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British troops land in Egypt. Prime Minister Eden claims that they're on a peace-keeping mission to protect the Suez Canal. But all is not as it seems. The next 24 hours change Britain forever.
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00:00A CIDADE NO BRASIL
00:27A CIDADE NO BRASIL
00:54In the next 24 hours, Britain's military intervention in Egypt will plunge the world into a crisis.
01:01They were absolutely terrified that what was happening here was World War III.
01:06And see Prime Minister Antony Eden humiliated on the world stage.
01:11This is without doubt the worst 24 hours of Antony Eden's life.
01:17Eden wanted to start a war. He just didn't want anyone to know about it.
01:21Told through the eyes of historians and those at the heart of government.
01:27Gotcha.
01:27This is the inside story of the final day of the Suez Crisis.
01:31Eden take one.
01:32Oh.
01:33Exactly as it happened. Hour by hour. Minute by minute. 24 hours that changes Britain forever.
01:42The old order was gone. The age of empires was finished.
01:47It's a story that still resonates today. Redefining our global status.
01:52It's a seminal turning point. Nothing will ever be the same again. There's no going back from this.
02:00And casting a shadow over current political power struggles.
02:03The Suez Crisis is existential for Britain because it reveals that Britain is no longer a power able to exercise
02:13its influence around the world.
02:34It's just after midnight. The beginning of 24 hours that will redefine Britain's future.
02:41British troops have been fighting in Egypt for less than a day when a message arrives at 10 Downing Street.
02:49British Prime Minister Antony Eden is hauled out of bed to read a message from Moscow.
02:57The letter was secretly drafted by Nikita Khrushchev, the most powerful man in the Soviet Union.
03:06Under the name of Nikolai Bouganen, the premier.
03:11He said it's not just a message. It's a threat.
03:18It's said that the Anglo-French aggression in Egypt was a restoration of colonial slavery and an act against the
03:26Arab people.
03:31Russia is threatening to use nuclear weapons against Britain.
03:38If you're in government and somebody's squaring up to you like this, it's terrifying.
03:43You're being bullied.
03:44But you're being bullied by somebody with a nuclear weapon.
03:47And the risk that you're taking when you're standing up to them is beyond imagining.
03:54So why are British troops fighting in Egypt?
04:05Antony Eden says it's to stop a war between Israel and Egypt that threatens the Suez Canal.
04:13The Suez Canal was effectively a marvel of engineering.
04:19It's a 120-mile piece of infrastructure that connects the Mediterranean to the Red Sea
04:27and allows for shipping routes between Europe and Asia to flow freely.
04:34Rather than having to go around the Cape of Africa,
04:38they could just go straight through the Suez Canal
04:40and effectively half the time that it took to actually make that journey.
04:46It was built in 1869 by Ferdinand de Lesseps.
04:51It was absolutely essential to the British economy.
04:54And when oil became the global mainstay of power,
04:58the canal suddenly became even more important
05:01because that was the vein through which this black blood could flow.
05:08There was a kind of confusion around who owned the canal.
05:12The physical structure of the canal had been Egyptian since the beginning
05:16and Britain owned 44% of the shares in the Suez Canal Company,
05:21which ran the canal.
05:23Britain did think that they owned the canal.
05:26I mean, to some extent, I think Britain thought that they owned Egypt.
05:30The canal is so important to the British economy
05:33that 80,000 troops are stationed in the canal zone to protect it.
05:39British troops were certainly not popular in Egypt.
05:41They were a symbol of colonial authority and power
05:45and an occupying force.
05:50Britain hadn't wanted to colonize Egypt,
05:52to formally turn it into a colony of the empire or dominion
05:56because it just wanted really to secure the Suez Canal.
06:02There was a strong element of Orientalism
06:05in the way that the British viewed the Egyptians.
06:08They saw them as inferior, unruly, in need of civilization.
06:13It was an utter offense to any self-regarding Egyptian.
06:18What is this country doing?
06:21Controlling an asset and creaming the profits off that asset,
06:26which is everything to do with Egypt.
06:40But in 1952, Egypt is changing.
06:44From Cairo come these first authentic pictures of the bloodless coup
06:47by which the army took over control of Egypt.
06:50It was the end of the king's attempt to maintain power.
06:52In July 1952, a group of Egyptian army officers,
06:59the so-called free officers, mounted a military coup
07:02in which King Farouk was unceremoniously ditched.
07:07Meantime, from Alexandria, the royal yacht Marusa
07:10sails with the ex-king for Capri.
07:13What the change will mean to the rest of the world,
07:15we have yet to see.
07:19They got rid of the king,
07:21who was widely regarded as a British puppet,
07:24and declared Egypt a republic.
07:30The architect of the revolution
07:32is 36-year-old colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser.
07:40He'd come from an unpretentious, ordinary background
07:43and risen up, really, by talent.
07:45And he was a very impressive man
07:47who's often described as having film-style looks.
07:51He was very young to be a leader of a country,
07:53but he was an incredibly charismatic leader.
07:58He was regarded as a son of the land.
08:02And his leadership very much reflected that.
08:06It was, I'm an Egyptian like you.
08:08I'm ready to die for Egypt like you.
08:18One of Nasser's main priorities
08:20was to get British troops out of Egypt.
08:31He said,
08:32We don't dislike the British.
08:34We just don't like the presence
08:35of British troops in our country.
08:37If you remove those troops,
08:39a great friendship will exist between us.
08:43Eden, unlike a lot of others in the Tory party,
08:48recognises somebody
08:49that is a new type of Egyptian leader.
08:51Somebody that wants to modernise
08:53and see his nation progress in the world.
08:56And Eden's instinct is to work with him.
09:00At long last, agreement has been reached.
09:02The main clause of the agreement
09:04states that all our troops
09:05will have left Egypt within 20 months.
09:07The pact has put Colonel Nasser
09:09in an even more powerful position.
09:11The final agreement
09:12to withdraw British troops from the Canal Zone
09:14was signed in 1954
09:16and said that all British troops
09:18will be withdrawn
09:19by the 18th of June, 1956.
09:29It was a diplomatic triumph
09:31and further evidence
09:33that Nasser really was
09:35the hero of Egyptians
09:37who was going to expel
09:39foreign rule from Egypt
09:41once and for all.
09:45after the British troops withdraw,
09:48the British presence in Egypt
09:49is effectively just civilian.
09:51And so the Suez Canal
09:52is going to be run
09:53by a combination of British
09:55and Egyptian engineers,
09:57officials,
09:57but there's no longer
09:58any military presence.
10:00The Suez Canal
10:01is still vitally important
10:03to Britain's economy.
10:04so they put a clause
10:05into the troop withdrawal agreement.
10:09This clause said
10:10that in the event
10:12of an attack
10:12by an outside power
10:14on Egypt,
10:16Britain could
10:18remilitarize
10:18the Suez Canal Zone.
10:20It could bring its troops
10:21back in.
10:30The clause made perfect sense
10:32at the time,
10:33but two years later,
10:35on the 6th of November, 1956,
10:37it has paved the way
10:39for a global crisis
10:40and a countdown
10:41to nuclear war.
10:49France,
10:50a co-owner
10:51of the Suez Canal Company
10:52and Britain's ally
10:53in the fight
10:54to stop the war
10:55between Egypt and Israel,
10:57has also received threats
10:58from the Soviets.
11:08At 3 a.m.,
11:10in Paris,
11:11the tension is mounting.
11:13The French Prime Minister
11:14Guy Mollet
11:15summoned the American
11:16Ambassador Douglas Dillon
11:17and he handed him
11:18these news sheets
11:19from TASS,
11:20the Soviet press agency,
11:21reiterating this threat
11:23of a potential nuclear attack
11:24on Britain and France.
11:28In some ways,
11:29it's more terrifying
11:30for the French.
11:30They don't possess
11:31their own nuclear deterrent.
11:32They are completely
11:33at the mercy
11:34of a potential attack
11:35from Russia.
11:39Mollet was really spooked
11:41by this.
11:41He was saying,
11:42what happens
11:42if there's a direct attack
11:44from the Soviet Union
11:45on France?
11:46Is Eisenhower
11:46going to defend us?
11:47And Dillon said,
11:48well, of course,
11:49the American president
11:50will respond
11:50to a direct attack
11:51on France.
11:52But Mollet was so unsure
11:53that he actually
11:54wanted him to call Washington
11:55and really confirm this.
11:57And Dillon had to say,
11:57well, it's the middle
11:58of the night
11:59in Washington-Eisenhower's going
12:00to be asleep,
12:00so I'm not going to do that.
12:06That night from the 5th
12:07to the 6th of November, 1956,
12:09I don't think anyone
12:10in London or Paris
12:11got a whole lot of sleep.
12:12Guy Mollet was at his desk
12:15when a phone call
12:16came through
12:17from Anthony Eden
12:18in London.
12:19And Eden said
12:20he could only really
12:21keep the military operation
12:22going for maybe
12:23another 24 hours at most.
12:25Despite the threats
12:27from the Soviets,
12:28Guy Mollet urges Eden
12:30to continue their mission
12:31to protect the Suez Canal.
12:34Guy Mollet and the French
12:36wanted to carry on
12:37and get this done.
12:38It was very frustrating
12:39for Mollet
12:39to hear that Eden
12:40was losing his mettle.
12:49Anthony Eden's day
12:50has barely begun
12:51and already he's facing
12:53a brutal choice.
12:54stop the mission
12:55and endanger the Suez Canal
12:58or press on
12:59and face catastrophe.
13:02This could have meant
13:03the beginning of a nuclear war.
13:24British Prime Minister
13:25Anthony Eden
13:26is five and a half hours
13:28into the day
13:28that will define
13:29his career
13:30and Britain's future.
13:33Anglo-French
13:34paratroopers
13:34are fighting
13:35to reach
13:35the Suez Canal.
13:40but at 5.30 a.m.
13:43Eden receives intelligence
13:44that the Soviets
13:45are posing
13:46a far more immediate threat.
13:50The message is a terrifying one
13:53that there's a possibility
13:54that Russians could intervene
13:55on the battlefield.
13:56there was real concern
13:59that the Soviet Union
14:01would get directly involved
14:03and that could well be
14:04in the form of Soviet boots
14:05on the ground
14:06somewhere in the Middle East.
14:11The test for Eden
14:12as for anyone
14:13standing up
14:14to a superpower
14:15is how on earth
14:17do you put
14:17your morality
14:18your national interests
14:19and then your
14:20just practical calculations
14:22of what's possible together.
14:23And you have to remember
14:24that the number one thing
14:26that concerned him
14:27was of course
14:28the Third World War.
14:37Meanwhile in Egypt
14:38the military operation
14:40to secure the Suez Canal
14:41is intensifying.
14:45At 10 to 6
14:46British gunships
14:47open fire
14:48on Port Said.
15:01At 6.15
15:02you have fighter jets
15:03strafing the beach
15:04wiping out
15:05any remaining defences.
15:14Then
15:15Royal Marine Commandos
15:17storm the beach
15:18in their amphibious vehicles.
15:40At 9.45 in the morning
15:42on the 6th of November 1956
15:44Eden caused
15:45an emergency
15:45cabinet meeting.
15:48The atmosphere
15:49in the cabinet room
15:49must have been
15:50incredibly tense.
15:52If your country
15:53is threatened
15:54with nuclear attack
15:55from another country
15:56that you know
15:57has nuclear warheads
15:58that's going to cause
16:00a level of panic.
16:03Some of them thought
16:04that threat
16:04was probably a bluff.
16:06But do you want
16:07to be the guy
16:08who didn't take it seriously
16:09if a British city
16:10gets wiped out?
16:13When you get
16:14extreme threats
16:15such as you see
16:16sometimes from Putin
16:17different people
16:18respond differently.
16:19I remember
16:20being invited
16:21by Ukraine
16:22before the invasion
16:23to their
16:24annual celebration
16:25of independence
16:26and the foreign office
16:27advised me not to go
16:28because they thought
16:28I might provoke Putin
16:30but in my understanding
16:32that was not going
16:33to provoke Putin.
16:34He'd already invaded
16:34in 2014.
16:36So some people
16:37are much more worried
16:38about upsetting somebody
16:39and often the defense joke
16:41of the foreign office
16:42is in trying
16:43to not upset anyone
16:44the foreign office
16:45usually upsets everyone.
16:48Eden is carrying
16:49an enormous amount
16:50on his shoulders
16:53and the risk of the Soviet Union
16:55nuclear weapons
16:56and Third World War
16:57means that the entire world
16:58could be destroyed
16:59around him.
17:00That's not a very pretty place
17:02to be as Prime Minister.
17:05Eden was under
17:06an extraordinary amount
17:07of pressure here.
17:09He was under pressure
17:11from the Soviets
17:11threatening a possible
17:13nuclear attack
17:14and at the same time
17:15Guimolet, his ally
17:17was really trying
17:18to persuade him
17:18not to stop
17:19and to go on.
17:20There was no way
17:21to hold out
17:22against the combined muscle
17:23of all of these forces.
17:25The crisis in Egypt
17:27didn't explode
17:28out of thin air.
17:29It was seeded
17:30two years earlier
17:31in Cold War
17:33power struggles.
17:47When Nasser
17:49becomes Egypt's leader
17:50in 1954
17:51his mission
17:52is to drag his country
17:54into the 20th century.
17:56Egypt was pretty poor.
17:58I mean he had
17:58two-thirds of the population
17:59living in
18:00quite harsh
18:01rural conditions.
18:06Nasser thought
18:07his country
18:08had really fallen
18:09behind economically
18:10and for Egypt
18:11to move forward
18:12he knew it needed
18:13to modernize
18:14and industrialize.
18:17Central to Nasser's plan
18:19is building a dam
18:20across the Nile
18:21called the Aswan Dam.
18:24The Aswan Dam
18:25would control
18:26the flooding
18:27of the Nile
18:28but perhaps
18:29more important
18:30was the hydroelectric
18:31potential
18:33of the Aswan Dam
18:34which could
18:35go on
18:36to provide
18:37electricity
18:37to millions
18:38of Egyptians
18:39that hadn't
18:39previously had
18:40access to electricity.
18:43But it was
18:44a very, very
18:45ambitious project.
18:46It would cost
18:47about 1.3 billion
18:48US dollars
18:49at that time
18:49which was an
18:50absolutely
18:50enormous sum.
18:52And although
18:53the Americans
18:54and British
18:54weren't especially
18:56keen on this project
18:56what made them
18:58interested
18:58is that there
18:59was a suggestion
18:59that the Soviets
19:00might fund it.
19:01Now that would
19:02extend Soviet
19:03influence in the
19:04Middle East
19:04potentially threaten
19:05the canal
19:06threaten their oil
19:06supply
19:07all of this
19:07kind of stuff
19:08that was intolerable.
19:09So at that point
19:10Britain and the US
19:12became more open
19:14to the idea
19:14of funding a dam.
19:17But before
19:18construction could
19:19begin
19:19the financing
19:21runs into
19:21a major setback.
19:24On the 19th
19:25of July
19:26Ahmed Hussain
19:27the Egyptian
19:28ambassador
19:28went to see
19:29John Foster Dulles
19:30the Secretary of State
19:31and this controversial
19:32subject of the dam
19:33came up
19:34and Hussain said
19:35don't say
19:37you're going to
19:37cut off funding
19:38to the dam
19:38because I have
19:40the Soviet offer
19:40to finance it
19:41right here.
19:42And Dulles said
19:43well since you
19:44have funding
19:45you don't need
19:45ours anymore
19:46so we're cutting
19:46it off
19:47right now.
19:50As far as
19:51Nasser was concerned
19:52it was a humiliation
19:55the US in particular
19:56but the UK as well
19:58had strung him along
19:59and then they turn
20:00around at the last
20:01minute and say
20:01no.
20:03So he really saw it
20:03as an attempt
20:04to control
20:05Egypt
20:06and put it
20:07in its place.
20:12Nasser wasn't
20:13going to give up
20:13on his plans
20:14to fund
20:15the Aswan Dam
20:16he would just
20:17find a different
20:18way
20:18to fund
20:19the project.
20:23The plan
20:24Nasser comes up
20:25with
20:25turns the
20:26financial setback
20:27into a bold
20:28political gesture.
20:30It's an expression
20:32of the kind
20:32of leader
20:33that he was.
20:34He was brave
20:35and he was
20:36a risk taker
20:37and he was
20:38somebody
20:39who really
20:39cared
20:40about
20:41Egypt's
20:42future.
20:44But Nasser's
20:45actions
20:45will have
20:46far-reaching
20:47and bloody
20:48consequences.
20:50Nasser makes
20:51a plan
20:51to strike
20:52at this beacon
20:53of imperialism
20:54in his country
20:55the big symbol
20:56of British Empire
20:58and that symbol
20:59is the canal.
21:28It's 10.30
21:29on the 6th
21:30of November
21:311956.
21:33As British
21:34and French
21:34troops advance
21:35on the Suez Canal
21:36Antony Eden
21:37and his cabinet
21:38discuss the
21:39growing threat
21:40from the Soviets.
21:42By 1956
21:43the Cold War
21:44is still pretty much
21:46in the freezer
21:47section.
21:48East and West
21:49the Soviet
21:49bloc
21:50the US
21:50led Western
21:51bloc
21:51are looking
21:51at one another
21:52in deeply
21:54suspicious
21:54mistrustful
21:55terms
21:55and of course
21:57the Cold War
21:58contains
21:59within itself
22:00the seeds
22:01of a hot war
22:01whenever there
22:02is a local
22:02crisis somewhere
22:03in the developing
22:04world
22:05the Cold War
22:05has that
22:06potentiality
22:07to go hot
22:08and to go
22:08nuclear hot.
22:12Any prime minister
22:13including Antony Eden
22:14has to have
22:15a very confident
22:16optimistic view
22:17of their country
22:18but they also
22:19have to be realistic.
22:20You can get a glimpse
22:21of this
22:21when you see people
22:22dealing with
22:23Donald Trump.
22:24My goodness
22:24you want to be
22:25idealistic
22:26you want to stand
22:27up for the right
22:27thing
22:28but you're also
22:28aware that this
22:29is a man
22:30who has the
22:30largest economy
22:31in the world
22:32who has nuclear
22:33weapons
22:33and the consequences
22:34for your own
22:34country could be
22:35completely
22:37catastrophic.
22:39Suez Crisis
22:40wasn't born
22:41in Downing Street
22:52It began
22:53three months earlier
22:54with an act
22:55of defiance
22:56by Egypt's
22:57president
22:57Gamal Abdel Nasser
23:03On the 26th of July
23:051956
23:06Nasser is preparing
23:08to give a speech
23:09to his people
23:10It's a speech
23:11that will go down
23:12as a pivotal moment
23:13in Egyptian history
23:18But all is not
23:20as it seems
23:38Nasser is driven
23:40to Alexandria
23:42and he's greeted
23:44by huge crowds
23:58Manchea Square
23:59was packed
24:00with about
24:01a quarter
24:01of a million
24:02people
24:02an absolutely
24:03enormous crowd
24:04who turned out
24:06to hear him speak
24:06and it was also
24:07broadcast
24:08on Voice of the Arabs
24:09his radio station
24:24Nasser begins
24:25his speech
24:26really highlighting
24:27the humiliation
24:28that Egypt
24:29has historically
24:30endured
24:30as a result
24:31of the
24:32British-Egyptian
24:34relationship
24:40as he's giving
24:41his speech
24:42Egyptian troops
24:44are stationed
24:44outside
24:45the Suez Canal
24:46company
24:54When Nasser is
24:56speaking to the
24:56Egyptian people
24:57he's telling them
24:58to raise their heads
24:59and be proud
25:00that they are Egyptian
25:04and then he started
25:05talking about
25:06Ferdinand de Lesseps
25:10who had built
25:11the Suez Canal
25:11in the 19th century
25:14and then he started
25:15repeating it
25:16de Lesseps
25:17de Lesseps
25:18de Lesseps
25:20and people weren't
25:21quite sure
25:21what was going on
25:22but the reason is
25:23that was a signal
25:40The Lesseps
25:41is a co-word
25:43and
25:43for Egyptian troops
25:44that's the moment
25:46to enter
25:46and take control
25:49Egyptian officers
25:50stormed the officers
25:51of the Suez Canal
25:52company
25:53and drove
25:55the British out
25:55took it
25:56for Egypt
25:58When Nasser
25:59learns
26:00that his troops
26:00have successfully
26:01taken control
26:02of the Suez Canal
26:03company
26:04he tells the crowd
26:05in Manchea Square
26:06He was able
26:07to announce
26:08tonight I can tell you
26:09that this canal
26:10this Egyptian canal
26:12will be run
26:12from now on
26:13by us
26:13by Egyptians
26:21This was such
26:22an important
26:22nationalistic
26:23moment
26:24that there
26:25was a huge
26:26celebration
26:26a massive
26:27party broke out
26:31Fireworks
26:32were set off
26:32people were
26:33celebrating
26:34singing
26:34chanting
26:35crying
26:39Egyptian people
26:40wholeheartedly
26:42identified
26:43with
26:44their
26:45president
26:50There's always
26:50been this promise
26:52that Egypt
26:52could control
26:53its own destiny
26:54that one day
26:54one day
26:55the canal
26:55might be
26:56Egyptian
26:56but it's
26:57happened
26:57it's happened
26:58in their
26:58lifetimes
26:58it's happened
26:59in this moment
26:59and it's
27:00Nasser
27:01that's made
27:01it happen
27:04from that moment
27:06he becomes
27:07an international
27:08symbol
27:09of resistance
27:10to colonial rule
27:20meanwhile
27:21in 10
27:21Downing Street
27:22that evening
27:23Antony Eden
27:23was actually
27:24holding
27:24a rather fancy
27:25dinner party
27:26for King
27:26Faisal II
27:27of Iraq
27:28with his old
27:28friend
27:29Nouriyah
27:29Said
27:29the Prime
27:30Minister
27:30of Iraq
27:31there as well
27:33I've had dinner
27:34in that room
27:35in Downing Street
27:35it's a lovely
27:36intimate room
27:37in which
27:38all the most
27:38famous people
27:39in the world
27:39have dined
27:40and Eden
27:41is serving
27:42this dinner
27:42formal dinner
27:45and he suddenly
27:46hears that
27:47Nasser
27:48who he knows
27:49and who he thought
27:50he'd developed
27:50a relationship
27:51with
27:51has physically
27:52attacked
27:53with troops
27:54the Suez Canal
27:55and seized it
27:56it's an incredible
27:57moment of humiliation
27:58but he hears it
27:59with his friend
28:00Nouriyah Said
28:01the Iraqi Prime
28:02Minister
28:02and Nouriyah Said
28:04is an Arab
28:04and Nouriyah Said
28:05is advising Eden
28:07that the only thing
28:08that Nasser
28:08understands
28:09is strength
28:10and he needs to act
28:11and of course
28:12I relate to that too
28:13because one of the ways
28:14we often went wrong
28:15in Iraq or Afghanistan
28:15is when an Iraqi
28:17or an Afghan friend
28:19told us to do something
28:20we would tend
28:21to believe them
28:21even if subsequently
28:23they turned out
28:23to be completely wrong
28:29Eden sees it
28:30it's complete theft
28:31it's a personal outrage
28:32it's a personal insult
28:35he's the one
28:36who negotiated
28:37the 1954
28:37Anglo-Egyptian treaty
28:38he's the one
28:39who agreed
28:40to pull British forces out
28:41he's the one
28:42who said
28:42it was an act
28:42of faith in Egypt
28:43and here's Nasser
28:45breaking that faith
28:47the distressing thing
28:48for Eden
28:48is that Nasser's actions
28:50are entirely legal
28:52Nasser didn't steal
28:54the Suez Canal Company
28:55it was Egyptian land
28:56he compensated
28:57the shareholders
28:59of the Suez Canal Company
29:00exactly as he should
29:03on the one hand
29:04we will think
29:05okay what Nasser did
29:06was perfectly reasonable
29:08everybody's nationalizing
29:09he nationalizes
29:09he's paid the shareholders
29:12but it doesn't feel like that
29:13at all
29:15it's not just a building
29:17he's seized
29:18he's seized the jugular throat
29:21of Britain
29:22this is the canal
29:24down which everything comes
29:26it's the most important
29:28strategic asset
29:29in the world
29:29it would be insane
29:31from Eden's point of view
29:32to just let
29:33a guy who's cozying up
29:34to the Soviet Union
29:35he sees that asset
29:36and for Britain
29:38which still sees itself
29:39as a significant global power
29:40not to stand up
29:42for its businesses
29:42not to stand up
29:43for its strategic interests
29:44the Suez Canal
29:45is a name familiar
29:47to everyone
29:48Eden's attitude
29:49to Nasser
29:49changes overnight
29:50he is determined
29:52to take back
29:53the Suez Canal
29:55but convincing
29:56the British people
29:57to go to war
29:58isn't going to be easy
29:59but this has created
30:00a very grave situation
30:02on the 8th of August
30:031956
30:04he broadcasts
30:06to the nation
30:06our quarrel
30:08is not with Egypt
30:09still less
30:10with the Arab world
30:11it is with Colonel Nasser
30:13when he gained power
30:14in Egypt
30:15we felt no hostility
30:17towards him
30:18but he has shown
30:19that he's not a man
30:21who can be trusted
30:22to keep an agreement
30:23but this
30:25I must make play
30:27we cannot agree
30:29that an act of plunder
30:31which threatens
30:32the livelihood
30:33of many nations
30:34shall be allowed
30:36to succeed
30:39Eden argued
30:41that the seizure
30:41of the Suez Canal
30:42fundamentally threatened
30:44British interests
30:45and that essentially
30:46Nasser couldn't be trusted
30:48with operating
30:49this really important
30:51strategic waterway
30:52this is imperial arrogance
30:54plain and simple
30:55Eden genuinely believed
30:57that they could manipulate
30:58weaker nations
30:59and get them to do
31:01what they wanted
31:01without consequence
31:03do you think it's time
31:04we took strong action
31:05in the Middle East
31:05I certainly don't
31:07my own personal opinion
31:08is that we've done
31:09the right thing
31:09well I think it's time
31:11we made a show of force
31:15the British Empire
31:16has been created
31:16by endlessly intervening
31:18in other people's countries
31:19very successfully
31:21militarily
31:21it is absolutely the case
31:23that the Egyptian army
31:24is pretty useless
31:24and if you move
31:25quickly enough
31:25you can seize the Suez Canal
31:27get your paratroopers
31:28on the ground
31:28you know what you're doing
31:29because you've just been
31:29fighting in the Second World War
31:33so he's not paralysed
31:35in the way
31:35that we would be today
31:36by the sense of
31:37is it all going to go wrong
31:39can we do it
31:40he has literally
31:42only one risk
31:44to worry about
31:45and that's the United States
31:47and that's the one thing
31:49that he assumes
31:49when push comes to shove
31:51isn't going to go wrong
31:52because who is America
31:53going to choose in the end
31:54obviously they're going to
31:55choose their allies
32:01Dwight Eisenhower
32:03didn't trust
32:04Colonel Nassar
32:07but Dwight Eisenhower
32:09didn't hate
32:10Colonel Nassar
32:13Britain viewed America
32:15in the 1950s
32:17as a bit of a sugar daddy
32:18America would always be there
32:20with bags of cash
32:22and would not expect
32:25much in return
32:28America shouldn't tell Britain
32:30what to do
32:31America should just
32:33keep on writing checks
32:35It's possible to go on
32:37arguing who was the aggressor
32:39Antony Eden
32:40wants America
32:43to back his war
32:44but Eisenhower
32:46is fighting an election
32:47and American presidents
32:50don't get re-elected
32:52because they sent
32:53American boys
32:55overseas to die
32:56in foreigners' wars
33:00So Dwight Eisenhower
33:03says no
33:04we will not support you
33:07do not go to war
33:10in Egypt
33:14It is completely
33:15flabbergasting
33:17for Eden
33:18this matters to him
33:20intensely
33:20emotionally
33:21intellectually
33:22this is his big project
33:24this is his big moment
33:25which is going to
33:27help define
33:28not just Britain's role
33:29but the future shape
33:30of the world
33:31The UK
33:32fought alone
33:33at the beginning
33:34of the Second World War
33:34and then was joined
33:35by the US
33:36and they fought
33:37as equal partners
33:40and Britain came out
33:42of the Second World War
33:43permanent member
33:44of the Security Council
33:45with France
33:47feeling that they
33:48along with the US
33:49and Russia
33:50were a great global power
33:52they had a special
33:54relationship with the US
33:55but it was taken for granted
33:56that it was more like
33:57the relationship
33:57between Batman
33:59and Superman
34:00they had slightly
34:01different powers
34:02but they were sort of
34:03equals working together
34:06Suez suddenly reveals
34:07that isn't the deal
34:08at all
34:08it's Batman and Robin
34:10and from now onwards
34:12suddenly it's revealed
34:13that you're not
34:15an independent actor
34:16you're a sidekick
34:17and you cannot do anything
34:20without the demands
34:22of the US
34:26Without Eisenhower's backing
34:28Eden cannot attack Egypt
34:30and take back
34:31the Suez Canal
34:41but then
34:42three months later
34:44everything changes
34:45after weeks of stalemate
34:47the Suez crisis
34:48bursts dramatically
34:49into the news again
34:50for Israel
34:51has invaded Egypt
34:52Britain and France
34:53have declared
34:53the canal in danger
34:57the pretext
34:58for Israel invading
34:59Egypt
35:00was effectively
35:01skirmishes
35:02that had been
35:03taking place
35:04on the Egyptian
35:04Israeli border
35:06and the Israeli invasion
35:08was very much
35:09regarded
35:10as an act of war
35:13the French Prime Minister
35:14Guy Mollet
35:15went to London
35:16for urgent talks
35:17about this
35:18with Anthony Eden
35:19and on the 30th
35:20of October
35:21at 4.15pm
35:23Guy Mollet
35:23and Anthony Eden
35:24issued their ultimatum
35:26to Israel and Egypt
35:27and what this ultimatum
35:28said
35:29is that
35:30both those countries
35:31had to stop fighting
35:32they had to withdraw
35:3310 miles from the canal
35:35and they had to accept
35:36an Anglo-French force
35:38to occupy
35:39and secure
35:39the canal zone
35:41and what's more
35:42they had to do this
35:43within just 12 hours
35:45Nazar reacted
35:46to the ultimatum
35:47exactly as
35:48you would expect
35:49him to react
35:50which was to
35:51absolutely refuse it
35:52he was not going
35:53to be told
35:53what to do
35:54by Britain
35:55and France
35:56in his own country
35:58he will do
36:00what it takes
36:00to defend Egypt
36:03Nazar's refusal
36:04gives Eden
36:05the excuse
36:06he needs
36:06to send
36:07British soldiers
36:08back into Egypt
36:09to protect
36:10the Suez Canal
36:12but it is all
36:14a cynical pretext
36:15the whole thing
36:17was so
36:18underhand
36:19and deceitful
36:21and outrageous
36:22Nazar himself
36:24could barely believe
36:25that it could have
36:26happened
36:44at 11am on the 6th of November
36:46Eden had to go to parliament
36:47because it was the state opening
36:49of parliament
36:49a fairly major event
36:51in the British parliamentary calendar
36:56so the queen was there
36:57arriving in the state coach
36:59and she of course
37:00and the lords
37:01had to read out
37:01the queen's speech
37:02which had been written
37:03for her
37:04by the government
37:04of the day
37:06my government
37:07have been gravely concerned
37:09of the outbreak
37:10of hostilities
37:11between Israel
37:12and Egypt
37:12they resolved
37:14in conjunction
37:15with the French government
37:16to make a quick
37:17and decisive intervention
37:19to protect the lives
37:21of our nationals
37:22and to safeguard
37:23the Suez Canal
37:24by separating the combatants
37:26and restoring peace
37:29but what she delivers
37:31is a pack of lies
37:32her government
37:34are openly misleading
37:35the British people
37:36and parliament
37:37about the real truth
37:38of what's happening
37:39at Suez
37:55two weeks earlier
37:57on the 22nd of October
37:59at a villa
38:00in a quiet suburb
38:01of Paris
38:02called Sevres
38:03a group of politicians
38:05met in secret
38:09it was a private villa
38:10owned by a friend
38:12of a government minister
38:13so this is a very
38:13discreet location
38:14and this was worthy
38:16of a James Bond sequence
38:19among the men
38:20gathered in Sevres
38:21are French premier
38:22Guy Mollet
38:23and Israeli prime minister
38:25and Israeli prime minister
38:26David Ben-Gurion
38:29at around 4pm
38:31Eden's representative
38:33British foreign secretary
38:34Selwyn Lloyd
38:35arrives
38:37these three countries
38:39had assembled
38:40their representatives
38:41in secret
38:41to plan
38:42a secret war
38:44all of them
38:45wanted to get rid
38:47of Gamal Abdel Nasser
38:50this is a moment
38:51where Eden
38:52but also France
38:54and Israel
38:54have convinced themselves
38:56that this man Nasser
38:57is an existential threat
38:58we hear that a lot
38:59Israel calls Iran
39:01an existential threat
39:02Hezbollah is an existential threat
39:03and the problem
39:05in politics
39:06is you can never
39:07really prove
39:07whether somebody
39:08is or isn't
39:09you're guessing
39:10about the future
39:13but of course
39:14once you create
39:15these systems
39:16you can create
39:17a very elaborate
39:18and convincing story
39:19for why this particular
39:21man Nasser
39:21is leading
39:22a pro-Soviet
39:24anti-Western
39:25nationalist movement
39:26that will completely
39:27destroy the position
39:28of the West
39:29and Eden thinks
39:30Nasser is the most
39:31dangerous thing
39:31that he's seen
39:32since Hitler
39:35They all had to
39:36really work through
39:37the details
39:38of this plan
39:39in Sev
39:39and they were all
39:41taking a huge risk
39:42because this was
39:43being planned in secret
39:44so this was less
39:45of a straightforward
39:46planning mission
39:47and more of a conspiracy
39:53The Israelis wanted
39:54a cast iron pledge
39:55that the UK
39:56would come in
39:58and destroy
39:59Egypt's air force
40:01if they had the pledge
40:02they would invade Egypt
40:04The British view is
40:06they wanted
40:07the invasion of Egypt
40:08to happen first
40:09then they would intervene
40:11because the British
40:12didn't want to be regarded
40:14when history
40:15came to tell
40:16the story of Suez
40:17as instigators
40:19they wanted to be seen
40:20as responders
40:23What the French
40:24outline
40:25is a plan for Israel
40:26to attack Egypt
40:28which would then
40:29give a cause for war
40:30for Britain and France
40:32They could point back
40:33to that 1954
40:34Anglo-Egyptian treaty
40:35to that clause
40:35that said that Britain
40:37could go back
40:38and take control
40:39if the Suez Canal
40:40was ever under threat
40:41The French are very clever
40:43they pitch it
40:43as an idea
40:44that's come from
40:45the Israelis
40:46When the French
40:47pitch it to the Israelis
40:48they pitch it to them
40:49as an idea
40:49that's come from Britain
40:51Israeli Prime Minister
40:52David Bangoram
40:52records in his diary
40:53how it was a British idea
40:55that they invade Egypt
40:59After two days
41:01the men forge a secret plot
41:02the pretext for a war
41:04to topple Nasser
41:05and return control
41:07of the Suez Canal
41:08to Britain
41:10The plan they came up with
41:11was so extraordinary
41:13and so foolhardy
41:15that actually afterwards
41:16lots of people
41:17would find it very difficult
41:18to believe it was true
41:22The plan is
41:23Israel will invade Egypt
41:26on the false pretext
41:27that Egypt
41:28had attacked them first
41:29Then Britain and France
41:31will demand
41:32that both sides cease fire
41:33and withdraw 10 miles
41:35from the Suez Canal
41:36The conspirators
41:38are gambling
41:38that Nasser
41:39will refuse the ultimatum
41:40while Israeli troops
41:41are still inside
41:42Egypt's borders
41:43This would then
41:44give Britain and France
41:46the excuse they need
41:47to launch an attack
41:48from their military bases
41:49in Cyprus
41:50They would invade Egypt
41:52topple Nasser
41:53and take back control
41:54of the Suez Canal
41:56all under the guise
41:57of a peacekeeping mission
42:00The plan they came up with
42:02went under the name
42:03of the Protocol of Sevres
42:04It was a complete piece
42:06of deceit
42:07from start to finish
42:08It required Israel
42:10to kind of masquerade
42:11as this lone aggressor
42:14when in fact
42:14it was being backed
42:15by Britain and France
42:19This is dirty international
42:22politics at its worst
42:25Along the way
42:27a lot of innocent people
42:28and they'll be primarily
42:29Egyptians
42:29are going to die
42:33Eden creates
42:34this incredibly complicated
42:35secret scheme
42:38and what that tells you
42:39is that this is still
42:40a moment in world history
42:41where international law matters
42:43and where the UN matters
42:44and where you feel
42:45you have to at least pretend
42:47that you're following
42:48proper legal procedures
42:49It's not like today
42:50where Donald Trump says
42:51I'll have Greenland
42:52and makes literally
42:53no legal
42:54or moral arguments
42:55for doing it
42:56Eden thinks that
42:58he needs to keep
42:59at least a fig leaf
43:00that what he's doing
43:02is separating Israel
43:04and Egypt
43:04and that will make it easier
43:05with international opinion
43:08After Selwyn Lloyd
43:09had left Sevre
43:10the two British negotiators
43:12could hear a typewriter going
43:14they didn't really know
43:15what was going on
43:16and then the French
43:17came out with this document
43:18in French
43:19that they wanted them
43:20to sign
43:21and this is the protocol
43:22of Sevre
43:23it kind of sets down
43:24our whole plan
43:25and that was quite scary
43:27as a moment
43:27because they hadn't been told
43:28there would be anything
43:29for them to sign
43:30and it was supposed
43:30to be very secret
43:31so they were thinking
43:32well should we sign this
43:35but also they hadn't been told
43:36not to sign anything
43:39so in the end
43:41they signed it
43:42but they said
43:42this was pending approval
43:44from the British government
43:59when the British negotiators
44:01arrived back in London
44:02with their signed copy
44:03of the protocol
44:04to show it to Eden
44:05he lost his temper
44:08Eden tears his hair out
44:10he cannot believe
44:13that this has been committed
44:14to paper
44:16this was supposed to be
44:17a secret war
44:18and they'd signed
44:19this document
44:20that was like
44:20a smoking gun
44:22saying exactly
44:23what was going on
44:24Eden wanted to start a war
44:26he just didn't want
44:27anyone to know about it
44:30he immediately ordered
44:32that the document
44:32be destroyed
44:33and he sent the negotiators
44:35straight back
44:35on a plane to France
44:36to tell the French
44:37and Israelis
44:38that they had to destroy
44:39their copy too
44:40well they weren't going
44:41to do that
44:43this is Eden's
44:44worst nightmare
44:47he's a man
44:47who throughout his life
44:48has been principled
44:50diplomatic
44:51and the one time
44:52that he
44:54decides to go
44:55against all of that
44:56because of his own
44:56personal hatred
44:57there's evidence
44:59there's written evidence
45:00that might one day
45:01come to light
45:15at around 3 p.m.
45:16on the 6th of November
45:17as British and French
45:19troops push closer
45:20to the Suez Canal
45:22Anthony Eden
45:22telephones French
45:24Prime Minister
45:24Guy Mollet
45:26Eden was under
45:27tremendous pressure
45:28he was under pressure
45:29from the Soviets
45:30who were threatening
45:32a possible nuclear attack
45:33and Mollet
45:34kind of pleaded with him
45:35and just said
45:36could we do another
45:37two to three days
45:38just occupy more of the canal
45:39just try and take it
45:40try and finish
45:40this operation
45:42and Eden said
45:43no I can't
45:44I don't think we can hold on
45:45and Mollet said
45:46try to
45:51as the sun sets
45:52on the 6th of November
45:53the Served Protocol
45:54is no longer
45:55just a secret pact
45:57it's a war
45:58unfolding in real time
46:00and Anthony Eden
46:01knows it could all
46:02come crashing down
46:04the truth
46:05is circling
46:06and Britain's darkest hours
46:08are still ahead
46:12later that night
46:13the French Defense Department
46:15receives intelligence
46:16from a reliable source
46:17that six Russian submarines
46:19have been spotted
46:20approaching Egypt
46:21is World War 3
46:23about to break out
46:25so
46:27yeah
46:35yeah
46:36yeah
46:59A CIDADE NO BRASIL
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