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00:00The Japanese invasion of Manchuria began on September 19, 1931, when Manchuria was invaded by the Japanese army.
00:06from Guangdong, immediately after the Mugden incident.
00:09On February 18, 1932, the Japanese established a puppet state there, called Manchukuo, which was entirely subjugated to them and which
00:16continued until August 1945, the date of the Soviet invasion of Manchuria.
00:21Immediately after the explosion that triggered the Mugden incident, the Japanese surrounded the nearby Chinese garrison.
00:27and attacked the troops stationed there, under the pretext that all Japanese property must be protected from assault.
00:33Chinese troops.
00:34500 Japanese soldiers then attacked a Chinese garrison of some 7000 soldiers in Bedeying.
00:40Zhang Xuiyang, with the implicit approval of Chiang Kai-shek's government, had already warned his men not to take
00:46take part in no fighting and put the weapons out of reach of the Japanese in the event of an invasion.
00:51Consequently, the Japanese encountered no resistance at Bedeying, and on September 19th proceeded with the complete occupation of
00:57the garrison and main towns of Mugden,
00:59Shenyang in Chinese, Changchun, Changchuen in French at the time, Antung, today Dandong, and the immediate surroundings.
01:06When fighting broke out, it was generally due to misunderstandings between the Chinese central government and its
01:12troops, who were supposed to have received orders not to resist.
01:14Within a few days, the three provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning, where Mugden was located, were taken by
01:21the Japanese.
01:22There is no doubt that the Japanese government, faced with a fait accompli, was powerless.
01:27The prime minister explained to the sovereign that he had ordered the Guangdong army to return to its bases.
01:32For his part, the Minister of War, Minami, sent a telegram to Mugden in which he approved the action,
01:38but also hoped that the matter would not escalate further.
01:41The activists in the Guangdong army decided to disregard this, and it was on their own initiative that they
01:46launched the offensive against Changchun on the 20th of the month, 1, triggering the invasion of Manchuria.
01:51The military had prevailed over civilian power, a situation that foreshadowed the growing pressure exerted by the military on the
01:57civilians during the 1930s, assassination of the prime minister in 1932, attempted coup d'état of February 26
02:031936, until the Second World War.
02:06Within a few days, the three provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning, where Mugden is located, were taken by
02:13the Japanese.
02:13On November 20th, a conference of the Chinese government was held.
02:17The Kuomintang canton faction insisted that Chiang Kai-shek resign, given the debacle in Manchuria and
02:23the lack of serious resistance from the Chinese troops.
02:26Chiang resigned on December 15th.
02:28Sun Kei, the son of Sun Yat-sen, takes the post of president of the Republic of China, and makes
02:33the vow to defend Jinjo, another city in Liaoning, which was quickly lost in January 1932.
02:39While there is no doubt that the conspirators launched the incident on their own initiative, the Japanese government, and
02:44The emperor himself was expected to quickly consider the new situation in Manchuria with serenity, and to resume
02:50to take responsibility for the consequences of the invasion of Manchuria.
02:53On February 18, 1932, the state of Manchukuo was proclaimed in the territory of Manchuria.
02:59Although formally independent, it is in fact a Japanese protectorate.
03:011. The actors in the operation were promoted, demonstrating that if the military conspirators had acted on their own initiative,
03:08They had done so within a broader Japanese context, which was favorable to a policy of power on the Asian continent.
03:14On May 31, 1933, the Tangu truce was finally signed, notably creating a demilitarized zone extending up to 100
03:20km south of the Great Wall, from Beijing to Tianjin.
03:23The Empire of Japan continued its expansionist policy in China, triggering the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, and then in
03:311939 a failed attack against pro-Soviet Mongolia during the Battle of Kalringol.
03:36The government of Manchukuo remained in place, under Japanese control, until August 1945, the date of the Soviet invasion of
03:43Manchuria.
03:44Chinese public opinion severely criticized Jiang Sueliang for his lack of response, even though the government
03:50central was indirectly responsible for this strategy.
03:53Many pointed out that Chang's northeastern army, numbering nearly 50,000 men,
03:58could have made short work of the Guangdong army, which only numbered 11,000 men.
04:02and that the loss of three provinces without even putting up any resistance was a disgrace to the Chinese people.
04:06Furthermore, Jiang's military arsenal in Manchuria was considered at the time to be the most modern in China.
04:12and his troops possessed some tanks, about sixty aircraft, 4,000 rifles and one or two artillery battalions.
04:18In reality, the seemingly greater strength of Jiang's troops was diminished by a number of
04:23factors.
04:24First, the Guangdong army possessed a large reserve of forces that could be quickly brought from Korea, then
04:30a Japanese colony.
04:32Next, more than half of Jiang's troops were stationed south of the Great Wall, in the
04:37Hebei province,
04:37and therefore could not be deployed quickly enough to oppose the Japanese in the north of the
04:42Wall.
04:43Finally, Jiang's troops were relatively poorly trained and poorly commanded compared to their Japanese enemies.
04:48But perhaps most importantly, Japanese agents had infiltrated Jiang's command, thanks to his
04:54past addiction
04:55and that of his father Jiang Zuelin, to Japanese military advisors to equip the Northeast Army at
05:00its beginnings, and its war leaders.
05:01Thus, the Japanese knew the Northeast Army inside and out, and could conduct their operations to their advantage.
05:07guise.
05:07For example, the Japanese deterred Jiang's pilots on the night of the incident, rendering his air force useless.
05:14Above all, the Chinese government did not resist because it was preoccupied with internal problems.
05:19including the new independent government of Guangzhou, led by Wuhan Min, and the communist uprisings,
05:24and the terrible Yangtze flood, which created tens of thousands of refugees.
05:28Next, Jiang Zuelian was in a Beijing hospital, supposedly due to an addiction problem.
05:34drugs.
05:35Under these circumstances, the Chinese embassy lodged a strong protest with the Japanese government.
05:40called for an immediate halt to Japanese operations in Manchuria and appealed to the League of Nations on the 19th
05:45september.
05:45On October 24, the League of Nations passed a resolution demanding the withdrawal of Japanese troops.
05:51and that it be completed by November 16th.
05:54Japan rejected the resolution and insisted on negotiating directly with the Chinese government.
05:59The negotiations took place intermittently without any real result.
06:03On November 20, a conference of the Chinese government took place where the Guangzhou faction of the Kuomintang was present.
06:08insisted that Chiang Kai-shek resign given the debacle in Manchuria.
06:12Chiang resigned on December 15th.
06:14Sun Kei, the son of Sun Yat-sen, took the post of President of the Republic of China
06:19and vowed to defend Jinzhou, another city in Liaoning, which was quickly lost in January 1932.
06:25Wang Jingwei later replaced Sun Kei.
06:28On January 7, 1932, the United States, through its Secretary of State Henry Lewis Stimson,
06:33declared that they would not recognize any government established under Japanese pressure in Manchuria.
06:38On January 14, the League of Nations Commission, under the leadership of Lord Litton,
06:43arrived in Shanghai to assess the situation.
06:45In March, the puppet state of Manchukuo was created, headed by the last emperor of China, Pui.
06:51On October 2, the Litton report was published, rejecting the Japanese claim that the Mukden incident
06:56It was a simple defensive operation.
06:59The report also asserted that Manchukuo was a product of Japanese aggression in China.
07:03even though Japan might have legitimate interests in Manchuria given its economic presence
07:08in the region.
07:09The League of Nations therefore refused to recognize Manchukuo as an independent nation.
07:14This caused Japan to withdraw from the League of Nations in March 1933.
07:18The Japanese continued and intensified their expansionist policy in China,
07:22triggering the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937.
07:25In August 1945, the Soviet invasion of Manchuria brought an end to Japanese administration of the region.
07:32Manchuria was subsequently returned to the Republic of China.
07:35The instability of the region, resulting from the war,
07:39made it one of the main theaters of operation in the final phase of the Chinese civil war.
07:42The instability of the civil war, following the civil war, following the civil war,
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