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00:00:00Italy, February 1944.
00:00:11The southern third of Italy is a land which brought itself into the 17th century and could
00:00:16go no further, no matter how the calendar moved.
00:00:21Yet in 1944, the 20th century had thrust its way into the south of Italy.
00:00:28The Allied armies were ashore and had begun a movement up the peninsula.
00:00:49The new era met the old climate.
00:00:51The vital problem of getting men and supplies to the front ran into the old problem of Italy's
00:00:57marshes and rains.
00:01:26The Italian mountains gave aid to the enemy.
00:01:29By controlling the peaks of these mountains, the Germans could direct fire on the Allies
00:01:34below.
00:01:35The only way we could take these heights was to cross the valley floors against perfect
00:01:39observation.
00:01:42The Germans had built strong defensive positions along a line marking the tops of the highest
00:01:47mountains.
00:01:48This was the Gustav Line, and it had completely stopped our advance.
00:01:54The American Fifth Army on the left, the British Eighth Army on the right.
00:02:00Behind the lines, a beachhead at Anzio, a stalemated attempt to flank the Gustav Line.
00:02:06The ground war had ground to a halt.
00:02:10A single position was the key to the whole battle.
00:02:14The position was the Abbey of Monte Cassino.
00:02:18From this dominating height and the hills surrounding it, the Germans could observe
00:02:23every Allied movement.
00:02:27To dislodge these German troops, to break this strong point, a massive air attack was
00:02:32ordered.
00:02:33Some ground and air officers did not feel the decision was tactically sound.
00:02:38Nevertheless, the Air Force complied.
00:02:53Somewhat later, the mediums bombed the town of Cassino.
00:03:13Immediately
00:03:38following the air attack, an artillery preparation was fired.
00:04:05A coordinated attack on Cassino was launched by New Zealanders.
00:04:09On their left, the Americans made ready for an assault.
00:04:19The Germans had not suffered serious military damage.
00:04:23Instead, the rubble, the craters, the piles of stone gave them even better protection
00:04:29than they had had before our bombing and shelling.
00:04:56Finally, we quit.
00:05:07Nobody says, let's quit.
00:05:10The whole platoon just sticks its face in the dirt.
00:05:14You know when you've had it.
00:05:24The infantry had done the best it could do.
00:05:26The direct frontal attack on the Gustav Line had failed.
00:05:36This way, the cost of winning Italy would be a generation of Americans.
00:05:54The war was again halted while we searched for another way to remove the obstacle of
00:06:08the Gustav Line.
00:06:11The ground forces were stalemated at the Gustav Line, but the Air Force had won complete superiority
00:06:17in the air.
00:06:18We now outnumbered the German Air Force in Italy by six to one.
00:06:23The narrow constriction of the Italian Peninsula, the bad roads, the few railroads, we would
00:06:28make these hindrances work to our advantage.
00:06:32We would create a problem of supply for the Germans.
00:06:36We would let them sit in the Gustav Line and we would strike, not frontally on the ground
00:06:42at Cassino, but far to the rear at the German lines of supply.
00:06:51The Air Force would stop the movement of German fuel, food, and troops to the front and strangle
00:06:56their supply.
00:06:57The first blow would be struck by the medium bombers, their prime targets, the railroad
00:07:02bridges over which all German rolling stock must come.
00:07:21Once the railroad bridges had been destroyed, the German supply trains were forced to wait
00:07:34in marshalling yards until the spans were repaired.
00:07:38Now the heavy bombers were sent north to concentrate on the railroad junctions and the thousands
00:07:43of freight cars which had been backed into the marshalling yards.
00:07:48The opening phase of the operation to strangle German supply lines was successful, but the
00:07:54major effort would be made by these men, the pilots of the single-seater fighter bombers.
00:08:00They were to blockade the roads, the railroads, and the sea.
00:08:04It was our intention to cut the German supply tonnage to a third or less.
00:08:10This was a problem for the tactical air forces.
00:08:28Now they took off from our bases in Italy and Corsica, two planes every minute.
00:08:40They left the Corsican coast, a few minutes low over water, then the beaches of Italy.
00:09:08First priority, get rid of the bombs, targets, and small bridges.
00:09:32There was no bomb site in the P-47, so you'd line up as best you could and let go.
00:09:49Trouble was, you'd black out a little on your pull-ups, so you had to get rid of the bomb
00:09:52before you hauled back on the stick.
00:09:56We got pretty good at bridges.
00:10:00Once the bombs were gone, down on the deck, look for targets of opportunity, anything
00:10:30After a while, there just weren't any trains running in Italy.
00:10:45As one flight of planes went out, another came in.
00:10:50Railroad traffic was stopped in central Italy.
00:10:54Then road traffic was frank.
00:10:56Up and down the roads to Rome, every vehicle that ventured out ran the risk of destruction.
00:11:14Every once in a while, Jerry would park his ammo wagons near a house.
00:11:20I felt pretty bad about some of those Italian farmhouses.
00:11:26Finally, there wasn't anything moving on the land except sheep and horses.
00:11:31We'd buzz them a little and head out to sea, go after the shipping.
00:12:17Then there was nothing moving on the sea.
00:12:23After a couple of months, anybody could see what the Air Force had done.
00:12:27I was just a second lieutenant, but you didn't have to be a general to know what this meant.
00:12:32We had run out of targets.
00:12:34The enemy supply machine was ruined.
00:12:36The Italian road system, the bridges, the railroads, the lifelines of supply had been cut.
00:12:42The Air Force had made its point.
00:12:45We had strangled the enemy.
00:12:50We'd seen the flyboys going in and out, but the breakthrough was still up to us.
00:12:56We sat around, got ready.
00:12:59Let me tell you something about the infantry.
00:13:02You don't believe anything, big things, small things.
00:13:06After you've been in combat a while, you don't trust anything but yourself.
00:13:11Maybe some of the guys who've been through it with you.
00:13:14Nothing counts but you and the outfit.
00:13:18All the rest is propaganda.
00:13:21If the Air Force had done a job, thanks, but we'd wait and see.
00:13:27The first 1,000 yards were bad.
00:13:52You can strangle their supply, but you can't take away all the shells they already have up there.
00:14:01We kept pushing.
00:14:03You can tell how your outfit's going by how low the men crouch.
00:14:07Low crouch, you're ready to hit the dirt.
00:14:10Half crouch, you're still scared but moving.
00:14:13But walking straight up, you've made it.
00:14:17We had made it.
00:14:18Breakthrough.
00:14:33Then we had a look at what the Air Force had done.
00:14:36We rolled past the knocked-out tanks, the busted vehicles, the beat-up supply trains, the broken bridges.
00:14:47I have to say it, those flyboys were okay, Buster.
00:14:52We were willing to readmit them into the United States Army.
00:14:56Well, you know what I mean.
00:14:58The Air Force had opened the road to Rome.
00:15:05I had to pick up a few extra bucks carrying spears at the Metropolitan Opera.
00:15:09So you might say I learned the Italian temperament before I got to Italy.
00:15:13And there they stood clapping like the second act of Aida had just finished.
00:15:36Now the bombers carried the fight to the north.
00:15:39Air power had opened all the roads that lead to Rome.
00:16:02The Air Force has won the skies over Europe.
00:16:04But the fight to invade France is yet to come.
00:16:07More than one million ground troops all over England ready themselves and their equipment for the invasion.
00:16:18The Allied Air Forces will deliver the first blow.
00:16:21The military order reads, exploit our air superiority in an area 150 miles around Normandy.
00:16:28Seal off the battlefield.
00:16:30Destroy all bridges, transport, and communications.
00:16:34Interdict German supply.
00:16:47The coast of France.
00:16:5350 feet above Nazi Europe, looking for Germans.
00:17:04Target ahead. Barge traffic on the rivers of France.
00:17:08Waterborne ammunition train.
00:17:27Target ahead. German supply trucks on the roads of France.
00:17:46Target ahead. The railways of France.
00:17:48Prime mover of all German supply to their coastal defenses.
00:18:18By the last week of May, only a few trains a day venture west of Paris.
00:18:33June 6th, 1944.
00:19:02June 6th, 1944.
00:19:09June 6th, 1944.
00:19:39The beaches of France.
00:19:41Ahead, the liberation of Europe.
00:19:51Protecting the beachhead, the Allied Air Forces.
00:19:54The beachhead is so small that it takes only 15 minutes to fly it the long way and four minutes to cross it the short way.
00:20:02The battlefield is below.
00:20:04The assault is about to begin.
00:20:07Here is our plan.
00:20:10This is the continent of Europe which we had come to deliver from the Germans.
00:20:15This is the Republic of France on whose soil the issues would be decided.
00:20:20This is the Normandy Peninsula, the battlefield.
00:20:23Our air forces have won the sky above France.
00:20:26Now comes the battle to win the ground.
00:20:30On the right, the Canadians and the British face the German Panzer Group West.
00:20:35In the center and on the left, the First United States Army faces the German Seventh Army.
00:20:41And in reserve, the American Third Army waiting for the breakout.
00:20:46The question is, where should our blow fall?
00:20:49The answer is here, beyond Saint-Lô, the center of the line.
00:21:032,000 bombers of the Eighth and Ninth Air Force are called on to carpet bomb a small rectangle west of Saint-Lô.
00:21:102,000 bombers unload in an area of less than six square miles.
00:21:33A report from the German Seventh Army telephone log, July 25th, 1944.
00:21:44Quote, at noon, nothing is visible but dust and smoke.
00:21:48My front line looks like the face of the moon.
00:21:51All the forward Panzer Grenadier positions are knocked out.
00:21:55At least 70% of my troops are out of action, dead, wounded, crazed, or numb.
00:22:01The situation is hopeless, end quote.
00:22:23The American infantry waits for the preparation to end.
00:22:26Then the men move out, cautiously, warily, and the infighting begins.
00:22:32Supported by tanks, they move into the small French villages.
00:23:26The German Panzer Lehr Division is decimated.
00:23:29The German prisoners are shocked and numbed by the carpet bombings.
00:23:41They say they have never seen anything like it.
00:23:44They have had enough, too much.
00:23:51Now the Third United States Army is committed and pours through the brink.
00:23:55A massive, staggering blow and the whole character of the war has changed.
00:24:02A war of attrition has become a war of movement.
00:24:05A war on foot has become a war on wheels and wings.
00:24:35The Germans are faced with a desperate decision.
00:24:44The Army staff wants to retreat to the Seine and make a stand.
00:24:48Anchor the line at Paris, make the Allies fight for the city, and give it to them in rubble.
00:24:55But Hitler refuses to retreat.
00:24:58On the morning of August 4, 1944, he overrides all objections and calls for a counterattack.
00:25:04Here is his plan.
00:25:06The American Third Army is moving rapidly into Brittany.
00:25:10It has a narrow constriction between the sea and Mortein through which its supply route must pass.
00:25:18Hitler's plan is to begin by retaking Mortein.
00:25:22He calls on the last available reserves of German armor and German planes.
00:25:27Once Mortein is taken, the drive can continue to the sea.
00:25:31This will break the American Third Army and force a discontinuation of the whole Allied attack.
00:25:49The German counterattack aims at Mortein.
00:25:52The last German reserves in France, the last bit of offensive power available to the Nazis, is thrown into the desperate effort.
00:26:09The Luftwaffe, almost completely absent since D-Day, makes its first appearance in France.
00:26:22The second battalion of the 120th Infantry, sent to Mortein for a rest, takes the point of the German attack.
00:26:38The German drive cuts off the battalion.
00:26:53Our weak forces at Mortein are outnumbered and are forced to fight tanks with grenades and rifles.
00:27:01German tanks envelop Mortein. The crust of American defenses gives way around the city.
00:27:31Mortein falls to the Germans and a number of Americans are captured.
00:28:01The temptation is to check our Third Army's advance and take defensive action at Mortein.
00:28:16But a subtle strategy presents itself.
00:28:19The German plan offers an opportunity to destroy the whole attacking Nazi army.
00:28:24We devise a counter-plan.
00:28:27The German Seventh Army is attacking Mortein.
00:28:32We will hold near the city with the 30th Division reinforced and tactical air.
00:28:38Meanwhile, the Americans will run the flank to Argentine and the British will take Valais.
00:28:44A whole German army will be broken apart.
00:28:51The plan calls for American and Royal Air Force planes to remove the air cover the Germans have placed above Mortein.
00:29:00American gunsight cameras record the destruction of German planes.
00:29:30The key to the winning of France is the air-ground team.
00:29:35Each of these tank columns is supported by fighter bombers.
00:29:39The war on wheels and the war on wings are tied together by radio.
00:29:45An Air Force officer rides in a tank near the head of each column.
00:29:52When the ground forces run into resistance and are forced to halt,
00:29:56the word is flashed to the Air Force liaison officer.
00:30:05Within moments, the supporting planes are contacted.
00:30:11Air-ground clears the way for encirclement.
00:30:14We have taken a calculated risk and are beginning to close the trap on a whole German army.
00:30:20But the enemy has not yet lost France.
00:30:24Our defenses hold at Mortein.
00:30:27As the American columns move into Argentine, the British proceed towards Valais to close the trap.
00:30:35But the bulk of German armor faces the British.
00:30:39And in desperation, the Germans withstand the British blow.
00:30:45The inability of the Allies to close the trap gives some German units the chance to escape.
00:30:52General Eisenhower and his staff decide that if the Valais gap cannot be closed on the ground,
00:30:57it will be blocked from the air.
00:31:01The British 2nd Tactical Air Force and all available planes of the United States 9th Air Force
00:31:06are ordered to attack the almost encircled German army.
00:31:10Hour after hour, plane after plane is made ready.
00:31:15Hour after hour, plane after plane is armed.
00:31:29Throughout the Allied armies and air forces, there is, for the first time,
00:31:33the sudden realization that the Nazis are trapped in France.
00:31:37The meaning of air superiority, of air power, of control of the sky has never been more clear.
00:31:44The British planes will be almost unopposed as they seek out the enemy.
00:31:51Below lies the German 7th Army conducting an orderly retreat.
00:31:56If this army can be annihilated, France will be free.
00:32:14Sound of bombs exploding.
00:32:29Sound of bombs exploding.
00:32:44Sound of bombs exploding.
00:32:58An airplane cannot hold one mile of ground, nor can it be represented as a line on a map.
00:33:05But air power can destroy the enemy's armies and break his will to fight.
00:33:10Sound of bombs exploding.
00:33:24Against 125,000 troops, against 5,000 vehicles, we sent our air might.
00:33:31And after our strikes, the German 7th Army is broken.
00:33:37There can be no stand beside Paris.
00:33:40The bulk of the tanks and trucks is destroyed within the pocket.
00:33:52The German dead number 10,000.
00:33:56Over 50,000 Germans surrender.
00:33:59The orderly retreat becomes a rout.
00:34:02The German high command has made its infantry expendable
00:34:05so that its few remaining tanks may retreat to the German border.
00:34:09The German infantry, betrayed and bewildered, overwhelmed and beaten,
00:34:15is led to prisoner of war in closeness.
00:34:33The honor of liberating Paris is given to the free French.
00:34:37The French tank columns are delayed along the road
00:34:40by celebrations of every small town and village.
00:34:50The French are understandably slower than they might have been.
00:34:55In Paris, the FFI, the Maquis, the whole underground, the whole city arises.
00:35:01Paris is ready for liberation.
00:35:07Frenchmen take up guns hidden since 1940.
00:35:11The streets are barricaded.
00:35:17As the Germans retreat, the Parisians strike at them.
00:35:22Every rifle, every grenade is needed.
00:35:28The French fight within the city and wait for the armored columns to arrive.
00:35:36The French retreat.
00:35:38The French retreat.
00:35:40The French retreat.
00:35:42The French retreat.
00:35:44The French retreat.
00:35:46The French fight within the city and wait for the armored columns to arrive.
00:36:17On the 24th of August, 1944, Allied tanks enter Paris.
00:36:23The barricades come down.
00:36:25After four years, Paris is French again.
00:36:40In war, most days are filled with filth and blood.
00:36:44Most days are filled with filth and destruction.
00:36:47Most days are days out of one's life.
00:36:50But this is a day with meaning.
00:36:53This is the day Paris is free.
00:37:14The French return to Paris.
00:37:34This is the German V-2 rocket.
00:37:37When fired, it will arc 55 miles above the earth.
00:37:41It will hit the ground at 2,500 miles an hour.
00:37:45There is no known defense against it.
00:37:54The first two weeks of December are spent in repositioning 1,000 of these weapons.
00:38:00None is fired, but the launching sites are ready.
00:38:05This is a situation map of December 15th, 1944.
00:38:10The Allied armies have drawn up to the German border
00:38:13and are awaiting supplies before their attack is continued.
00:38:17The Germans know of a weak spot in the American lines,
00:38:20here in the Ardennes Forest.
00:38:23The Germans plan to bulge through the Ardennes and then sweep to Antwerp,
00:38:27the sole port of supply for the Allied northern armies.
00:38:30If Antwerp falls, four Allied armies will be cut off.
00:38:34The Germans call this plan Watch on the Rhine.
00:38:38The Americans will call it the Battle of the Bulge.
00:38:45While a low fog shrouds the rear area, the Germans move forward.
00:39:00♪♪
00:39:12December 16th, 1944.
00:39:16The V-2s are launched against Antwerp.
00:39:20♪♪
00:39:34Buzz bombs, V-1s.
00:39:37♪♪
00:39:50Explosion.
00:39:59Explosion.
00:40:08Explosion.
00:40:20Explosion.
00:40:272,000 German guns open fire against part of the American positions in the Ardennes.
00:40:43The American lines break open.
00:40:50Explosion.
00:40:53The Germans have achieved complete surprise.
00:40:57In the first two days, they advance 20 miles.
00:41:01Explosion.
00:41:07Explosion.
00:41:12Explosion.
00:41:15Explosion.
00:41:18The Germans take 7,000 American prisoners from one American division alone.
00:41:28The American dead now number over 2,000.
00:41:36The German drive moves toward Antwerp.
00:41:45The V-2 staggers under the rocket attack.
00:41:48The V-weapons are inaccurate.
00:41:50Only 5% of the rockets and bombs land on the port of Antwerp.
00:41:54The rest fall in the business and residential areas of the city.
00:42:00Explosion.
00:42:06Explosion.
00:42:09Explosion.
00:42:13Explosion.
00:42:17Explosion.
00:42:20Explosion.
00:42:36Fog protects the German advance from Allied air power.
00:42:40The Germans move toward the Meuse River.
00:42:45One city which should fall does not.
00:42:48Bastogne.
00:42:50It is an important road junction, and unless it is taken, the German drive will be constricted.
00:43:11Within Bastogne, American cooks, bakers, and paratroopers fight as infantrymen.
00:43:19Explosion.
00:43:22The Germans send three divisions against Bastogne.
00:43:27The city is surrounded, and German armor grinds into the outskirts.
00:43:34Explosion.
00:43:38Explosion.
00:43:41Explosion.
00:43:44Explosion.
00:43:48Explosion.
00:43:52Explosion.
00:43:56Explosion.
00:44:03Explosion.
00:44:06Bastogne calls for help.
00:44:08Allied air power is snowbound and fogbound.
00:44:14Explosion.
00:44:18Explosion.
00:44:26The few planes that get off the ground cannot find the battlefield.
00:44:34And when they return...
00:44:38Explosion.
00:44:41Explosion.
00:44:45For seven days, the bulge expands.
00:44:54On December 23rd, the fog lifts, the sun breaks out,
00:44:58and the German army knows that the Allied air forces will soon appear.
00:45:11The planes of the 9th Troop Carrier Command are over Bastogne.
00:45:41Explosion.
00:45:54Troops and supplies come into the bulge by glider.
00:45:59Explosion.
00:46:03Explosion.
00:46:07Explosion.
00:46:11Explosion.
00:46:15The bulge is reinforced.
00:46:19Explosion.
00:46:23Explosion.
00:46:27Explosion.
00:46:31Explosion.
00:46:35Under air cover, the British and American ground forces compress the bulge and wipe it out.
00:46:45In February, the Siegfried Line is breached and the Allied armies spill into the flat Rhineland.
00:47:04Explosion.
00:47:12Explosion.
00:47:26Explosion.
00:47:29Explosion.
00:47:38Explosion.
00:47:59Explosion.
00:48:10The Germans blow their bridges and retreat behind the Rhine for what the Allies feel will be the Germans' last stand.
00:48:18The American advance is so swift that the bridge at Remagen is captured before the Germans can destroy it.
00:48:30The last natural barrier in Germany is breached.
00:48:51To the north, the second wing of the envelopment comes from the air.
00:48:59Explosion.
00:49:07Explosion.
00:49:29Explosion.
00:49:44Explosion.
00:49:59Eisenhower, Montgomery, and Bradley must make a decision.
00:50:18The British argue that for post-war peace in Europe, the capture of Berlin by the Allies
00:50:23instead of the Russians is a necessity.
00:50:26But the Americans prefer to destroy the German armies still in the field.
00:50:34Thus the British and Canadian effort continues in the north, and the Americans and French
00:50:39shift toward the center and the south.
00:50:44Nazi Germany disappears eastward.
00:50:54April 10, 1945, to aid the Russian advance on Berlin, 1,200 American bombers are airborne.
00:51:02This is the last strategic bombing of the war.
00:51:05Its targets, the few jet factories still remaining, and the headquarters buildings of the German
00:51:11Army.
00:51:33There are 1,000 miles between Moscow and Berlin.
00:51:36The Red Army has covered them all.
00:51:51The Soviets move into the German capital.
00:52:16The Russians take the city block by block, street by street, hole by hole.
00:52:31Flamethrowers arc from apartment to apartment.
00:53:00On April 25th, the First United States Army and the First Ukrainian Army meet at the
00:53:05River Elbe.
00:53:55One minute after 11, May 8th, 1945, victory in Europe.
00:54:22Allied air power had defeated German air power a year before the Allied armies defeated
00:54:34the German armies.
00:54:35When the German Air Force broke, this is what Germany lost.
00:54:41Germany lost her oil.
00:54:42Her refineries and cracking plants were destroyed from the air.
00:54:46Without oil, Germany lost her air power.
00:54:52Germany lost her submarine manufacture.
00:54:54Without submarines, Germany lost her sea power.
00:54:59Germany lost her transportation net.
00:55:02Without transportation, Germany lost her ground power.
00:55:07Most of all, Germany lost her industrial plants.
00:55:11Without industry, Germany lost the war.
00:55:38On May 9th, 1945, freedom returned to Western Europe.
00:57:01Vengeance to the villains and the collaborators.
00:57:12Those who live through the war shall always carry the scars of war.
00:57:42Now begins the long journey home.
01:00:12A message received in code at Pearl Harbor.
01:00:14Quote, from Chief of Naval Operations, Washington, D.C., to Commander Pacific Fleet.
01:00:19This dispatch is to be considered a war warning.
01:00:23Diplomatic negotiations between the United States and Japan have ceased, and an aggressive
01:00:28move by Japan is expected in the next few days.
01:00:32Execute an appropriate defensive deployment.
01:00:35End quote.
01:00:39November 26, 1941, message received in code at Pearl Harbor.
01:00:44Quote, from Chief of Army War Plans to Army Commander Oahu.
01:00:49Negotiations with Japan seem to be terminated.
01:00:52Japanese future action unpredictable, but hostile action possible at any moment.
01:00:57Subversive activities may be expected.
01:01:00End quote.
01:01:25Japanese secret message intercepted and later translated in Washington.
01:01:28Quote, from Japanese foreign office Tokyo to Japanese consulate Hawaii.
01:01:33Strictly secret, please investigate comprehensively the American fleet bases in the neighborhood
01:01:39of the Hawaiian military reservation.
01:01:41End quote.
01:01:58♪♪♪
01:02:20Japan, November 25, 1941, 0900 hours.
01:02:25The Japanese strike force rendezvous in Tonkan Bay in the Kurils.
01:02:29Final reinforcements arrive, bringing six aircraft carriers to full strength.
01:02:34♪♪♪
01:02:54♪♪♪
01:03:06All ships are made combat ready.
01:03:21♪♪♪
01:03:270600 hours, November 26, 1941.
01:03:31The ships of carrier divisions one and two leave the Kurils for Pearl Harbor.
01:03:36Order of the day, bow to the homeland, pay respect to the emperor.
01:03:46♪♪♪
01:04:07American naval combat intelligence at Pearl Harbor reports it has lost track of Japanese aircraft carrier divisions one and two.
01:04:14American intelligence assumes Japanese carriers are on late fall maneuvers in Japanese home waters.
01:04:35Message received from Admiral Yamamoto in Japan.
01:04:38Quote, climb Mount Niitaka, end quote.
01:04:41Its meaning, proceed with attack.
01:05:12December 5th, message received from Tokyo to Japanese consulate in Honolulu.
01:05:20Quote, we have been receiving reports from you on ship movements.
01:05:24In future, please report even when there are no movements, end quote.
01:05:29Message intercepted and decoded in Washington.
01:05:32♪♪♪
01:05:52December 6th, position of Japanese carrier force, 490 miles north of Pearl Harbor.
01:05:58♪♪♪
01:06:14Japanese admiral expresses gratitude for bad weather.
01:06:18Night approach to Pearl will be masked by fog.
01:06:27Battleship recognition.
01:06:31Identify the ships of the United States fleet.
01:06:37I don't know.
01:06:41You should know this shape as well as you know your wife's.
01:07:03A toast is drunk in all ward rooms and messes.
01:07:06A toast is drunk in all ward rooms and messes.
01:07:09Good luck and success.
01:07:14Kampai!
01:07:20Kampai!
01:07:37Each of the attacking airplanes carries in its cockpit a small shrine,
01:07:42emblematic of the famous Yasukuni Shrine.
01:07:45The pilots dedicate their planes with sake.
01:07:58Midnight, December 6th.
01:08:00The commander of the Pacific fleet has received a report
01:08:03that the Japanese consulate is burning papers under the cover of night.
01:08:07No steps are taken.
01:08:10♪♪♪♪
01:08:29December 7th, 0400 hours.
01:08:31Position of the Japanese strike force, 250 miles north of Pearl Harbor.
01:08:42All pilots of carrier divisions one and two are ordered to be awakened.
01:08:48Alarm!
01:08:51All of you, awaken!
01:08:54All of you, awaken!
01:09:17The alert status of the United States Pacific fleet, early Sunday morning, December 7, 1941.
01:09:31Almost the entire fleet, excluding the carriers and their escorts,
01:09:35is moored at Pearl Harbor.
01:09:38But no American barrage balloons are flying,
01:09:41no torpedo baffles are set,
01:09:43there is no reconnaissance screen, no offshore patrols.
01:09:48Fifty percent of all personnel are on shore leave.
01:09:52Explosions.
01:09:55Explosions.
01:10:06Explosions.
01:10:18...
01:10:30It is your duty to Japan to strike an enemy of our nation.
01:10:38We attack the United States because the United States would subvert Japan.
01:10:47Japan expects each pilot to do his duty.
01:10:53Your mission is divine.
01:10:55You fly for the Emperor.
01:11:01The orders are clear. Carry them out.
01:11:08Explosions.
01:11:340600 hours, December 7.
01:11:36The Japanese strike force is 200 miles north of Oahu.
01:11:40The carriers are brought to full speed.
01:11:51The ships are turned 20 degrees to port in order to launch the planes directly into the wind.
01:12:03...
01:12:08...
01:12:18...
01:12:28...
01:12:38...
01:12:58The strength of the Japanese attack force, 135 dive bombers, 40 torpedo bombers,
01:13:06104 high-level bombers, 81 fighter escorts.
01:13:36...
01:13:47...
01:14:06The Japanese navigators use station KGMB Honolulu as a zeroing point for their radio compasses.
01:14:13The Honolulu radio station unwittingly serves as a homing beacon to guide the Japanese attackers toward Pearl Harbor.
01:14:20...
01:14:27...
01:14:380700 hours, the anti-torpedo net protecting the United States fleet at Pearl Harbor is unexplainedly left open.
01:14:45...
01:14:480712 hours, there now exists a decoded message from the United States destroyer Ward announcing that it has attacked a Japanese submarine in the harbor.
01:14:58No decisive action is taken pending confirmation.
01:15:030717 hours, an American private using an experimental radar set telephones that he has picked up an unknown flight of 50 planes heading south into Oahu.
01:15:15The Air Corps officer receiving the private's report disregards the message.
01:15:230740, the Japanese planes are ordered to drop into the passes of the mountain range to escape detection.
01:15:32...
01:15:42...
01:15:52...
01:16:02...
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01:16:180755 hours, the first wave of Japanese planes attacks Hickam Field to keep the American Air Corps from mounting a counterattack.
01:16:27...
01:16:35Japanese strikes are also aimed at Bellows and Wheeler Fields.
01:16:39The naval air station at Ford Island and the marine air station at Ewa are also struck.
01:16:44...
01:16:49...
01:16:54...
01:16:59...
01:17:04...
01:17:09...
01:17:14...
01:17:21The bulk of Hawaiian land-based air power is destroyed in 20 minutes.
01:17:26...
01:17:31...
01:17:36...
01:17:41...
01:17:46...
01:17:500757 hours, the major strike against the primary target begins.
01:17:55Battleship Rho, eight capital ships, the backbone of the Pacific Fleet.
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01:19:39Seven of eight battleships are sunk or seriously damaged.
01:19:42In one hour and 45 minutes, Japan becomes the leading naval power in the Pacific.
01:19:47The Japanese success is beyond their expectations.
01:19:52They do not know how well they have succeeded, for the Hawaiian Islands could have been invaded directly after this attack.
01:19:59Another fact the Japanese do not know, the attack at Pearl Harbor has erased the great debate on America's participation in World War II.
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01:22:03...
01:22:08In 1941, naval strategists measure the strength of a navy by counting its battleships.
01:22:13The battleship strength of the United States Pacific Fleet is destroyed at Pearl Harbor.
01:22:19Almost unnoticed at the time, none of the burning ships is an aircraft carrier.
01:22:25The American aircraft carriers are on the high seas between Pearl Harbor and Midway.
01:22:31...
01:22:36...
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01:24:23Ten hours after the Pearl Harbor warning, American air power in the Pacific is destroyed on the ground.
01:24:33Now the Japanese perimeter explodes through the Pacific.
01:24:36Without anything but token resistance from the remnants of Allied air power and sea power,
01:24:41the enemy seizes control of the South China Sea, the Sea of Java, and the seas of the East Indies.
01:24:47...
01:24:52...
01:24:57...
01:25:02...
01:25:07The Japanese army plunges into Southeast Asia.
01:25:10One after another, supposedly impregnable Allied fortresses fall to the enemy.
01:25:16...
01:25:21The British army surrenders at Singapore.
01:25:25With the fall of Singapore, the Japanese achieve domination of Southeast Asia.
01:25:32...
01:25:39Only one battle moves slowly, the battle against the American army in the Philippines.
01:25:44...
01:25:49...
01:25:52On Bataan, the Japanese pressure is relentless.
01:25:55...
01:26:00...
01:26:05...
01:26:09The Japanese take Manila in January of 1942.
01:26:12...
01:26:17...
01:26:22The enemy takes Bataan and aims at the last refuge of the Americans, Corregidor, an island in the bay of Manila.
01:26:29...
01:26:34...
01:26:39Corregidor is invaded.
01:26:42...
01:26:47...
01:26:52...
01:26:55May 6, 1942, the final surrender of the American army in the Philippines.
01:27:00...
01:27:05...
01:27:10...
01:27:13The defeated Americans begin a death march to prison camps.
01:27:16...
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01:27:32The Japanese empire has won the war it set out to fight.
01:27:36The Japanese perimeter covers 20 million square miles of the earth.
01:27:41...
01:27:46...
01:27:53The Japanese military estimated one year to conquer the South Pacific.
01:27:58It has taken only six months.
01:28:01A small clique points out that Japan has won everything for which she went to war.
01:28:06It is suggested that Japan offer to negotiate peace with the United States.
01:28:11But the Japanese navy rules the military.
01:28:14And the Japanese navy has an inflexible doctrine symbolized by the doors of the Admiral Togo shrine.
01:28:21...
01:28:26Togo, who in 1905 defeated the Russians in one classic naval battle, has left this military axiom.
01:28:34Destroy the enemy's fleet in one decisive battle.
01:28:40The commanders of the Imperial Navy argue that the United States Navy must be forced into a last decisive battle.
01:28:47Since the Americans have lost their battleships and since Japan may choose the point at which she will attack,
01:28:53this battle cannot be anything but a victory for Japan.
01:28:57This is the Japanese plan.
01:29:00The objectives are Midway and the destruction of the United States fleet.
01:29:06A later objective is Hawaii.
01:29:09The key to the Hawaiian islands is Midway.
01:29:13The opening phase will be a surprise attack at Midway where the Japanese expect only light resistance.
01:29:20The American fleet is expected to steam toward Midway after the Japanese strike.
01:29:25The two fleets will engage in a classic sea battle.
01:29:29And since the Japanese have superiority in battleships and aircraft carriers,
01:29:34the American fleet will be destroyed.
01:29:40The naval cadets at Itajima are told,
01:29:44We have won the battle so far, but the enemy is not yet beaten.
01:29:53The opponent is still strong.
01:29:58We must meet them in one decisive struggle.
01:30:04You will be called upon.
01:30:07You must prepare yourself.
01:30:13The essence of a surprise attack is secrecy.
01:30:16And Japanese security has been compromised because the Japanese secret codes have been broken by the Americans.
01:30:24All messages sent to the Imperial Japanese fleet are falling into American hands.
01:30:29The successful decoding of the Japanese messages is the greatest intelligence victory of the war.
01:30:35Midway will be prepared.
01:30:39On the basis of the intercepted messages,
01:30:41the United States Pacific Fleet begins to take up defensive positions near Midway.
01:31:06The Empire of Japan has not lost a naval battle in 300 years.
01:31:11The Japanese fleet will be at Midway numerically superior in all classes of ships.
01:31:17But their intelligence is faulty.
01:31:19The Japanese believe the main strength of the American fleet is still in Hawaii or in Australian waters.
01:31:25The Japanese believe their attack on Midway will be a complete surprise.
01:31:32Hidden behind a bad weather front, the Japanese fleet moves to Midway.
01:31:55Midway is prepared as Pearl Harbor was not.
01:31:59Although the Marines are outnumbered, the island is on the alert.
01:32:05The Air Force sends as many B-17s to Midway as the island can handle.
01:32:11A force of 17 heavy bombers is gathered on the island.
01:32:28Within a few hours after the planes arrive, they are ordered into the air to make long-range searches.
01:32:43Although we know the Japanese are coming, we do not know exactly where they are.
01:32:49Early in the morning of June 4, 1942, the decisive contact is made.
01:32:55Enemy carriers are reported. Enemy planes are seen inbound toward Midway.
01:33:25The Japanese bombers cause some damage to shore installations, but the attack does not succeed.
01:33:50The Japanese are to soften up Midway. They must strike again.
01:33:55Midway is still secure.
01:34:11Admiral Nomura knows he must launch a stronger attack against the island,
01:34:15but if he is to strengthen his attack force, he must use his reserves.
01:34:20The Japanese reserve planes are armed with torpedoes.
01:34:24If they are to attack Midway, bombs must be substituted for torpedoes.
01:34:29The Japanese admiral does not know that the American carriers are in the vicinity.
01:34:35He orders the change from torpedoes to bombs.
01:34:38While the change in weapons is being made, the Japanese carriers are vulnerable to air attack.
01:34:44This is the turning point of the Pacific War.
01:34:48Suddenly, overhead appear the carrier-based planes of the United States Pacific Fleet.
01:35:18Dive bombers penetrate the Japanese fighter screen, penetrate the Japanese anti-aircraft screen, and catch the enemy carriers.
01:35:34Five minutes after the attack begins, two great Japanese carriers, Akagi and Soryu, lie broken in the water.
01:35:42Five minutes after the attack begins, American naval aircraft assert their dominance over the surface ships.
01:35:48The orthodox naval doctrine of a battleship war is destroyed by air power.
01:36:12The Imperial Fleet gathers for one last effort.
01:36:32On the enemy carrier, here you, are the remnants of Japan's first-line naval pilots.
01:36:37They are told, at all costs and with all sacrifice, attack the American carriers.
01:37:07Meanwhile, the American planes are returning.
01:37:17Two American torpedo squadrons have been wiped out, and the survivors, low on gasoline, have difficulty finding their ships.
01:37:25The Japanese planes are only a few miles behind the Americans.
01:37:55As the enemy is sighted, the American planes are waved off.
01:38:21Explosions.
01:38:50The Japanese attack is gallant and persistent.
01:39:09The Yorktown is hit.
01:39:15Damage control parties fight to save the ship.
01:39:19The Japanese torpedoes come in.
01:39:24The United States will lose the Yorktown, but the Japanese will lose 200 of their best pilots,
01:39:30a blow from which the Japanese Navy will never recover.
01:40:00Explosions.
01:40:29As suddenly as the attack began, it is over.
01:40:58The surface ships of both fleets have not exchanged one shot.
01:41:28Explosions.
01:41:57Midway remains American.
01:42:26After Midway, there is no direction the Japanese perimeter can move except to retreat toward Tokyo.
01:42:43After Midway, the airmen is the first line of naval attack and the first line of naval defense.
01:43:10After Midway, the airplane and the aircraft carrier control the seas.
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