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00:01Ancient Rome, the centre of one of the most powerful and influential empires in history.
00:10Rome's legacy continues to challenge and fascinate us.
00:18Military might is critical to Rome's dominance.
00:24Its legions conquer vast territories across three continents, creating a superpower that shaped Europe.
00:35Augustus, Rome's first emperor, is largely responsible for expanding the empire.
00:42And Augustus' territorial ambitions include Germania Magna.
00:47But to pacify this region, Rome must control a direct route through the unconquered Alps.
00:58In 15 BCE, by order of the emperor, the Roman army advances into the High Alps.
01:07But what technology did the legionaries use to fight in the mountains?
01:15Archaeologists test an ancient weapon.
01:18That could have been a decisive factor in winning the mountain war.
01:32What do newly discovered artifacts from the Swiss mountains tell us about Augustus' alpine campaign?
01:40As far as I look at it, it's something unique that we can manage this force.
01:45with Hofer, Falken, Köln.
02:05The Oberhalbstein, a valley in the Swiss canton of Graubrunden.
02:11This alpine mountainside has been a fruitful site for Roman finds.
02:19Every summer, archaeologists and detectorists comb the area inch by inch.
02:32This search for clues has uncovered several thousand Roman artefacts.
02:39We can't really know what comes out.
02:41It can also be an Alupapier.
02:45Let's surprise us.
02:46Now we have a good hole.
02:52A Schuhnagel.
02:54It's also good.
02:55You can see here, it's very nice.
02:58It's really in the sole.
03:00Sometimes we have some that are still straight.
03:02We believe that they are really up or up.
03:07And at this request, they cut the Schuhnagel out of the sole.
03:11These nails from Roman military sandals are a common find.
03:18Around two and a half thousand of them have been discovered here,
03:21making them one of the largest finds from the time of Augustus.
03:27But why are there so many nails here?
03:31The researchers have a theory, but it needs to be confirmed.
03:57About 20 centimetres below the surface, there is evidence of a battle.
04:02So, there is something dark.
04:03Yes.
04:05I think you can put it down there.
04:08Okay.
04:08Yes, I think that's all right.
04:10Very nice.
04:12A Schuhnagel.
04:17One of the third legions.
04:20The stamp on the bullet reveals its origin.
04:41The archaeologists conclude that fighting took place on this mountainside in 15 BCE.
04:48But who won?
04:52And what role did Roman slingers play?
04:56Contemporary records do not mention a campaign in this part of the Alps.
05:00However, they do recount a Roman advance west of the Alps.
05:04From Lyon to Lake Constance.
05:09There is also literary evidence of another advance, about 500 kilometres to the east, over the Brenner and Reschen passes.
05:19But the newly discovered battlefield is a long way from these two routes.
05:27Mountains over 3,000 metres high separate the Graubunden battlefield from Italy.
05:34Could a large Roman military column have taken this difficult route?
05:39Analysis of over 500 lead sling bullets found at the site helps provide answers.
05:46It turns out that they belong to three different legions.
05:52Augustus ordered troops from all corners of the empire to the Alps.
05:59The crossed thunderbolts were the symbol of the 12th legion.
06:03The Fulminata.
06:28Slings are one of the oldest weapons known to humankind.
06:30Slings are one of the oldest weapons known to humankind.
06:35Assyrian troops were using them as early as the late 8th century BCE.
06:41The ancient Greeks are known to have fought with slings in the late 5th century BCE.
06:47The oldest artefacts date from this period.
06:54And in the Old Testament, David famously used a sling to bring down the giant Goliath.
07:00Before beheading him.
07:07Roman slingers continued this tradition.
07:10Trajan's column in Rome depicts them as an integral part of the army.
07:15Nevertheless, relatively little is known about them compared to other units within the Roman army.
07:22Like the legionaries.
07:27Legionaries were heavily armoured foot soldiers that formed the backbone of the Roman army.
07:33Each legion had around 6,000 soldiers.
07:37During the early Roman Empire, the army consisted of about 30 legions.
07:43Legionaries were paid a fixed wage and served for 20 years.
07:55But about half of the entire Roman army, around 150,000 men, were auxilia, auxiliary troops.
08:04The auxiliar were separate to the legions and included many cavalry units, for example.
08:12The auxiliaries were often recruited from allied or subjugated peoples.
08:18Archaeologists have usually considered slingers to be auxiliary troops.
08:24But the sight in Graubunden tells a different story.
08:28The stamps on the lead sling bullets identify them as belonging to a legion.
08:35Es war für uns total überraschend.
08:38Und wir können uns das eigentlich nur so erklären, dass gewisse Legionen
08:43einzelne Zenturien, Hundertschaften oder Kororaten, das sind etwa 500 Mann,
08:49haten, die quasi eine Spezialausbildung als Schleuder bekommen haben.
09:11The new finds reveal previously unknown aspects of Roman legionary life.
09:16But why would the Romans use specially trained slingers in the Alps?
09:29An experiment will try to provide more information.
09:41A Doppler radar is used to measure the speed and trajectory of these ancient projectiles.
09:48The marksman is world champion slinger Silvio Vash.
09:54His equipment is a replica antique sling and lead bullets.
10:24They are built very simple.
10:26They are used to be used for a long time.
10:28They are mostly made from nature, from Wolle or Hanf.
10:33They are from Leinen.
10:35They are flocking.
10:36They are always going through.
10:38In the middle they have a spread, where I can put it in my chest.
10:42I can put it in my chest.
10:43I have a finger on the finger.
10:46With the so-called Auge.
10:48I hold the shoulder tight.
10:49The blade is put into it.
10:53The blade is put in it.
10:55The blade is put in it.
10:56Then it is now there.
10:56When I turn it over the head,
10:58the fliegh power is holding it.
11:01Then it is free.
11:03And it flies in the wish direction.
11:11The 50 gram lead projectiles release an enormous amount of energy with each shot.
11:30The radar measurement shows that the bullets reach a speed of about 130 kilometers per hour.
11:35at distances of both 30 and 100 meters.
11:40A perfect long-range weapon.
11:47The bullets impact belies the projectiles shape.
11:51They are so shot, that they hit full height.
11:55That's why I have a very high shock effect on people.
12:00The result is a tough trauma.
12:01Or the Knochen would break.
12:03Even if it hits a rifle,
12:06the Knochen would probably damage the Knochen down there.
12:18The Knochen would probably damage the damage.
12:21because they can act on distance.
12:24The opponent has to protect themselves from the leaves that come from the air.
12:30That means that he has to hold the shield and can hit the shield.
12:34And then he can move much more flexibly.
12:37There is much to suggest that the Romans used this long-range weapon to keep their enemies at bay.
12:46But who were the opponents of these heavily armed Roman troops in this remote mountainous region?
12:54The archaeologists have discovered other artifacts on the battlefield.
13:01For example, this cheek guard.
13:03From a helmet that a local warrior must have lost in battle.
13:09Especially these objects that came from a war situation,
13:14we have absolute unity.
13:18You can even imagine what happened to the scene now,
13:21as if I found something that was lost in a village.
13:27Or that as a Utility wasiskoedما,
13:29there is certainly the more fascinating thing about the forests that I've ever done.
13:34They also discovered two massive iron fittings from the shields of Rome's enemies.
13:42Finds like this are very rare. Equipment was usually collected after battles, even from the dead.
13:52To safely recover these metal artifacts,
13:55restorer Johanna Wolfram Hilber stabilizes them with a protective film, otherwise they could break.
14:04The artifacts are then placed in a special solution for several months,
14:10to remove the salts that have penetrated the metal.
14:15The restorer then uses a fine sandblaster to remove the outer layer of corrosion.
14:35It's a beautiful experience, when the surface falls slowly to the surface.
14:41And through the head loop, it's a bit of a distorted perception.
14:44I can sit there for two hours and think, wow, I've managed a lot.
14:47And then I look at it without the loop and see, okay, now I've put a small surface.
14:54Comparisons show that the artifacts from the battlefield are of Celtic origin.
15:05Comparisons show that these mountains and valleys were inhabited by a tribe known to the Romans
15:10as the Suenates. The Celts settled in a wide area, from what is now Spain, France and the British Isles,
15:19to Central and Eastern Europe and modern Turkey. Evidence of Celtic settlements can also be found in the Alps.
15:32The mountain tribes even minted money. Their coins depict animals.
15:38In the Alps were primarily Bergbauer who lived from Ackerbau and Viehzucht from the 3rd, 2. 1000
15:48v. Chr.
15:49They were also combined with the transalpines. They also benefited from the location, from these mobility corridors from the north
16:01to the south.
16:02They knew where they were safely going through, through the Alpenpässe, through the sluchtes where it's dangerous.
16:09The Romans feared Celtic weapons, like these long swords.
16:18The Alps are rich in iron ore, ideal for making arms. Massive Celtic spearheads were another highly advanced weapon.
16:31It was a very high level of war. It was a very high level of war.
16:41With an experienced enemy, who knew the area and a route that lies through the challenging high mountains,
16:48why did Augustus' army cross the Alps here?
16:58Archaeologists think they know.
17:01A third column marched through the Alps, from Como to the northern foothills.
17:07This route is much shorter than the other two, but the Romans would have had to cross the Septima Pass.
17:16The pass is 2,300 metres high.
17:22In 2004, evidence of Roman military operations was discovered at the Septima Pass.
17:31It became clear that the Romans had built a military camp, the highest in the entire Roman Empire.
17:40A very special stone was found there.
17:47A very special stone was found there.
17:52It's been the case, that the stone was identified as a stone.
17:55It's a very funny line.
17:57Most of them are always absorbed by Steineaufgabungen.
18:02What sensation is, is that we can't only see the name of the infection,
18:09the 12th Legion is the 12th.
18:11We know that we also know from the Schleuderpleyern.
18:15And the other thing is that we also know the name of a soldier.
18:21He's Marcus Attius Musa.
18:25This soldier has this stone described,
18:29um his personal presence to know.
18:34Weiterspannend is the fact that a simple Legionnaire could write.
18:39And when he described something,
18:43we can also find out that the other soldiers,
18:46who were there, could read it.
18:48And then we also know the name of a soldier,
18:54Titius Orto.
18:57He was Centurio.
18:59That's a sensational記憑.
19:02It's the only one that has been found at the time.
19:07The Roman troops had to climb more than 2,000 meters from Como to the top of the pass.
19:13Their route was an old, narrow mule track, in use since the Bronze Age.
19:19How did they manage the climb with their weapons and equipment?
19:26The archaeologists have recruited volunteers to take part in an experiment.
19:31They want to find out how the Legionaries would have coped with this kind of strenuous operation.
19:36Dressed in authentic Roman uniform,
19:39the men have to march the most difficult part of the route.
19:43I'm concerned,
19:44from science,
19:45the details of the soldiers.
19:48How realistic is it,
19:51that the soldiers really put their personal equipment,
19:55not only the military but also the cook vilestries and that.
19:59They put them into an environment.
20:01I know that environment relatively good and I'm skeptical.
20:07the volunteer legionaries wear a woolen tunic undergarment high leather sandals the cali guy
20:14service footwear a chain mail shirt which weighs about 10 kilograms is worn over a padded jacket
20:29the gladius a short sword for close combat is the legionaries most important weapon
20:37it is worn on the kingdom military a belt with metal fittings
20:44for the march the legionaries hang their helmets and carry their shields like backpacks
20:53a water bottle is also slung around their neck
20:57their field kit clothes cooking utensils and personal belongings is strapped to a pole carried
21:04over the shoulder they carry the pilot the javelin all told it's an incredibly heavy load
21:12yeah it was about 30 kilogram
21:17the vorteil is of jeden fall dass das was am schreibtisch am computer in the bibliothek
21:23erarbeitet studiert diskutiert wird bei der experimentellen archäologie einem
21:29eins zu eins test unterworfen werden kann es ist der versuch einer annäherung an die archäologische
21:39wirklichkeit pack animals were also essential they carry the tents tools sacks of grain and wooden stakes
21:48for the camp fortifications the pila moralia there was usually one mule for every eight legionaries
21:57but in this case the animals also have to carry firewood as the root was above the tree line
22:05archaeologists suspect that the romans had to use more pack animals in the alps than in other campaigns
22:26the volunteers start the forced march
22:32in 15 bce about 1500 men set out to march over the september pass
22:39any incident along the narrow route would have delayed the column this significant logistical
22:44feat by the roman army was made possible by strict discipline and excellent organization
22:56the biggest challenge then and now is finding the right pace and staying in formation
23:04archaeologists estimate that in the mountains the troops covered a maximum of 10 kilometers a day
23:10in the lowlands it was about 20 kilometers
23:16for the centurion this march is particularly challenging as he sets the pace
23:22the steepest parts of the route have gradients of 40 degrees
23:26has to be taken out of fitness level
23:30and the group has been placed System 1
23:35in a common sense
23:36so long the langsam system is not too slow
23:57On difficult climbs, the slingers have an advantage.
24:01Their shield is smaller and lighter, and their field kit is stowed in a satchel-like
24:06bag, so it doesn't have to be balanced over their shoulder.
24:17Unpredictable obstacles have to be overcome again and again.
24:24This stream is carrying an unusually large volume of water after heavy snowfall in the
24:29winter.
24:35Mules are particularly sure-footed, ideal for mountainous terrain.
24:40Each animal can carry up to 120 kilograms of luggage, but only if it is perfectly balanced.
24:48On a march, the animals work best when they know each other.
25:04Like the Romans, the volunteers drink Posca, a refreshing mixture of water and vinegar.
25:12A newly built bridge makes the difficult climb a little easier.
25:26After about four hours, the top of the pass is in sight.
25:30The modern legionaries have made it.
25:46It was great for me to experience it.
25:48For me.
25:49I am happy that I have achieved it.
25:50The shoulders are weak.
25:51But that was to expect.
25:53The feet are cold.
25:53That was also to expect.
25:54And now I am happy about eating.
25:56That the sun hit totally down.
25:59That was probably the worst.
26:02But if the pressure is on the shoulders and the pain is there, then it will not be worse.
26:07So if you take it off, then you'll hold it up until the end.
26:09through. That's what I was impressed with, that almost all have achieved it.
26:16The human being is not so used to march. The Roman, if he had luck,
26:22he would sit on an Achsenkar. But the simple Roman, there was no Buggy,
26:27no Velo, no Trottinette. They were march.
26:32The plan is set up. I'm very happy that we didn't have any accidents.
26:36And that's why I can only say Opus Perfectum,
26:42in the ancient sense of the word. That means the work is fulfilled.
26:49Roman troops have to reach each new destination with enough daylight left to set up camp.
26:56It takes about three hours.
27:01Eight men share one tent.
27:07The legionaries anchor the tent with massive iron pegs,
27:12no matter how stony or hard the ground.
27:17Strong ropes hold it in place.
27:26Archaeologists discovered 64 Roman tent pegs at the top of the pass.
27:32They were probably left behind when the camp was dismantled,
27:35perhaps after an unexpected snowfall or a hasty departure.
27:41Each leather tent weighs about 75 kilograms, a lot of weight to take on campaign.
27:49Also, the Eckverstärkungen are actually also good made.
27:53That's solid. And there is still a bit of a lot of pressure on it.
27:58It's nice. It's nice. It's nice.
28:00It's nice.
28:01It's nice to have a lot of pressure on it, but the wood is much more stable than the material.
28:05Especially in a place where it winds very strong.
28:09And in the dry rain, for example, a wood tent on a wood tent,
28:14which is much heavier than a material tent.
28:19to protect against attack the Romans fortified every military encampment with a rampart
28:29sections of turf cut with spades stabilize it the soldiers loosen the earth with the
28:39labra a cross between a pickaxe and an axe indispensable on any campaign
28:51archaeologists have also found parts of a roman de labra in graubunden
28:54die querschneide hier hinten kann man nicht nur zum graben sondern auch zum abhacken von hölzern
28:59benutzen um irgendwelche verhaue zu bauen und man weiß auch dass sie im kampf eben auch
29:05eingesetzt wurde um schädlein zu schlagen wooden stakes reinforce the rampart providing additional protection
29:27the volunteers must prepare a typical meal using freshly ground grain
29:35a stone mill had to travel with them to the pass
29:40they are making a porridge called pulse
29:46this daily routine takes place in front of each tent in the camp
29:55in perishable vegetables like cabbage and onion increase the nutritional value of the porridge
30:02a little bacon and herbs make the pulse more palatable
30:13wow
30:43despite its extreme location the roman camp was enormous
30:49it was probably used repeatedly by advancing units
30:57after a 12-hour day the rest period begins
31:01the roman soldiers kept their equipment on at night so they were ready to respond to any attack
31:08they use their shields to cover themselves
31:12the occupants of a tent have to make do with an area of just three meters by three meters
31:19the advantage the advantage the soldiers can keep each other warm the camp is guarded around the clock
31:26flogging even execution the punishment for anyone who falls asleep on duty
31:34from the september pass the roman advance towards germania went deeper into celtic territory
31:40the battlefield is 26 kilometers north of the pass
31:44the route the route taken by the soldiers following the battle is still being researched
31:49but 130 kilometers away near essence in the foothills of the alps more evidence has been found
31:59this is where lake constance meets the high rhine it was once the site of the roman border camp of
32:05tuscatium
32:06which was built a few years after the alpine campaign today a footbridge leads to the monastery island of
32:13the vered the romans also built a bridge over the river here
32:18ich komme vom schmalen gewäße des rhein mit einer starken strömung hier in eine sich öffnende landschaft
32:28wo das wasser sich in der strömung verlangsamt bevor es dann immer breiter wird und in den sogenannten
32:35untersee des bodensees übergeht und deswegen ist dann auch hier der ideale moment um den rhein zu queren
33:07ich denke in frage kommt etwa das hier also unsere sind wirklich von der form her
33:16But the Eschen's sling bullets are missing an important feature, the stamp of the Legion.
33:27To find out if there is a connection between the finds, archaeologist Claudia Gerling uses
33:33an ultrasonic scalpel to scrape off a few milligrams of lead.
33:38Chemical analysis will show whether the projectiles were cast from the same source material.
34:11The analysis shows that the samples come from different mines.
34:16The lead sling bullets from Eschenz were not brought there by the troops from the September Pass.
34:23Nevertheless, there is still a connection with Augustus' alpine campaign.
34:29According to ancient sources, the campaign's western route passed through the area around Eschenz.
34:40Tiberius, an adopted son of Emperor Augustus, commanded this force.
34:45A reference to Lake Constance by the ancient geographer Strabo is particularly interesting.
34:51Tiberius such a place where a island is mentioned, which Tiberius used as operations basis against the Vindelico.
35:23In ancient times, it was easier to cross Lake Constance by ship than to fight your way through the wilderness
35:29surrounding this huge body of water.
35:41Tiberius was the younger brother of Tiberius.
35:50According to the sources, he led troops over the Alps via an eastern route.
35:58The mountains there have always been particularly easy to cross.
36:04The Brenner Pass is still one of the most important transit routes between north and south.
36:11It was obviously the house of Augustus' two eighties.
36:17Agora it was obviously the house of Augustus.
36:17His two adopted sons, Tiberius in West and Drusus in Osten,
36:24with, I would say, a much easier task to do with the military request.
36:29or, in other words, it was to minimize the collateral damage of an imminent enemy.
36:38.
36:39Research suggests that the newly discovered difficult middle route was given to an experienced
36:44subaltern, Lucius Calpurnius Piso Pontifex.
36:50He is largely absent from the historiography of the Alpine campaign.
36:55The imperial family alone were to reap the glory.
37:30The battle-savvy Piso may have decided to deploy slingers.
37:38How did his troops advance through the mountainous terrain?
37:46To reconstruct the battle, archaeologists use drones to survey the landscape.
37:57Scanning every square inch of the site to digitally capture the topography.
38:0261.
38:03Ah, that's good.
38:04You can also display different större objects,
38:07also hand-made objects like buildings, houses and so on.
38:12But also the nature, such as high trees,
38:15so that you can see the ground below it,
38:18so that you have a filtered and clean surface.
38:24The archaeologists can then document their pictures,
38:28and document their pictures,
38:29and chart them.
38:31And so they can see the spectacle,
38:32that there was before 2.000 years,
38:35they can see it quite well.
38:37And they can see it much better.
38:40Even though they can see it,
38:41Yeah, maybe the topography comes to it.
38:43Super, yeah.
38:43Good, then we can see it again.
38:46We can see it here.
38:47The vast majority of the schleuderbleies,
38:50we can see it,
38:52we can see it.
39:05The distribution of the finds shows that the Suenates were strategically positioned on a small flat area at the top
39:14of the slope.
39:15The Celtic warriors were also protected from attack on both sides by steep ravines.
39:21The Romans had to attack from below, clearly a disadvantage.
39:28Working alongside Silvio Vash, the archaeologists investigate the Roman tactics.
39:34So, this is now the hang, where we are.
39:39Oben the Schleuderterrasse.
39:42We can see here the grosse concentration of the Schleuderbleie.
39:46Oben the thick rote Fleck, where far over 100 Pleie are concentrated.
39:51And from here, from here, is the Angriffsrichtung.
39:56Oben, this side and behind it is flat.
39:59This is a natural defense position.
40:03For the defense, it's a very good position.
40:06For the defense, it's a very good position.
40:06For the Angreifer, he has not a direct view.
40:10I see, maybe, that he moves something from the side.
40:14But we're not.
40:16I would act in direct line from below,
40:19like the main battle for the Römer was.
40:28The distance is about 80 meters.
40:31But the 45 degree incline shortens the trajectory of the projectiles.
40:36And Silvio Vash has to take that into account.
40:41Do you see them in the air?
40:43I've never seen them yet.
40:45But now they're orange.
40:46Yeah.
40:53Yeah.
40:54Adjusting his technique,
40:55the world champion Slinger finally hits his target area on the slope.
41:01Yes, you stand here.
41:03Yes, it can be just here.
41:04Yes, it can be as if he is going to go down.
41:09Oh!
41:11It's a hit!
41:13Well done!
41:37The Suenatis must have struggled to withstand such a bombardment.
41:42Sie hatten nicht viel Bewegungsfreiheit, sich hier zu verteidigen.
41:47Denn sobald sie sich bewegt haben, sind sie in einen Bleihagel geraten.
41:53Sie kommen aus unterschiedlichen Winkeln, aus unterschiedlichen Richtungen.
41:57Dann kann ich auch mein Schild nicht mal nach links oder rechts halten,
42:00weil ich sehe sie ja auch nicht.
42:02Manchmal hört man noch so ein kleines Pfeifen, bevor sie einschlagen.
42:06Aber das war es dann im Prinzip auch schon.
42:16Die Zürich-Forensik-Science-Institut
42:17At the Zurich-Forensik-Science-Institut,
42:19a test is carried out to show the injuries this long-range weapon could cause.
42:26The challenge here is to fire the sling bullets at the right speed and trajectory.
42:32This can only be done with a compressed air cannon.
42:36A specially constructed plastic holder ensures the lead is fired upright.
42:45The first target, a dummy skull.
42:52A stretched cloth will intercept the bullet holder, only letting the lead through.
43:01Are you ready?
43:03Yes.
43:03Three, two, one.
43:21What injuries has the lead sling bullet inflicted on the dummy skull?
43:27A look inside reveals the full extent of the possible damage.
43:53The next test shots are fired at dummy arm bones.
43:59The bones are encased in gelatin to simulate human tissue.
44:15Neither the gelatin nor the dummy bones can withstand the lead.
44:24In the past, wounds could not be easily treated.
44:30Victims often died of their injuries.
44:36They will be due to the enemies.
44:38They will reduce the fighting powerф Disp whistle,
44:39by which means it is also materialisieristic.
44:42We have noticed that the spawnEPs are pr々 tripers from nothing,
44:46that they still cannot be properly equipped.
44:51Therefore, it is also going to be a kind of spiritual effect.
44:54And it is going to be a incar metaphorianic effect that takes place.
44:56Slings are an antique version of todays firearms.
44:59arms, although a 44 Magnum would unleash a far more destructive power.
45:28Hobnails are a more common battlefield find than sling bullets.
45:32To find out why legionaries lost so many thousands of them, archaeologists have fitted Roman sandals
45:38with original hand-forged nails.
45:49The sandals are put to the test.
45:57To attack, the legionaries use the famous tortoise formation, or testudo.
46:12This protects the soldiers from enemy fire, especially from higher ground.
46:19But how effective is the tortoise, in steep terrain, when troops need to move quickly
46:25to engage the Suenates in close combat?
46:32It soon becomes clear that the men have to work hard to reach the Celtic position.
47:00This was a very fast tempo.
47:01and that we have said that we have said that we have said that we have said that we can
47:07push it up there.
47:08It's difficult, I can say, but it's fun.
47:12Just continue, don't think about it. Just look at the front and step by step.
47:21Surprisingly, despite the enormous mechanical stress, not a single hobnail has fallen out.
47:28They all got a bit of a party, their heads are a bit of a bit of a bit,
47:33but that's actually not a wonder.
47:37Yes, I'll make a photo.
47:40Good.
47:41It's probably the same with the modern Leder-Teil,
47:47which we used to use, much better.
47:51It's a lighter, a solid Leder.
47:54The ancient Leder was probably at the time of the time of the Leder
47:59was probably more likely to use,
48:01because the soldiers had their shoes long,
48:06and had many miles with them.
48:07... he was right.
48:13... the military's have done one of the things
48:13in this case.
48:14It's kind of an example that the soldiers,
48:16the soldiers, the soldiers,
48:17the soldiers,
48:17the soldiers,
48:17the soldiers,
48:18the hangers
48:20and didn't lead to life and death.
48:23There are different kinds of pressure and demands of the Sohle.
48:28And finally, it's also the question of the soil.
48:31Today it's dry, the soil is not steinhard.
48:34It's relatively weak, but it's not sumpfing.
48:37And this can also have an influence on the soil,
48:40if the Nagel is thrown out,
48:41if you're in a sumpfing, nass body,
48:44if the Leder is off and fall out of it.
48:49Several tortoise formations probably advanced on the enemy at the same time,
48:55with the slingers keeping the Celts at bay.
49:04The Suenartes could probably do little against this well-oiled military machine.
49:13They may have wanted to draw the enemy into closer combat.
49:25But this strategy most likely worked against them.
49:37The discovery of an ornate, richly decorated Roman officer's dagger buried near the battlefield,
49:43suggests a Roman victory.
49:45But I think it's going to be a position.
49:52We believe that it was probably a sacrifice of the Kriegsgott Maas,
49:59as thanks for the overlived war.
50:05the
50:07There is a presence.
50:09We can create pieces from the strip shoes,
50:13and we can create pieces from the strip piece.
50:15So far,
50:16as I think this is something unique,
50:20that we can use this part with the army.
50:22can a new picture of augustus alpine campaign has emerged evidence suggests that troops advanced
50:30along a middle route over the september pass through the rhine valley and further north
50:35it is quite possible that tiberius met up with them to cut off the celts escape route
50:41with this pincer movement and in just one summer the romans brought large areas of the alps under
50:48their control the foundations for the new roman province of ratio which extended far into the
50:55foothills of the alps the route to germania was now clear without danger behind them the romans moved
51:08deeper into germania magna furthering the first emperor's expansion plans
51:15but the romans did not establish lasting control in germania local tribes continue to rise up against
51:33in 9 ce augustus's decades-long attempt to conquer germania suffered one of rome's greatest military
51:41defeats at the battle of the tutoburg forest
52:02however the romans continued to dominate the alpine region for another 400 years
52:13it is also conceivable that veterans of the alpine campaign settled there
52:20to spend their retirement in this newly conquered rugged mountain region
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