What Weapons Did an Ordinary Roman Soldier Carry? | Roman Legionary Kit

What weapons did an ordinary Roman legionary actually carry into battle?

For a 1st-century CE Imperial Roman baseline, the core combat kit included the gladius short sword, pilum heavy throwing spear, pugio dagger and scutum shield, alongside helmet and armor. Equipment changed over the centuries, so Roman soldiers from different periods did not always carry exactly the same weapons.

The gladius was especially effective in close combat, while the pilum was thrown before hand-to-hand fighting. The scutum provided major protection, and the pugio served as a smaller sidearm.

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