- 11 minutes ago
Andrew Jackson’s improvised defense at the Rodriguez Canal turned a vulnerable approach to New Orleans into a trap for the British army. Near Chalmette on the morning of January 8, 1815, Sir Edward Pakenham’s troops advanced across open ground under artillery and musket fire, needing ladders, fascines, timing, and tight coordination to break the American line.
The battle brought together regulars, militia, sailors, Marines, free men of color, volunteers, and Baratarians behind earthworks that forced the assault to lose its rhythm before it could reach the city. New Orleans mattered because it guarded the lower Mississippi, and the fight unfolded even after the Treaty of Ghent had already been signed overseas, before news arrived in Louisiana.
This military history and War of 1812 documentary-style narration focuses on the Battle of New Orleans, the Rodriguez Canal, British assault tactics, and how terrain shaped one of America’s defining victories. It is ideal for listeners searching for American history, battlefield analysis, historical storytelling, and detailed accounts of Jackson’s defense of New Orleans.
SEO: Battle of New Orleans, War of 1812 history, military history documentary, Andrew Jackson, Sir Edward Pakenham, Rodriguez Canal, New Orleans battle analysis, British assault on New Orleans, American history narration, battlefield strategy and tactics.
The battle brought together regulars, militia, sailors, Marines, free men of color, volunteers, and Baratarians behind earthworks that forced the assault to lose its rhythm before it could reach the city. New Orleans mattered because it guarded the lower Mississippi, and the fight unfolded even after the Treaty of Ghent had already been signed overseas, before news arrived in Louisiana.
This military history and War of 1812 documentary-style narration focuses on the Battle of New Orleans, the Rodriguez Canal, British assault tactics, and how terrain shaped one of America’s defining victories. It is ideal for listeners searching for American history, battlefield analysis, historical storytelling, and detailed accounts of Jackson’s defense of New Orleans.
SEO: Battle of New Orleans, War of 1812 history, military history documentary, Andrew Jackson, Sir Edward Pakenham, Rodriguez Canal, New Orleans battle analysis, British assault on New Orleans, American history narration, battlefield strategy and tactics.
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LearningTranscript
00:00The British soldiers advancing toward Jackson's line were not marching into an equal fight.
00:05From a distance, the field near Chalmette could look almost plain.
00:10Open ground, a defensive position ahead, a canal cut across the landscape,
00:16earth thrown up behind it, guns waiting in the line.
00:20But every yard between the British columns and the American works mattered.
00:25On the morning of January 8, 1815, the men under Sir Edward Pakenham moved toward a position built to punish
00:35movement itself.
00:36The closer they came, the less room they had for error.
00:41Their assault depended on timing, tools, formation, and command.
00:46Fassines had to be carried forward, ladders had to reach the front, officers had to keep men moving under fire.
00:54It was a plan that demanded courage.
00:57But courage was not the only thing being tested.
01:00Behind the line waited Andrew Jackson's defenders.
01:04They had earthworks, artillery, and the Rodriguez Canal in front of them.
01:10They did not need to charge.
01:13They did not need to meet British regulars in the open.
01:16They only had to hold and make the attackers pay for every step.
01:20The British army had discipline.
01:24It had veterans.
01:25It had officers who believed a determined assault could break the American position.
01:31But Jackson's line had been shaped for one brutal purpose.
01:36To make a frontal attack lose its rhythm before it reached the works.
01:41The canal was not just a ditch.
01:44It was the center of the defense.
01:46The question was not whether the British were brave.
01:50They were.
01:51The question was whether bravery could survive exposed ground, artillery, musket fire, broken timing, and a defensive line prepared to
02:02turn one mistake into disaster.
02:05Before the first volleys settled the outcome, the real story had already begun far beyond that field.
02:13It began with the city behind Jackson's line, and why both armies understood that New Orleans was worth fighting for.
02:21New Orleans was not just another city at the edge of the war.
02:26It was a gateway.
02:28Whoever controlled New Orleans held power over the lower Mississippi, and the Mississippi was one of the great arteries of
02:36the American interior.
02:38Farms, settlements, trade, and future expansion all depended on that river system.
02:45Goods could move downriver toward the Gulf of Mexico, and from there into the wider world.
02:52If an enemy force seized the city, it would not merely capture streets, docks, and warehouses.
02:59It would threaten the connection between the young United States and the vast interior that gave the country much of
03:06its future strength.
03:08That is why the British campaign in the Gulf carried such weight.
03:13By late 1814, the War of 1812 had dragged through invasion, burning, blockade, failed offensives, and exhaustion.
03:24Now, British attention turned toward the Gulf, where a successful attack on New Orleans could deliver a severe blow against
03:33American confidence.
03:35But the strangest part of the coming battle was that peace had already been negotiated.
03:40Across the Atlantic, diplomats had signed the Treaty of Ghent on December 24, 1814.
03:49On paper, the war was moving toward its end.
03:53But paper did not move as fast as armies.
03:56News crossed oceans slowly.
03:59Men in Louisiana did not know that diplomats had already done what soldiers were still preparing to decide with cannon,
04:07muskets, and bayonets.
04:09So the armies continued to move.
04:12For the British, New Orleans represented opportunity.
04:17For the Americans, the city represented survival, trade, territory, and national pride.
04:25Losing it would send a message that the young republic could not protect the mouth of its own great river.
04:31The battle was not fought because men knew peace had failed.
04:37It was fought because they did not yet know peace had arrived.
04:41And in that dangerous gap between treaty and news, New Orleans became a city that had to be held.
04:49To take it, the British needed speed.
04:52To stop them, Andrew Jackson had to build an army out of whatever the city, the river, and the surrounding
05:00region could give him.
05:02Andrew Jackson did not face the British with a perfect army.
05:06He faced them with an emergency.
05:09New Orleans was vulnerable, and the force available to defend it came from many different worlds.
05:16There were regular soldiers, militia, sailors, and marines, local volunteers, free men of color who formed part of the city's
05:27defense.
05:28And there were Jean Lafitte's baritarians, men with local knowledge and artillery skill whose past made them controversial,
05:37but whose usefulness in the crisis could not be ignored.
05:41It was not the kind of army that looked simple on paper.
05:45But New Orleans did not need a perfect army.
05:48It needed one that could hold a defensive line.
05:52Jackson's task was immediate.
05:54He had to keep the city from falling before the British could turn their landing into a breakthrough.
06:00He had to hold together men from different communities and military traditions.
06:05Most of all, he had to find ground where an uneven force could fight as one force.
06:13If Jackson's defenders met British veterans in open country, the advantage could shift toward the attackers.
06:21British regulars were trained for discipline under pressure.
06:25Against a scattered or poorly positioned defense, that discipline could become decisive.
06:32Jackson needed to deny them that kind of battle.
06:36He needed a place where artillery could cover the front, where attackers would be forced into the open,
06:42and where a canal, an earthwork, and a narrow field of advance could turn British discipline into a target.
06:51Near Chalmette, along the Rodriguez Canal, he found that place.
06:56There, the Americans could dig.
06:59They could strengthen the bank.
07:00They could place guns.
07:02The canal line gave the defenders something precious,
07:06a fixed position that made sense to every man behind it.
07:11Hold here.
07:13Fire here.
07:14Do not let them through.
07:16Jackson's advantage was not that he commanded the largest army on the field.
07:21His advantage was that he recognized how a smaller, mixed force could become dangerous when it fought from the right
07:29ground.
07:30The British would have to come forward.
07:33They would have to cross the exposed field.
07:35They would have to reach the canal under fire.
07:39And when they did, they would discover that the line in front of New Orleans was not a temporary obstacle.
07:46It was the battlefield Jackson had chosen for them.
07:51The Rodriguez Canal did not look like a fortress.
07:55It was not a stone wall.
07:57It was not a castle.
07:59It was not a permanent work built over generations.
08:02But near Chalmette, below New Orleans,
08:06it gave Andrew Jackson something more valuable than appearance.
08:10It gave him control.
08:11The canal cut across the battlefield in front of the American position.
08:17Behind it, Jackson's men strengthened the line with earthworks, timber,
08:23and whatever labor could turn soft ground into a barrier.
08:27The river guarded one side.
08:30Swampy ground and difficult terrain pressed against the other.
08:33The British could not simply ignore the position and walk around it without losing time, order, and exposure.
08:42That was the strength of the place.
08:44It narrowed the problem.
08:46For an attacking army, open ground is dangerous when the enemy is protected and waiting.
08:53Every step takes time.
08:55Every pause becomes visible.
08:58Every broken formation becomes a target.
09:01The canal line forced the British toward a position where artillery could command the front
09:07and where a delay of only a few moments could become fatal.
09:12Jackson's mixed force needed that advantage.
09:15Behind the works, militia, regulars, sailors, marines, free men of color, volunteers, and baritarians
09:24had a shared task.
09:26They did not need to maneuver like a field army.
09:30They did not need to chase the British through open country.
09:34They needed to hold.
09:36The British had to come forward.
09:38They had to cross the field.
09:40They had to reach the canal.
09:42And once they reached it, they still had to get over or through the obstacle before the defenders broke them
09:49apart.
09:49That meant tools would matter.
09:53The canal line turned courage into a timing problem, and timing was already beginning to favor Jackson.
10:10The British approach to New Orleans was not a clean march across an open road.
10:20British forces landed south of the city and began pushing inland through the low country that guarded the approaches to
10:28New Orleans.
10:30If they could get close enough, organize their army, and break the American defenses, the city would be in danger.
10:38But the land did not make that easy.
10:41The Gulf Coast terrain slowed men, supplies, guns, and orders.
10:46Waterways, soft ground, marshes, and narrow routes made movement awkward.
10:53An army could not simply appear before New Orleans ready for battle.
10:57It had to drag itself into position, bringing ammunition, artillery, tools, food, and command structure through a landscape that punished
11:08delay.
11:08For the British, delay was dangerous.
11:13Every day gave Jackson more time.
11:16More time to dig.
11:17More time to strengthen the Rodriguez Canal line.
11:21More time to place guns.
11:23More time to gather defenders.
11:25More time to turn a hurried position into something much harder to break.
11:31Their discipline was real.
11:33Their veterans were dangerous.
11:36No one behind Jackson's line could afford to dismiss them.
11:40A British assault, properly coordinated and driven forward with force, could still be terrifying.
11:47But New Orleans was not giving them the battlefield they wanted.
11:52The Americans were not standing loose in the open.
11:55They were digging into a line where the British would have to attack through the front.
12:00The ground was shaping the choices before the commanders made them.
12:04Pakenham inherited that pressure.
12:07He did not have unlimited time to sit before Jackson's works.
12:11Each delay strengthened the defense and weakened the momentum an attacking army needed.
12:18For Jackson, the answer was simple.
12:21Make them come forward.
12:22For Pakenham, the answer was harder.
12:27Break the line before the line became impossible to break.
12:30But before he could launch the decisive assault, Jackson moved first.
12:35Jackson understood that a defensive line did not mean passive waiting.
12:41After the British advance brought danger close to New Orleans, he struck at night.
12:48The attack on the British camp did not destroy Pakenham's army.
12:52It did not end the campaign.
12:55But it changed the mood of the fight.
12:58Darkness turned the battlefield into confusion.
13:02Men struggled to understand where fire was coming from, how many enemies were in front of them, and whether the
13:09attack was a raid, a probe, or the beginning of something larger.
13:14In night fighting, even disciplined troops could lose certainty.
13:20Sounds became larger than they were.
13:23Movement became hard to judge.
13:25Orders became difficult to carry through smoke, noise, and broken ground.
13:30For Jackson, the purpose was not simply destruction.
13:35It was time.
13:37Every disruption mattered.
13:39Every hesitation in the British camp gave the Americans more room to prepare.
13:45The night attack proved that Jackson's force would not merely sit behind the canal and wait.
13:51It could reach out, strike, confuse, and then return to the stronger position.
13:58The British now knew the defenders were aggressive.
14:02They knew the Americans had confidence.
14:04They knew the route to New Orleans would not be an easy procession from landing point to city streets.
14:12In the days that followed, skirmishing and artillery exchanges kept pressure on both armies.
14:18The line near the Rodriguez Canal grew stronger.
14:22Guns were placed with purpose.
14:25Earthworks improved.
14:27Jackson's defense hardened into the battlefield Pakenham would soon have to attack.
14:32The coming assault was no longer a question of if, but when.
14:37Pakenham still had reason to believe a coordinated attack could succeed.
14:42His army had discipline, it had experience, but the position in front of him demanded more than bravery.
14:50It demanded that many pieces work at once.
14:53The soldiers had to move.
14:55The tools had to arrive.
14:57The officers had to keep control.
15:00And if any part failed, the exposed field before Jackson's line would punish the failure immediately.
15:09Sir Edward Pakenham's problem was direct.
15:12Jackson's line stood between the British army and New Orleans.
15:16To reach the city, that line had to be broken.
15:20The assault rested on coordination.
15:23British troops would advance toward the American works while carrying the tools needed to get through the obstacle.
15:31Fassines could help deal with the canal and difficult ground.
15:35Ladders could help men climb the earthworks.
15:38Once the attackers reached the line, they had to cross quickly, overwhelm the defenders, and open the way forward before
15:46American fire shattered the formations.
15:49That was the theory.
15:51But the battlefield gave almost no forgiveness.
15:54A frontal assault against prepared earthworks is not only a test of courage, it is a test of timing.
16:02If the men move too slowly, they remain exposed.
16:06If the tools are late, the front ranks can reach an obstacle they cannot pass.
16:12If units crowd together, artillery and musketry become more destructive.
16:17If officers fall, command breaks at the moment it is needed most.
16:23Pakenham's army had to do everything under fire.
16:26Move across open ground.
16:29Keep formation through smoke and noise.
16:32Reach the canal with enough order left to continue.
16:35And when they arrived, the ladders and Fassines had to be there.
16:40Without them, courage would carry men only as far as the obstacle.
16:45No farther.
16:47By the morning of January 8, 1815, the British army was ready to move.
16:53But the American line was no longer just a hurried defense.
16:57It had become a prepared killing ground, shaped by earth, artillery, patience, and the demand that the enemy come forward
17:06first.
17:07On the morning of January 8, 1815, the British assault began to move.
17:15Across the open ground near Chalmette, Pakenham's troops advanced toward Jackson's line.
17:21Ahead of them stood the American earthworks.
17:25In front of those works lay the Rodriguez Canal.
17:29Behind them waited artillery, muskets, and defenders who did not need to step into the open to make the battlefield
17:37deadly.
17:38This was the moment both armies had been moving toward.
17:42For the British, the task was simple to describe and terrible to perform.
17:48Cross the field, reach the canal, get through the obstacle, break the line.
17:55But every part of that task had to happen under American fire.
18:00As the attackers moved forward, Jackson's position began to show its strength.
18:06The defenders had chosen ground that made the British approach predictable.
18:11The canal and earthworks did not merely protect the Americans.
18:15They forced the attackers into a direct contest with time, distance, and exposure.
18:23The British still pushed forward with discipline.
18:27That mattered.
18:29These were not men who turned away simply because the ground was dangerous.
18:34They advanced into smoke, noise, and the growing confusion of battle.
18:39Officers tried to keep formations moving.
18:42Men followed the line ahead.
18:44The assault still had momentum, but momentum is fragile when an army is crossing open ground toward prepared guns.
18:53The American artillery commanded the approaches.
18:56Musket fire waited behind cover.
18:59The closer the British came, the more dangerous every pause became.
19:04A column that slowed could become crowded.
19:08A unit that lost direction could expose the men beside it.
19:13A formation that reached the canal without the right tools could stop exactly where stopping was most dangerous.
19:21At first, the assault was still an attack.
19:25It was still moving.
19:27It still had the possibility of force behind it.
19:30But Jackson's line had not been built only to stop men.
19:34It had been built to stop timing.
19:37And as the British came forward, the first cracks began to appear in the one thing their plan could not
19:44afford to lose.
19:45The British assault did not fail only because men were brave and men were shot down.
19:52It failed because the plan began to break at the exact place where the battlefield demanded precision.
19:59The attackers needed fascines to help cross or fill difficult parts of the canal.
20:06They needed ladders to climb the works.
20:09Those tools were not decorations.
20:12They were the difference between reaching the obstacle and getting through it.
20:17Without them, the front ranks could arrive at the American position and find that courage had carried them into a
20:24trap.
20:26That was the danger.
20:29Under fire, time changed.
20:32A delay that might have seemed small before the battle became enormous on the field.
20:37A missing ladder could halt men who had already crossed exposed ground.
20:42A fascine in the wrong place could leave soldiers facing a ditch, a bank, or an earthwork they could not
20:49quickly pass.
20:51Men behind them continued to come forward.
20:54Space tightened.
20:56Formations compressed.
20:57The assault lost rhythm.
20:59And once rhythm was gone, the American fire became even more destructive.
21:06Jackson's defenders did not need to solve every problem on the battlefield.
21:11They only had to exploit the one already forming in front of them.
21:16The British had to keep moving to survive.
21:19But the canal line made movement difficult.
21:22The works made crossing harder.
21:25The missing or delayed tools made the entire attack slow at the worst possible moment.
21:32This is what made the position so deadly.
21:35The Rodriguez Canal was not an obstacle by itself.
21:39It was an obstacle under fire.
21:42An earthwork by itself could be climbed.
21:45But an earthwork defended by artillery and musketry, with attackers crowded in front of it, became something else entirely.
21:53The British soldiers were still trying to press forward.
21:58But every second now favored the defenders.
22:01The assault had become exactly what Jackson's line was designed to create.
22:06Disciplined men, trapped in a narrowing problem, unable to turn courage into breakthrough.
22:13And in the middle of that breakdown, British command began to suffer the same fate as the attack itself.
22:21Sir Edward Pakenham moved within the danger of his own failing assault.
22:26The attack had not broken Jackson's line.
22:30The tools had not solved the obstacle.
22:33The formations were under punishing fire.
22:36The front of the assault was losing order at the very moment it needed direction most.
22:41Then Pakenham was struck.
22:44His fall became more than the wounding of one commander.
22:48It deepened the crisis already spreading through the British ranks.
22:52In a battle where timing mattered, leadership mattered.
22:57In an assault that depended on coordination, command mattered.
23:02And when senior officers were hit, the ability to recover from confusion weakened with every passing moment.
23:11Other British officers also suffered in the violence and disorder of the attack.
23:16The command structure that was supposed to keep the assault moving began to lose its grip.
23:24Orders were harder to carry.
23:26Units that needed guidance found uncertainty instead.
23:31Men who had advanced into danger now faced the possibility that no clear hand could restore the plan.
23:39Pakenham should not be remembered as a caricature of failure.
23:43He was a commander caught inside a plan that demanded too much from men crossing exposed ground against a prepared
23:52defense.
23:53His death showed the human cost of command under fire and the tactical cost of losing leadership at the worst
24:01possible time.
24:02Without momentum, without the necessary timing, and now, without clear command control, the assault could no longer repair itself.
24:12It had reached the canal line.
24:15But it had not broken it.
24:17The collapse did not come as one single moment.
24:20It spread across the front as the British assault lost the ability to move through Jackson's defense.
24:27The canal still held.
24:30The earthwork still held.
24:32The American defenders remained behind cover, firing from the position they had strengthened for this exact purpose.
24:40What had begun as a decisive strike now became a costly failure in front of the line.
24:47British formations suffered heavily on the exposed approach.
24:51Units lost cohesion.
24:53Men who had been ordered forward found themselves halted by obstacles, fire, smoke, and confusion.
25:01Command disruption made recovery harder.
25:04The plan required the assault to keep moving.
25:08But the battlefield kept forcing it to slow, bunch, and break.
25:14Jackson's defenders did not need to chase victory.
25:17They already occupied the ground that made victory possible.
25:21The artillery continued to dominate the field.
25:25Musketry from behind the works added to the pressure.
25:29The attackers could not turn exposure into success quickly enough.
25:33The British army had brought discipline, courage, and experience to the assault.
25:39But those qualities could not replace the timing, tools, and command clarity the plan required.
25:47In the end, the line that looked improvised from a distance had done exactly what it was built to do.
25:55It made the British come forward.
25:57It made them cross open ground.
26:00It made them reach the obstacle under fire.
26:03Then, it punished every delay.
26:07The soldiers who had advanced across that field were not defeated because they lacked bravery.
26:13They were defeated because bravery alone could not solve the battlefield Jackson had chosen.
26:19The Rodriguez Canal Line had turned the approach to New Orleans into a trap of earth, distance, fire, and time.
26:29When the assault failed, the city behind Jackson's defenses remained out of British hands.
26:36The immediate danger had been broken on the field before Chalmette.
26:41Pakenham's army had not carried the works.
26:44Jackson's mixed force had held.
26:47New Orleans had been saved on the battlefield.
26:50But the story did not end with the smoke clearing.
26:54Because the battle that secured Jackson's fame had been fought after peace had already been signed across the ocean.
27:02And that strange fact would shape the way New Orleans was remembered for generations.
27:08When the firing faded, Jackson's lines still held.
27:14The Rodriguez Canal had not been crossed in any way that mattered.
27:19The earthworks remained in American hands.
27:23The defenders who had waited behind them were still between the British Army and New Orleans.
27:29The attack had failed.
27:32For the British assault force, the cost was severe.
27:36Men who had advanced with discipline and courage now lay across the ground they had been ordered to cross.
27:44Officers had fallen.
27:46Units had been shaken.
27:48The army that had come to break the line had instead been broken against it.
27:53For Jackson's defenders, the result was a major victory.
27:58They had not won by chasing the British across the field.
28:02They had won by holding the place where the enemy had to come.
28:07That distinction mattered.
28:09The canal line had turned the battle into a test of exposure, timing, artillery, and endurance.
28:17The Americans had passed that test.
28:20The British had not broken through.
28:22New Orleans remained out of British hands.
28:26But the strangest part of the battle was not visible in the smoke, the mud, or the shattered assault.
28:33Across the Atlantic, peace had already been negotiated.
28:37The Treaty of Ghent had been signed on December 24th, 1814.
28:43That fact has made the Battle of New Orleans one of the most misunderstood victories in American history.
28:51The battle did not force Britain to sign peace.
28:55It did not change the treaty's terms.
28:58It was not the final argument that ended the war at the negotiating table.
29:02But for the men in Louisiana, the war was still real.
29:07News moved slowly across the ocean.
29:11Orders did not travel instantly.
29:14Diplomats could sign a treaty in Europe while soldiers in North America still prepared for battle,
29:20unaware that peace had already been placed on paper.
29:23So the battle was fought in the space between event and information.
29:30That does not make it meaningless.
29:32It makes it different.
29:34New Orleans mattered because the soldiers there did not know the war was ending.
29:40It mattered because the city still had to be defended.
29:44It mattered because victory shaped morale, politics, public memory,
29:49and the story Americans told about the war afterward.
29:53The battle did not change the peace.
29:56It changed the memory of the war.
29:58That memory transformed Andrew Jackson.
30:03Before New Orleans, he was already a hard and controversial commander.
30:08After New Orleans, he became something larger in the American imagination.
30:13The general, who had defended the Mississippi, saved a vital city,
30:19and defeated a major British assault with a force that looked improvised beside the army coming against it.
30:25The victory became easy to simplify.
30:29Jackson the hero.
30:31The British assault destroyed.
30:33The city saved.
30:35A young nation vindicated.
30:37But the real story is more precise and more useful.
30:41New Orleans was not won by legend.
30:44It was won by preparation, terrain, artillery, hard labor,
30:50and a defensive line that forced the attacker to fight on terrible terms.
30:55Jackson's mixed army mattered because it held together under pressure.
30:59The Rodriguez Canal mattered because it gave that army protection and focus.
31:04The British failure mattered because the assault demanded coordination that the battlefield would not allow.
31:13The myth remembered the triumph.
31:16The ground explained it.
31:19And if the battle became one of the defining American memories of the War of 1812,
31:25it was because the victory felt larger than the field where it happened.
31:31The line near Chalmette was not grand.
31:34It was earth, water, timber, guns, labor, and men ordered to hold.
31:40But on January 8, 1815, that line turned a vulnerable city into a defensible position.
31:48It took Jackson's mixed force and gave it a single purpose.
31:53It took Pakenham's assault and forced it into the open.
31:58It made timing as important as bravery and then punished every failure of timing.
32:04The British veterans who advanced that morning were not defeated because they lacked courage.
32:10They were defeated because courage could not cross exposed ground, climb earthworks, repair broken coordination,
32:20replace missing tools, and restore fallen command all at once.
32:25That was the lesson of the Canal Line.
32:29Sometimes the strongest weapon on a battlefield is not the largest army.
32:35It is the position that forces the enemy to fight on your terms.
32:39New Orleans became one of the most remembered American victories of the War of 1812 because it offered a clear
32:48image.
32:49A city behind a line, an improvised army that held, and an assault that broke before it could pass through.
32:58If you found this story worth remembering, share your thoughts below.
33:03Had you heard how much the Canal Line shaped the battle?
33:06That has used to Monitor yourself.
33:06I have a question about whatever you should ask for yourself.
33:07You've got aickersion.