.
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