Chasing Coral 追逐珊瑚

Name: Chasing Coral 追逐珊瑚
Uploaded: 2026-10-15T03:34:01+00:00
Duration: 1 h 29 min 20 s
Channel: angta.hwf786

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00:03:39of the survey sites.

00:04:30I used to be an ad man.

00:04:33I spent ten years in advertising, working at some of the top London agencies.

00:04:38Over time, you realize you're having these conversations about toilet rolls, and it's heated debate,

00:04:45and it's about selling four-ply toilet tissue rather than three-ply,

00:04:50and you go, I'm sure there's something better I can be doing with my life.

00:05:02I'd been diving since the age of 16.

00:05:08I used to go looking for these weedy sea dragons, which are these incredible animals.

00:05:13It's like a seahorse, but it's a dragon about a foot long that most people don't even know exists.

00:05:22But then, one year, they were all disappearing from all my favorite sites.

00:05:29You know, this was one of my favorite creatures in the world.

00:05:33And you go, well, if it's happening to one of my favorite creatures, what else is it happening to?

00:05:41And that's when I realized one of the biggest issues with the ocean is it is completely out of sight

00:05:46and out of mind,

00:05:47and that essentially is an advertising issue.

00:05:52You know, when you look at our planet, it's unique in the known universe because we've got an ocean that

00:05:58is the source of life,

00:05:59and it controls everything. It controls the weather. It controls the climate. It controls the oxygen we breathe.

00:06:07Without a healthy ocean, we do not have a healthy planet. How do you communicate these issues?

00:06:17The project was called the XL Catlin Sea View Survey. What we wanted to do was reveal the oceans to

00:06:24the world.

00:06:27People were engaging with the imagery. They were going for virtual dives, but they weren't understanding there's a problem.

00:06:34So we had to really go back to the drawing board, and I think that was a shocking realization that

00:06:41we're only at the start of a journey.

00:06:46Okay, this one is going to be behind in the back reed.

00:06:49So what year was this?

00:06:51This is 1975.

00:06:52Right.

00:06:53Okay? This whole area back here was just thick with Acropora palmeta.

00:06:58Right.

00:06:58Okay? The Elkhorn coral.

00:07:00And how much is there left?

00:07:030.01%.

00:07:04Whoa.

00:07:06Something like that. You'll see.

00:07:07Yeah.

00:07:07We'll go out and see.

00:07:42So you want to know what we're looking at?

00:07:45This flat, this is all dead reef flat. This is all dead Elkhorn coral.

00:07:52You can see all the skeletons in place, but there's nothing alive.

00:08:00So this is what the reef looked like in 1971.

00:08:05This is all covered with living corals.

00:08:10This is very typical, very, very typical of the Florida Keys.

00:08:14And 50 years ago that wasn't the case.

00:08:1730 years ago that wasn't the case.

00:08:19All of it gone.

00:08:24Phil told me that we've lost 80 to 90% of corals in Florida.

00:08:29I had no idea that these issues were so advanced.

00:08:53I think it might be at this one. Yep.

00:08:56Morning. I'm Richard.

00:08:58Jim Porter.

00:08:58Very nice to meet you.

00:09:00Thanks so much for coming down.

00:09:02So all of the stuff that I'm showing you here is from 1976.

00:09:09This is Discovery Bay, Jamaica.

00:09:12Yep.

00:09:13And that's what it looked like then.

00:09:16And this is what it looks like now.

00:09:19This survey sat unanalyzed.

00:09:22It's little bits and pieces, but not the whole story.

00:09:26His imagery was designed for scientific purpose.

00:09:30It doesn't capture you instantly without explanation.

00:09:35This is what we have lost.

00:09:37This is the way it was.

00:09:39I started my career in love with a place,

00:09:43and those places have diminished.

00:09:47To see that lost is very devastating.

00:09:53A lot of scientists I've met have got really depressed about this issue.

00:09:59Whereas I've had the experience to do ten years in advertising,

00:10:03where you believe any problem can be solved in a ridiculously short period of time.

00:10:08You've just got to do a bit of creative thinking.

00:10:16That's great.

00:10:17Lovely.

00:10:19Excuse me.

00:10:19Sorry, do you know where Ruth is?

00:10:21Ruth Cakes.

00:10:22And the classroom's right in here.

00:10:24All of those screens go up.

00:10:25So we'll go in and have a look.

00:10:36Oh, wow.

00:10:38Wow.

00:10:39Is it cool?

00:10:40Unbelievable.

00:10:43Wow.

00:10:44Okay.

00:10:48It's the fact that it's moving.

00:10:50Isn't it amazing that after all the years,

00:10:5225 years I've been working on problems,

00:10:54I've looked down a microscope and go,

00:10:55Bloody hell.

00:10:59My understanding was this was an animal, this was an animal.

00:11:02Yeah.

00:11:02Are they the same animal?

00:11:03They are.

00:11:04But I know they're identical animals.

00:11:07Yeah.

00:11:07But are they the same?

00:11:09They are.

00:11:09I know they're identical animals.

00:11:10They are one animal.

00:11:12It's one animal.

00:11:14Okay.

00:11:14But they're not considered.

00:11:16I thought a polyp was an animal.

00:11:20Not a coral was an animal with lots of polyps.

00:11:23Does that make sense?

00:11:25A coral is an animal with lots of polyps.

00:11:27But a polyp isn't an animal.

00:11:31Well, it's part of the animal.

00:11:33Right.

00:11:33Because this isn't.

00:11:34No one's ever explained what a coral is.

00:11:37Your amazement is why did you not know that?

00:11:40I'm stunned you didn't know that.

00:11:41And it's the...

00:11:42You're a smart guy.

00:11:43Yeah.

00:11:43What's wrong with you?

00:11:48I get completely overwhelmed sometimes underwater on a reef.

00:11:53Because I can't believe that these structures are just sort of created by these simple organisms,

00:11:58or seemingly simple organisms.

00:12:00I have the utmost respect for corals because I think they've got us all fooled.

00:12:04Simplicity on the outside doesn't mean simplicity on the inside.

00:12:07We think we're really evolved because we're highly complex beings.

00:12:10We can do lots of things.

00:12:11We have opposing thumbs.

00:12:13But corals, they've decided, forget the external complexity.

00:12:18Let's just be really sophisticated in a quiet way.

00:12:21A coral individual is really made up of thousands of small structures called polyps.

00:12:31Each polyp is a circular mouth surrounded by tentacles.

00:12:38And they can combine to be millions of them across a single animal.

00:12:45They have inside their tissues small plants, these microalgae, a million per centimeter squared.

00:12:54The plants that live inside them photosynthesize, and the animal uses that for their food.

00:13:00They essentially have food factories living inside of themselves.

00:13:04So as the animal grows, what you see is the animal is growing over the skeleton and depositing the skeleton

00:13:13underneath it.

00:13:22They photosynthesize during the day.

00:13:24At night, the plants really essentially sleep, and the animal comes active.

00:13:29They expand their polyps.

00:13:32The tentacles come out.

00:13:33And now anything that swims by is caught by these stinging cells that are on the tips of the tentacles.

00:13:42There are many different species of corals.

00:13:46And the different species of corals are different shapes.

00:13:50Some are very boring to look at.

00:13:52They look like big rocks on the bottom.

00:13:54Some are incredibly beautiful to look at.

00:13:56They have huge, huge branching patterns or massive plates.

00:14:01Some of them look like petals of a flower.

00:14:06These are foundation species.

00:14:09They have all these other organisms that depend on them.

00:14:12They are the reason we have reefs.

00:14:15A consortium of organisms that cooperate together.

00:14:21That now manifests in this massive structure that can be seen from space.

00:14:38There's a famous reef in American Samoa called Airport Reef.

00:14:43We heard that there was an area where the corals were turning white.

00:14:49Because we'd been there previously to do a survey, we wanted to go back and take the same images again.

00:15:08I was truly shocked by what I saw.

00:15:12The reef was white as far as the eye could see.

00:15:17To be honest, I didn't have the knowledge to know how to process it.

00:15:22Was this dead? Was it alive?

00:15:25This is called веб sortио.

00:15:32This is airport reef.

00:15:37Before, so this is in December.

00:15:42That's it now.

00:15:54when Richard saw that white coral it was a turning point for him

00:15:59I think I admitted to him that I thought this was far more deadly than some of the other things

00:16:04that

00:16:04are facing race and so what we've seen since the early 1980s when this first occurs we've

00:16:10actually lost an enormous amount of coral just to do this phenomenon alone I think that was the

00:16:15first time that he saw the enormity of of the issue that this was a threat across the planet

00:16:21to coral reefs which would happen very quickly and cause a lot of damage back in the 80s we started

00:16:30looking at this weird phenomenon large sections of of reefs were turning white literally over a

00:16:37couple of weeks and no one really knew why this was as we did more and more experiments it turned

00:16:46out that it wasn't a disease wasn't too much light and the only thing you could do an experiment that

00:16:53would cause corals to go white was to raise the temperature by two degrees Celsius by the end of

00:17:02my PhD we were putting cautious words in the literature saying well you know maybe this

00:17:08is global warming and this is one of the early impacts on reefs we look at climate change as if

00:17:21it's a an issue in the air and you go one or two degrees Celsius does that really matter but

00:17:28when you

00:17:29talk about the ocean it's like your body temperature changing and imagine your body temperature rises one

00:17:37degree centigrade or two degrees centigrade over a period of time that would be fatal and that's the

00:17:43seriousness of the issue when you look at it in terms of the ocean coral bleaching itself is a stress

00:17:53response much like a fever in humans is a stress response if the temperature spikes just a little

00:18:01bit above their normal range carls will start to leach the small plants that live inside their tissues

00:18:08their ability to photosynthesize and feed the animal host is impaired the animal essentially senses

00:18:18that I've got something inside of me that is not doing what I expect it to do and as happens

00:18:23with

00:18:23us with when we get a bacteria we try to get rid of it as quickly as possible that's exactly

00:18:29what

00:18:29these animals do they try to get rid of those plants that are no longer functional and leave behind

00:18:36the transparent naked tissue they've lost the very most important food source that they have so it's

00:18:47starting to start when the coral bleaches the flesh becomes clear and what you're seeing is its skeleton

00:18:54underneath so the bright whites that you see in the pictures is just the skeletons everywhere if it's a

00:19:03very clean white look about the coral it will still be alive it's not allowing anything else to grow on

00:19:11it it will

00:19:13generally not grow it will generally not reproduce it is likely to die you'll see these fuzzy microalgae the

00:19:28whole surface suddenly become much much fuzzier to look at that's an indication that that coral has died

00:19:46coral bleaching is is very difficult to communicate you see a picture of a beautiful white reef is that a

00:19:54good or a bad thing so we need to communicate it in in a different way I was flying on

00:20:11a plane and I

00:20:13watched the film chasing ice that film was about the documentation of the disappearing glaciers and it

00:20:20suddenly dawned on me that we had almost identical projects so pretty much as soon as I got off that

00:20:27plane I contacted the director the cameras are shooting every hour but we're only showing every

00:20:32you know Richard sent me an email completely out of the blue and he attached two photographs one of a

00:20:39healthy coral reef and one of a dead coral reef and when I saw those photos the light bulb immediately

00:20:45went on it's like if you can document that change you can reveal this to the public in a powerful

00:20:50way

00:20:50so we knew from the start that there was something that we wanted to get involved with we started

00:20:56talking pretty early on about what a time-lapse camera could look like but we were missing this

00:21:00one piece we needed a wiper system or something that would keep the glass clean when Richard and

00:21:06the team wanted to do underwater time-lapse they approached us to design something so this one

00:21:12is a little dirty we designed a magnetic arm that pulls a windshield wiper around this glass dome and

00:21:20keeps it clean for long periods of time when we first met them the deadlines seemed just absurd nobody's

00:21:26done anything even close to this we had all of the issues associated with just dealing with the

00:21:31time-lapse the camera but we also had just so many unknowns when you have a camera system that you

00:21:44need to be submerged in salt water for months on end that is subject to huge storms and hurricanes

00:21:52that depth with all the tremendous pressure of billions of gallons of water pressing down that

00:21:59is very very difficult to do if we're tethered to a vehicle border raspberry pi and ssa chin I need

00:22:05at least 12 volts probably get away with 11 well then we could use a 12 to 5 for the

00:22:09beagle missus

00:22:09say 300 milliamps okay 12 minutes a day 7.2 or 7.2 watt hours yeah okay cool well I

00:22:16think this is

00:22:16gonna be pretty easy their 3d printing parts they're building custom circuit boards they're building custom

00:22:24wireless hot spots it is really really complicated person in boat wirelessly connects to a computer in a

00:22:34case which is hardwired to an umbilical cable that goes down to a router inside an underwater housing that

00:22:42communicates wirelessly to the camera when you're done you just unplug it this is by far the most

00:22:51complicated thing I've seen still by viewing to the blue at the time Jeff and Richard had no idea that

00:22:58I was a coral nerd secretly I'd been sitting in my office really stoked that I was even in the

00:23:05same

00:23:05room as this project about coral was going on and we were helping support it because I have I wanted

00:23:11more than anything to do something for the coral these are the lobophilia the chalices are either

00:23:16oxypora or echinophilia montastria phobites phavia platygyra I got involved in the aquarium industry

00:23:27at a pretty young age growing up in the mountains and in Colorado actually made my obsession with the

00:23:34ocean a little bit worse see on this girl there's like a lot of life but then there's a lot

00:23:39of like

00:23:39death here so this is just skeleton it's that can very well be because it got too close to this

00:23:44euphilia

00:23:44perhaps and they fought with each other and this one stung that one to death right there he just

00:23:49loves coral even to the point where he has coral reef tanks at his house with no fish in them

00:23:56and

00:23:56nobody has coral reef tanks with no fish in them the beauty of coral or why I enjoy coral more

00:24:02than

00:24:02fishes because if a coral dies it's your fault as long as you don't mess up and like crash your

00:24:08tank or

00:24:09kill that coral then they're all going to continue living they're just perpetual machines they don't

00:24:13really have a life expectancy more or less they just kind of continue to go on as long as their

00:24:19environment allows them to that's same with like jellyfish too jellyfish technically live forever

00:24:24but they just get eaten by so many things that that doesn't happen for me the most interesting thing

00:24:32in nature's symbiosis two separate organisms that have adapted to each other and are now benefiting

00:24:41each other they're working together and the first thing that comes to my mind is an anemone and a clownfish

00:24:50the anemone provides protection for the clownfish and the clownfish usually provides food for the

00:24:56anemone it's a mutually beneficial relationship in the case of a coral it goes deeper than that the

00:25:06symbiont itself is incorporated in the organism the coral doesn't exist without these little tiny plant cells

00:25:16they are completely reliant on each other and you don't have one without the other that relationship

00:25:23between the two of them is the most interesting thing in the world to me

00:26:06is is the color change fairly uniform or does it do this don't know but the apostle of

00:26:14porus could go overnight right it's never been shut in a while before that's what's so thrilling to

00:26:19me about what's going on here is that it is going to be the first time that we'll actually be

00:26:22able

00:26:23to ask that and ask that question yeah but the personal porus could go overnight can they yeah

00:26:28actually a lot of the parcel operas have already gone so they're just completely they're white already

00:26:32but the montiporas are the important rebuilding corals montipora and porites compressor here are the two

00:26:38and lutea that big one that you saw and what's the tissue thickness on porites so they can be down

00:26:43a half a mill and a half a centimeter do the do the fertilized gametes carry those those and

00:26:48tell us in hawaii we have a very high proportion of the coral species that

00:26:56we knew this was going to be incredibly hard predicting where to put a camera down

00:27:03and we thought well we just need to do this wherever the bleaching is happening

00:27:08good morning mark good afternoon richard it's uh getting a little depressing yes i read your email

00:27:17which was you know about the el nino starting earlier this year mark akum provided us with the

00:27:22tools to be able to understand where we should be going i work for the national oceanic and atmospheric

00:27:29administration or noah we use satellites to look at the sea surface temperatures that cause coral

00:27:35bleaching the one thing the temperatures have shown us with no question is the oceans have been warming

00:27:43temperatures in the ocean go through normal cycles if the temperature were staying constant

00:27:49then all those ups and downs would be around that average temperature but now we've reached the point

00:27:56that we changed that average your warm temperatures keep getting warmer and warmer and warmer

00:28:05the first widespread bleaching event occurred in the early 1980s 97 98 this was the first global scale mass

00:28:17bleaching a lot of corals bleaching a lot of corals bleached a lot of corals died 2010 only 12 years

00:28:25later

00:28:25we saw the second global scale mass bleaching now only five years later

00:28:34we've got the potential of the third global scale mass bleaching event basically at this point

00:28:41about two-thirds of the northwestern hawaiian islands are seeing a level of warming where you're usually

00:28:49seeing bleaching i'm zooming in on hawaii and you can see here it's 4.7 degrees hotter than it should

00:28:59be

00:28:59at this time of year and you look at some of the other hot spots around the world it's 11

00:29:04.3 degrees

00:29:05five degrees hotter 8.2 degrees hotter than it normally would be there's this big heat wave that's

00:29:11traveling around the the planet and it's killing corals wherever it's going this is a a small window of

00:29:19opportunity that we've got right now to be able to capture this bleaching event and communicate it in

00:29:25a massive way yeah there's no plug in here right now normally we would have done extensive field

00:29:30testing with these cameras given how complicated they were but they just needed to be put in the

00:29:46water well we have a lot of bags i'm not sure how happy the airport people are going to be

00:29:55one-on-one

00:30:16so based on the data that we got from now we decided to put cameras down in hawaii bermuda and

00:30:25the bahamas

00:30:29we'll go down we'll scout we'll find a bunch of spots we'll mark the gps coordinate right around

00:30:53this was completely different from any other scuba diving i've done and any other scuba diving that one would normally

00:30:58do this was construction underwater

00:31:02If you're working in an environment that humans weren't built for, you also can't communicate

00:31:08with your team, other than through sign language, and we are not good at it.

00:31:14So the camera gets mounted flush to this display, and we can adjust the height of this and adjust

00:31:20the angle of this.

00:31:25You're in zero gravity, so if you're trying to get leverage to put something into the

00:31:30ground, you don't have that, you're floating, you're buoyant.

00:31:36Is that static?

00:31:38That's a weather alert.

00:31:40I hear a crackling sound.

00:31:42Is that static?

00:31:44I hope that's not lightning.

00:31:45Oh my god, that's lightning.

00:31:47Do you hear that?

00:31:48Yes, I hear it in my microphone.

00:31:50I think you should probably turn the cameras off, I don't know.

00:31:53Can we get the metal thing down?

00:31:55I kind of don't want to touch it.

00:32:00Because of this vacuum sealed glass dome, we couldn't actually change any of the settings

00:32:05inside on the cameras.

00:32:06So they attach this wire going to a box on the boat on the surface.

00:32:10You have a cable attached to a stationary device underwater, and it's plugged into a very

00:32:16delicate piece of equipment.

00:32:17Boom, we're in.

00:32:19Now let's see if this is going to behave today.

00:32:22And you can sit there on the boat with a tablet, and you can adjust the settings, and

00:32:27you can see what the camera's doing underwater.

00:32:32Watch this cable.

00:32:34Are we...

00:32:35Can you move us a little closer?

00:32:36I'm just nervous.

00:32:38The slack is getting too tight!

00:32:42Hold it.

00:32:42I'm just nervous.

00:32:46Hold it.

00:32:47Hold it.

00:32:47We're going to be alone.

00:32:49Hold it.

00:32:52Hold it.

00:32:53Hold it.

00:32:53The wind just took us.

00:32:54The stern anchor didn't hold.

00:32:56We were just drifting.

00:33:11Bummer.

00:33:13Excited?

00:33:15I'm sitting again with a kid.

00:33:31All right, so let's take a look.

00:33:33So basically you've got a few millimeters of water in there, probably splashed on an electrical connection, probably blew the

00:33:3812-volt fuse, you're probably fine.

00:33:41Here is what that's looking like at the moment.

00:33:44We've kind of tore her apart to access her and attempt to clean.

00:33:49Gee, mini cricket, look at that mess.

00:33:51Okay, we're going to be just fine.

00:33:53I basically would like you to take a 12-volt directly from the airway.

00:34:07All right, let's give this one more try.

00:34:09All right, here goes everything.

00:34:12Do we have a new message?

00:34:15Oh.

00:34:18We're good.

00:34:20Ah, we connected.

00:34:25That does look killer.

00:34:27Look at that.

00:34:28That is brilliant, man.

00:34:31I have a file on my computer.

00:34:33Woo!

00:34:35All right, we're done.

00:34:37What?

00:34:38We're done.

00:34:39We're done.

00:34:42Yeah.

00:34:45Oh, I'm so happy right now.

00:34:49This is awesome.

00:34:52After that, there was nothing to do but wait.

00:35:26as a kid growing up i always had this sweet spot for taxonomy which i don't really know

00:35:34how to put my finger on that i always wanted to know what things were and i wanted to know

00:35:39the scientific name so i fell in love with catching all these little critters and coming

00:35:44back and having a bunch of guides to help me figure out what they were and so when i got

00:35:49into coral

00:35:50there were only a handful of resources from one guy this guy charlie baron

00:35:58every time i was looking something up there he was there are about 340 species of coral

00:36:04on the great barrier reef there's one just over there that's about six meters high

00:36:11bronze up to purposes he's the godfather of coral reef science he's the first guy to really go down

00:36:18and start cataloging corals and i wish i could be that guy but i was born a little too late

00:36:25here we have thousands upon thousands of species all interacting together in a complex way corals

00:36:31unlike any other form of life on earth except man have the capacity to build their own environments

00:36:36to create their own habitats

00:36:42think of a city

00:36:45corals are experts at creating high rises

00:36:50they're basically creating this incredible dimensionality this three-dimensional framework

00:36:55the more complex a structure the more biodiversity can potentially live there

00:37:03in a healthy coral reef system the entire landscape is covered with coral

00:37:09they're competing for space with one another they grow over and under

00:37:16you look at the great barrier reef it's really the manhattan of the ocean

00:37:20this hugely diverse and complex city and like in a city the fish are living in very specific places

00:37:28it's a bit like a neighborhood you go back to a neighborhood and you see the same people

00:37:34the same fish is living in the same piece of coral week after week they live there pretty much their

00:37:40entire life in the morning in the afternoon you actually have traffic on the reef you've got fish

00:37:47fish which have like spent the night on the reef and then they go out to feed and all swim

00:37:51together

00:37:53so they're busy places

00:37:56when the the sun starts coming up you actually have a morning chorus which is similar to what

00:38:01we get when we hear the birds waking up in the forest when the sun comes up

00:38:05when you listen closely you hear things purring

00:38:09you hear the grunts and the groans of so many different animals

00:38:12it's not a silent world at all it's actually pretty noisy

00:38:17each fish each animal has its own job it does its own thing there are fish that farm they actually

00:38:24grow little plants or algae and they'll go pick a piece of algae and plant it and look after that

00:38:31area

00:38:32there are crabs and lobsters and little shrimps that will do things like defend corals

00:38:38there are strange partnerships like moray eels which will hunt with coral trout completely

00:38:44different fish but they work together to hunt across the reef and they share the meal

00:38:50one of the things you notice this sort of crunching noise and this is the parrot fish

00:38:54these are fish that have beaks and they actually eat the coral and they're crunching away at the coral

00:39:00when that coral passes through the parrot fish it comes out as sand

00:39:04so in fact every single beach you're basically walking on parrot fish poo

00:39:12coral reefs are hugely important for the ocean because they're essentially the nursery

00:39:18and they say something like 25 percent of all marine life relies on coral reefs

00:39:25we've got half a billion to a billion people that rely on coral reefs as their main source of food

00:39:33without that protein they're going to be malnourished their culture their way of life their economies

00:39:40are all reliant on healthy coral reefs and many of the new drugs that are coming to help humans come

00:39:49from the sea there's a drug called prostaglandin that comes from sea fans and that fights cancer

00:39:56there's another one called briostatin that comes from coral rhizoans and it fights cancer too

00:40:03there are so many things that we don't know yet that could help society through the novel

00:40:08chemistries that we find on coral reef organisms

00:40:14coral reefs are producing a breakwater that's protecting us from big waves from cyclones

00:40:20they're better than the ones that we can produce because they're growing and rebuilding it all the time

00:40:28the corals are the real basis of that ecosystem you can't have a city without buildings

00:40:35the corals and you can't have a coral reef without the corals

00:40:39the corals and you can't have a city without the corals so we went back to the bahamas to retrieve

00:41:08camera number one after its time

00:41:32we're gonna keep our fingers crossed and hope we have plenty of footage hoping that there's at least a

00:41:39month and a half

00:41:48bingo

00:41:54that's out of focus

00:42:00all of these are out of focus

00:42:05this is a big bummer

00:42:09in focus

00:42:11and then the first one after that's out of focus

00:42:14and it progressively gets worse you see that

00:42:18all this footage is out of focus

00:42:22and pretty much useless

00:42:29i hope they worked elsewhere

00:42:34i hope they worked elsewhere

00:42:53we're out of focus here

00:42:57i thought we were okay

00:43:00damn it

00:43:04so how bad are the images

00:43:07bad

00:43:09not usable

00:43:10and so it's already soft

00:43:12yeah

00:43:14and there it gets softer and softer and softer

00:43:17i've never heard of manual focus

00:43:19changing over time

00:43:25hawaii bleached

00:43:27it had the worst bleaching it's ever had

00:43:30it's just that we didn't manage to capture it

00:43:34we put a lot of effort getting those cameras down and we thought we'd

00:43:40we've done everything right

00:43:41and it's a huge knockback

00:43:43more so because we knew the clock was against us

00:43:48we didn't know how long the bleaching event was going to last

00:43:58i've been looking at the latest sea temperature values for the australian region and it's

00:44:02definitely warmer than it's been for quite a while that coastal area is probably going to continue

00:44:07to to warm

00:44:08yep

00:44:09if you're into bleaching

00:44:12this is a good sign

00:44:13yeah

00:44:13of course it means horrible things to the reef

00:44:17zach and trevor went all in and just fixed the problems

00:44:23we changed to a fixed lens and it allowed us to get rid of all of the focus issues that

00:44:28we had

00:44:29we have such a better system going i'm much more confident it's gonna work

00:44:46you

00:45:00i'm standing on one of the two and a half thousand or so enormous platform reefs that make up australia's

00:45:05Great Barrier Reef. Very few people can realize that this is the largest structure ever made by

00:45:11life on earth. These reefs extend along the tropical coastline of Australia, a distance of

00:45:17over 2,000 kilometers, the length of the entire east coast of the United States of America.

00:45:23I always wanted to go to the Great Barrier Reef. I want to see it for its beauty and always

00:45:28wanted

00:45:28to get there. That's the goal. Always been the goal.

00:45:40Dude, you're about to see the TBR from the air.

00:45:45That's actually a very exciting thing.

00:45:53It's just amazing to think about how massive it is.

00:45:58And it's all alive.

00:46:44So we're sending two teams to the southern Great Barrel Reef.

00:46:47We're sending Jeff and Zach to Keppel, and we're sending Andrew and team to Heron.

00:47:24The camera's in, and it's running.

00:47:40And then we waited, waited for that warm water to come.

00:47:48Already, biologists say some corals are dying bleached white, a sign in the first stage

00:47:54of death.

00:47:55You're talking an event similar to the rainforest of the world turning white over a very short

00:48:01period of time.

00:48:03Everyone will be jumping up and taking notice, wondering what the hell is happening.

00:48:08You may think, well, this is just a cycle that we go through.

00:48:16This certainly isn't a natural cycle.

00:48:19This is a phenomenon directly attributed to climate change.

00:48:23And it's something that we've only seen in recent years.

00:48:32One of the ways of looking back in time with the reef is to take coral cores or slices through

00:48:38coral.

00:48:38You can look at growth rings in corals in the same way as you can look at growth rings

00:48:41in trees.

00:48:46You can see a regular, normal growth pattern.

00:48:49This coral grows at around a centimeter and a half per year, every year, right up until

00:48:541998, where you start to see the signature of a coral bleaching event.

00:49:00By tracking back in time, by looking at the history of the reef, we're absolutely certain

00:49:05that what we're seeing now is not a natural fluctuation.

00:49:08The cause is unequivocally global climate change driven by emitting carbon into the atmosphere.

00:49:16I think a lot of people don't realize that climate change is happening because most of

00:49:21the extra heat trapped by greenhouse gases has been transferred to the oceans.

00:49:27When you burn fossil fuel, that's burning oil, gas or coal, carbon dioxide goes up into

00:49:34the atmosphere.

00:49:35Carbon dioxide has the property that it's able to trap heat.

00:49:39So the more you have in the atmosphere, the greater the amount of heat trapped by the

00:49:45earth.

00:49:45It's a bit like putting extra wool into your sweater.

00:49:50What people don't know is that 93% of the heat that's trapped is going into the ocean.

00:49:56That's a lot of energy.

00:49:58If the oceans weren't doing this job of absorbing the heat, the average surface temperature of

00:50:04the planet would be 122 Fahrenheit.

00:50:10There are rates of change going on in tropical oceans which, if projected forward, it means

00:50:16that coral reefs are a likely casualty of any global climate change.

00:50:22I published that in the peer-reviewed literature.

00:50:24At that point in time, people weren't quite ready for that.

00:50:28And I had a lot of colleagues that were confronting me, challenging me, attacking me.

00:50:34He was ridiculed for this, for being an alarmist.

00:50:38But over time, he's been proved right time and time again.

00:50:44I just love the reef.

00:50:45That's why I did this thing.

00:50:46That's why I came here when I was 18 to this island and started to study the reef.

00:50:50It wasn't because I thought it was going to disappear or I was trying to battle a problem

00:50:55called global climate change.

00:50:57It's unfortunate that I can't look at this thing and still see the beauty I see the problems.

00:51:05This wonderful thing, this thing that's been around for a very long time, is threatened

00:51:10in our lifetime and on our watch.

00:51:13And however hard we try to get people to listen, it seems to be lost in the wind, you know?

00:51:23It seems to be lost in the wind, it seems to be lost in the wind, it seems to be

00:51:46lost in the wind.

00:51:46Storms and the weather is really the controlling factor right now.

00:51:49If the wind and the storms continue rolling through and we get cloud coverage,

00:51:54we might not see a whole lot happen here at Keppel.

00:52:04Tropical cyclone Winston, the strongest tropical cyclone ever recorded in the southern hemisphere.

00:52:11For the first time, we felt like we were in the right place at the right time.

00:52:15And when Hurricane Winston happened, all of that changed.

00:52:19It caused a lot of cold water and a lot of rain to come to the southern Great Barrier Reef.

00:52:25Part of me is happy that the corals aren't going to bleach here.

00:52:28It actually makes me ecstatic to think that they're going to make it through this event.

00:52:33But at the same time, we've tried so hard to capture this.

00:52:37We essentially had to make a really difficult decision to stick to our original plan with less than ideal odds.

00:52:45Or we go check out some of these other portions of the Great Barrier Reef that were getting really warm.

00:52:51All of this to the north of New Caledonia and below and even these splotch areas of alert level 2.

00:52:57It's just nothing short of catastrophic for the coral.

00:53:02We know now New Caledonia is bleaching.

00:53:06Blizzard Island is bleaching.

00:53:09So I guess it is a simple decision in some ways that we should just pick up and move over

00:53:13and re-set up at those new locations.

00:53:16The problem is the time-lapse cameras.

00:53:19It'll take weeks to move those systems and we'll have missed the bleaching.

00:53:26We're going to have to figure something else out.

00:53:30I went to turn my computer off and there was this message from Jeff saying,

00:53:34How soon can you pack?

00:53:38We were going to abandon these camera systems and do manual underwater time lapses every single day.

00:53:48I think we as a team realized that there was no going back.

00:53:53We headed up to Lizard Island and the other portion of our team went out to New Caledonia.

00:54:10There had been two floors and many others we still made to stop looking at.

00:54:15It was a very cool place that quickly didn't work.

00:54:15The 2nd of our team was gonna be able to do that.

00:54:15The 3rd of our team was gonna be able to do this.

00:54:29But we decided to take a battle.

00:54:29We were going to have to have to fight for our team.

00:54:30We are going to have to do it that way.

00:54:45it's the most amazing reef and it's just the most it's just so hot like it literally feels

00:55:07like a bathtub did anybody order a large coke here we are talking about coral reef bleaching

00:55:14and global climate change and here's our other problem when we went to lizard island we didn't

00:55:22have our time-lapse cameras anymore the idea is to take one tripod and one camera and get as many

00:55:28shots as we can in as many positions of as many pieces of coral as we can and to repeat

00:55:32that

00:55:33every single day get on the boat at 9 15 go out to your first sight

00:55:40you would find your markings for the tripod put down each leg at the correct height and then you

00:55:45would have reference points that you could then attach the laser beams to and then i had a lamination

00:55:51of the first day's shot and then you would take two minutes of footage and then you'd pick

00:55:55everything back up move on to the next site and do the same thing over again and then again and

00:56:00again

00:56:00and you do that essentially 25 times a day between jeff and i we had 60 sites

00:56:10the reason we built the time-lapse systems was it seemed absurd to have people camped on the beach

00:56:15at multiple locations and having to go down and do what a machine is designed to do logistically it

00:56:21was a nightmare getting in the right position and you're fighting the current so you're getting

00:56:26bounced around a lot knees are bleeding everywhere your body is cut up you're tired

00:56:36well it got to the point where you're spending four hours a day under water weird things start

00:56:41happening i don't know if it's funny it's uh you do what you have to do

00:56:53so

00:57:01so

00:57:02so

00:57:35We were getting reports that the corals in New Caledonia were doing something completely

00:57:40weird.

00:57:44Richard was there, and he said, it's the craziest thing I've ever seen.

00:57:47I don't know what it is.

00:57:48The locals didn't know what it was.

00:57:52We didn't know what was happening.

00:57:55And I asked Richard to explain it to me, and he said, I don't know what to say.

00:57:58It's a glowing.

00:58:19This was different.

00:58:23The corals were fluorescing.

00:58:29They're producing a chemical sunscreen to protect themselves from the heat.

00:58:38You can't even describe it.

00:58:43They were the most vivid colors I've ever seen.

00:59:02This is the most beautiful transformation in nature, the incredibly beautiful phase of

00:59:10death.

00:59:14And it feels as if it's the corals saying, look at me.

00:59:23And it feels as if it's the corals saying, look at me.

00:59:24Please notice.

00:59:25Please notice.

00:59:26Please notice.

00:59:27Yes, sir.

00:59:27Yes.

00:59:29Yes.

00:59:41Yes.

00:59:42Yes.

00:59:43Yes.

00:59:44Yes.

00:59:45Yes.

00:59:50James.

00:59:51Yes.

01:00:14We were diving every day from a floating restaurant.

01:00:20That was kind of funny the first day.

01:00:26Like, that whole thought just became much more depressing.

01:00:44This is one of the rarest events in nature happening, and everyone's just oblivious to it.

01:00:59And you can't blame them for it.

01:01:01I mean, it's just almost typical of all of humanity.

01:01:09This is going on, and no one is noticing.

01:01:20We designed something originally to do this project without emotions.

01:01:26And when we began doing this manually at Lizard Island, you have the emotional ties to it.

01:01:32You are down there, and to sit there for a month and every single day watch something new around you

01:01:39die that you saw yesterday, it's difficult.

01:02:09You forget what it looked like at the beginning.

01:02:13And some days when you go back, you're sitting down there looking at it now, and it doesn't look real.

01:02:21I mean, it's not even, you can't even accept it.

01:02:28And then you open your eyes, and it's dead as far as you can see.

01:02:56It's algae and dead coral skeletons.

01:03:16So it's funny.

01:03:23This is called Mon zakopakensse.

01:03:23I think it like.

01:03:23It's very unnatural when you are off.

01:03:24But yeah.

01:03:27You can film that following you such cosecidians.

01:03:34It's flesh, it's a living tissue, that's rotting away.

01:03:44It's disgusting, really.

01:04:35It's disgusting, really.

01:04:38I thought we would find Wei Qing, and I thought we would capture it, but I don't think I ever

01:04:46prepared myself or thought we were going to see this.

01:04:59It's like I'm not even mad that I'm leaving because it's just so miserable here.

01:05:07I don't know.

01:05:12I don't know.

01:05:44But a coral is a fundamental part of a huge ecosystem.

01:05:51It is, in a way, just like the trees in a forest.

01:05:54If coral reefs are lost, we're affecting the life of a quarter of the ocean.

01:06:00The little fish disappear, the big fish disappear, and then you can look at humans as one of the big

01:06:05fish.

01:06:10It's easy to think about the fate of an individual species.

01:06:15But what is a little harder to explain, it's the beginning of an ecological collapse of the entire ecosystem.

01:06:25It's more than the species, the genus, the family, the order.

01:06:29We're talking about the possibility that entire classes of organisms would go extinct.

01:06:40When scientists say they're researching climate change and coral reefs, it's not about whether or not climate change is happening

01:06:46or not.

01:06:47It's really the uncertainty between knowing whether it's going to be bad or really bad.

01:06:54When we look at ocean temperatures, there are a range of projections of how they're going to change into the

01:06:58future.

01:06:59If you take the average, in about 25 years, all across the planet, the oceans become too warm for coral

01:07:08reefs to survive.

01:07:10That means they'll bleach every year, and they won't be healthy enough to recover.

01:07:15Coral reefs will not be able to keep up. They will not be able to adapt.

01:07:19And we will see the eradication of an entire ecosystem in our lifespan.

01:07:27That is a very gloomy statement, but unfortunately it is true.

01:07:35Everything on our planet is connected.

01:07:39What we're doing is pulling out the card called coral reefs from this house of cards.

01:07:45And the real fear is that we'll take out enough of those cards where the whole thing will just simply

01:07:50collapse.

01:07:53If we can't save this ecosystem, are we going to have the courage to save the next ecosystem down the

01:08:00line?

01:08:02Do we need forests?

01:08:05Do we need trees?

01:08:08Do we need reefs?

01:08:12Or can we just sort of live in the ashes of all of that?

01:08:15Do we need paar years later?

01:08:34So…

01:08:35Tell me where we're going.

01:08:36We're actually just going to Charlie Buron's house.

01:08:40I used to literally sit behind a desk for hours a day using Charlie Brown's coral lists to ID things.

01:08:48Like, he was the boss. He was the information that I used on a daily basis to learn everything that

01:08:54I know of corals.

01:08:55And now I'm about to go sit in his living room and interview him.

01:09:00So that's quite a big step.

01:09:07Hello, I'm Zach. Pleased to meet you.

01:09:25While I was in college studying evolutionary biology, I actually got a job at an aquarium.

01:09:30And so for five years, I grew coral, used all of your work to teach myself as much of coral

01:09:36taxonomy as I possibly could.

01:09:38Oh, okay, yeah.

01:09:38So I was very nervous about it coming here.

01:09:41I'm not the sort of person to be nervous about.

01:09:43No, no, no, but I guess I just want to hear your perspective of the change that you've seen over

01:09:49time.

01:09:50Then it was, it was totally different mindset because the reef was there forever.

01:09:57There was no question about it.

01:09:58Yeah.

01:09:58I even wondered why you would want to make it a marine park because it's so big and nothing's going

01:10:03to touch the Great Barrier Reef.

01:10:05But it's changed enormously and this bleaching and the degrading of the Great Barrier Reef that I've seen in my

01:10:11lifetime.

01:10:12It just, it really upsets me.

01:10:14Up at Lizard, we essentially have fluorescing or bleached corals going through their entire transition to death and being covered

01:10:21in allergies.

01:10:21Covered the whole thing.

01:10:22Yeah, way to go.

01:10:24Yeah, the whole horrible, horrible, ghastly mess.

01:10:26Yeah.

01:10:27It was actually quite difficult while we were up there.

01:10:29I got quite frustrated a few times where I just didn't want to be there anymore.

01:10:34I didn't want to watch it anymore.

01:10:35I was over it and...

01:10:37I'm glad I'm not your, your age.

01:10:41You know, I'm ready to check out when, when the Great Barrier Reef gets trashed because it's been the most

01:10:46love thing in the physical world of my life.

01:10:50You know, I've been diving on it for 45 years.

01:10:52And I'm damned if I'm ever going to stop until I go completely senile.

01:10:57I'm going to keep going.

01:10:58And if I, as long as I can influence people, I will.

01:11:01Because you have to.

01:11:02I've got no choice.

01:11:03You've got no choice.

01:11:04I'm afraid.

01:11:05You've got to keep at it.

01:11:06Yeah, yeah.

01:11:06You've got to.

01:11:08Because otherwise you're not going to like yourself.

01:11:10And you're an old man.

01:11:12You're going to like yourself much more if you can say, well, I sure tried to turn that around.

01:11:18And maybe I did influence people here and there.

01:11:22Don't let anything stop you.

01:11:32You've got to get my glasses.

01:11:39Losing the barrier reef has actually got to mean something.

01:11:44You can't let it just die and it becomes an old textbook.

01:11:50It's got to cause the change that it deserves.

01:11:56Us losing the great barrier reef has got to wake up the world.

01:12:04A really interesting situation.

01:12:06Over the next 30 years we're going to be facing shifting ocean temperatures and conditions.

01:12:19I usually get to these things and you start kind of almost shaking.

01:12:24I definitely have a little bit of nervousness going.

01:12:28How much talking is too much talking?

01:12:31Is getting personal a bad thing?

01:12:34Like talking about heart.

01:12:35This one was one of the more difficult sites for me to go back to a month later.

01:12:39Really good to show that it actually affected you.

01:12:43Right, okay.

01:12:43I think that's really important and good.

01:12:47As long as you don't start crying.

01:12:49Yeah, yeah.

01:12:49Yeah.

01:13:02So over the last two years we've been amassing a huge amount of bleaching imagery from all

01:13:08over the world.

01:13:10Now Zach's going to show you some of that imagery.

01:13:12So if you want to pop up Zach.

01:13:17We spent the last four months in Australia and we documented the ongoing bleaching event.

01:13:23And so I wanted to just show you what our team was able to document.

01:13:27We're just kind.

01:13:29We're just kind of telling you what our team was going to happen.

01:13:41We're just like the beginning to do the thing.

01:13:42And so it's coming.

01:13:49Can you see it, Mark?

01:13:49All right.

01:13:49This way, Mark.

01:13:52I don't know what to do that.

01:13:53You're ready.

01:13:55If you'll find it.

01:13:55I don't know what to do yet.

01:13:55That's a kind.

01:13:55It's a good thing.

01:13:56I'm going to do it in.

01:14:38In just two months, we've lost the majority of fish life on this coral colony.

01:15:17The soft coral disintegrates fields and fields of soft coral that then just turns into a

01:15:23barren rock face.

01:15:27I didn't even think it was possible.

01:15:29I didn't think it was possible.

01:16:28I didn't think it was possible for me.

01:16:29I didn't think it was possible.

01:17:29It's just mind-blowing, the scale of this bleaching event.

01:18:10We're looking for people who have access to a local reef to help photograph what's happening in your own backyard.

01:18:16If you are a diver, please join our effort.

01:18:18And everybody's come together that saw our call out.

01:18:23At this point, we are under bleaching threshold and under a warning alert for bleaching.

01:18:29Behind me, you can see we have the Akumal reefs.

01:18:32Basically, we've seen colonies almost completely bleached.

01:18:36The water temperature has been rising and the coral has been bleaching.

01:18:43You're talking about the Caribbean two years in a row.

01:18:45You're talking about Hawaii two years in a row.

01:18:47This last summer was especially horrific.

01:18:5025 to 50 percent of the coral is already long since dead.

01:18:54We know that the waters here started warming up in May 2015 to about 3 degrees Celsius above normal.

01:19:01Most of the aquapor, the most common branch, corals, are dying.

01:19:09Some of the reefs here have been under major stress like so many other places across the globe.

01:19:18We're here in the Republic of Palau.

01:19:20I'm currently in Sabu City and in Malbar.

01:19:22The corals in this region have been bleached over the past month.

01:19:25The coral is 75 percent bleaching and about half of them is dead already.

01:19:30We now have a mass coral bleaching event happening here in the soil.

01:19:34We're in Greece, any grid, and a lot of the reefs around Sri Lanka were heavily bleaching.

01:19:39And it is happening right now.

01:19:40The coral here is showing mass science bleaching, and for that reason we have mass mortality rates.

01:19:45Of course it is huge.

01:19:46The branch out of the poros and the oposal of poros starts the show because I've been helping

01:19:50to capture images of coral bleaching in the green sea region.

01:19:53Bleaching has occurred here recently.

01:19:55Um, there was...

01:19:58Um...

01:19:59...we'll also listen to the Harris' supplementary effect.

01:20:01...we'll see you later.

01:20:18I get crossed with myself because I don't think I did enough.

01:20:22I didn't make enough noise when I realized what was happening.

01:20:26I didn't do enough.

01:20:29Zach has an option of being part of that fight.

01:20:34Maybe Zach will say, Charlie, he's just a gloomy old man and we can fix these things.

01:21:12I don't know.

01:21:14I don't know.

01:21:20I don't know.

01:21:23I don't know.

01:21:26I don't know.

01:21:27I don't know.

01:21:29I don't know.

01:22:00How are you guys?

01:22:00How are you guys doing today?

01:22:02Are you guys excited?

01:22:04Let's go diving!

01:22:10Take a look around.

01:22:20In my mind, all kids are born scientists.

01:22:22They're born adventurers. They want to explore.

01:22:26If we can get the kids to hold on to that curiosity,

01:22:29then our planet would be a much better place.

01:22:32I could see a stingray!

01:22:36Turtles, fish, corals, crabs, starfish.

01:22:40You know, it's all there, right?

01:22:43We're going to take you on an expedition to go see the third global bleaching event.

01:22:47I think having been on the journey that I've been on, I should be the most depressed person on the

01:22:52planet.

01:22:52I'm seeing the ecosystem that I've fallen in love with die before my eyes.

01:22:58Having said that, I'm not actually depressed.

01:23:03And that's because there's been a big shift.

01:23:05You look at every piece of climate change action and it's about improving people's lives.

01:23:13Creation of jobs, reducing pollution, greenifying cities.

01:23:18It's essentially a great transformation that is already beginning.

01:23:24It's not too late for coral reefs, indeed for many other ecosystems that are facing challenges from climate change.

01:23:30It's still possible to reduce the rate at which the climate is changing.

01:23:35And that's within our power today.

01:23:39It's all achievable.

01:23:41It's not like we don't have the money.

01:23:43It's not like we don't have the resources.

01:23:44It's not like we don't have the brains.

01:23:48This is inevitable, this great transformation.

01:23:51And that's what makes me so optimistic is all we got to do is give it a bit of a

01:23:55shove.

01:24:21I was just born.

01:24:23I was just born.

01:24:24I've been crawling till I learned to walk.

01:24:28When I met you, I was so young.

01:24:30I didn't know that it could fall apart.

01:24:33Tell me, what do I do?

01:24:36Now I see what we've done.

01:24:39And I know that it's true.

01:24:42You gave me nothing but love.

01:24:46Tell me how long, tell me how long

01:24:49Till we see the pieces that'll break.

01:24:52Tell me how long, tell me how long

01:24:55Tell me how long will it take

01:24:58Till we wake up

01:25:01Till we wake up

01:25:05Tell me how long, tell me how long

01:25:08Tell me how long, tell me how long

01:25:08Till we wake up

01:25:18I've been trying, I've been trying

01:25:20To tell you what's inside my soul

01:25:24I've been dying, I've been dying

01:25:26But the ocean changes slow

01:25:29And it's hard to see it

01:25:32But I know that it's true

01:25:35That I gotta be better

01:25:37So much better to you

01:25:42Tell me how long, tell me how long

01:25:45Till we see the pieces that'll break

01:25:48Tell me how long, tell me how long

01:25:51Tell me how long will it take

01:25:54Till we wake up

01:25:57Till we wake up

01:26:01Tell me how long, tell me how long

01:26:04Till we wake up

01:26:09I know we're gonna wake up

01:26:12I scream in color

01:26:16Tell me can you hear me through the waves

01:26:19If we keep on waiting

01:26:22Do we lose the things that we can save

01:26:25If we hold each other

01:26:28We don't have to let it slip away

01:26:32We don't have to let this slip away

01:26:38Tell me how long, tell me how long

01:26:41Till we see the pieces that'll break

01:26:45Tell me how long, tell me how long

01:26:47Tell me how long will it take

01:26:50Till we wake up

01:26:53Till we wake up

01:26:57Tell me how long, tell me how long

01:27:00Till we wake up

01:27:05I know we're gonna wake up

01:27:08I know we're gonna wake up

01:27:13I know we're gonna wake up

01:27:38How long will it take till we wake up?

01:27:43Till we wake up.

01:27:47Tell me how long, tell me how long till we wake up.

01:27:55I know we're gonna wake up.

01:27:59I know we're gonna wake up.

01:28:04I know we're gonna wake up.

01:28:10I know we're gonna wake up.

01:28:17Till we wake up.

01:28:19Tell me how long, tell me how long, tell me how long, tell me how long will it take till

01:28:30we wake up.

01:28:34I know we're gonna wake up.

01:28:37Till we wake up.

01:28:38Tell me how long.

01:28:53Tell me how long, tell me how long, tell me how long will it take till we wake up.

01:29:14You

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