00:00The time can extend or be contracted according to the place where we are.
00:04If you climb the summit of a very high mountain,
00:07the time will go a little bit faster than if you were in a valley.
00:11This phenomenon is due to gravity and the way it affects the time.
00:15We only see it in our daily life.
00:18But for scientists and space agencies who prepare missions on the Moon,
00:22these small differences of time have a real importance.
00:25We will answer the question, why, a little later.
00:32At the moment, a new course to space is going on.
00:36Many countries want to establish a long-term basis on our satellites.
00:40With human beings on the Moon,
00:42it becomes crucial to have a reliable measure of time.
00:46Or, the Moon does not turn to Earth.
00:48A day on the Moon is slightly faster than a day on Earth.
00:52The difference is about 56 microsecondes, and it seems insignificant.
00:55But through the time, this slight difference can lead to an accumulation and problems.
01:01That's why, to ensure the good progress of lunar missions and avoid all synchronization,
01:08the NASA and the scientists of the whole world
01:10have today a challenge of size.
01:12Create a very new scale of time lunar.
01:17The NASA should start using it until 2026.
01:21It's this same year that it is expected to send astronauts on the Moon
01:24for the first time since 50 years.
01:26But this new scale of time is not just a space horary lunar.
01:30It is in fact a complete system that will adapt to the Moon
01:35and ensure the synchronization of the Earth.
01:39It is at this condition that missions will be happening without encombring.
01:43On Earth, the measure of time is already incredibly complicated.
01:47We could think that time is a simple concept.
01:50But measure the time with precision is in fact a science exact.
01:54Especially if we consider how much this affects our lives every day.
01:58So, to ensure the coordination of time at the worldwide scale,
02:02scientists are focused on what we call the Universe Universe Coordonnée, or UTC.
02:07This world's time temporal world is based on an atomic clocks ultra precise
02:12that scientists have installed in different places around the world.
02:16The atomic clocks are interesting because they measure the time
02:19based on the constant vibrations of atoms,
02:22which makes them extremely stable and precise.
02:24They allow scientists to ensure that their UTC is the same for all the world,
02:29everywhere.
02:31These atomic clocks are also taking into account
02:33the fact that the time moves slightly more slowly
02:36as soon as we approach the center of our planet.
02:39Ainsi, the atomic clocks placed closer to the surface of the Earth
02:43turn a little more slowly,
02:45because of the gravitational gravitational force.
02:47This effect, explained by the theory of the relativity of Einstein,
02:51is due to the fact that gravity affects the time.
02:53In addition to the atomic clocks at different heights,
02:57scientists establish a median of all the minuscule
03:00decalages temporels caused by the gravity.
03:03In other words, for a precise measure of time,
03:05scientists add occasionally
03:07the seconds intercalaires
03:09to take into account of the small variations
03:11of the speed of rotation of the Earth.
03:14This is very complex,
03:15but this synchronization process allows the modern world to function.
03:19After all,
03:20a well defined hour is essential for the world commerce
03:23navigation by GPS
03:24and the communications by Internet.
03:26But on the Moon, the time works differently.
03:29The gravitation rate of our natural satellite
03:31is less weak than the Earth.
03:34So, the horrors turn a little more quickly on the Moon.
03:37This difference means that,
03:39without correction,
03:40these horrors may be very slow
03:41in order to move slowly
03:42from the Earth.
03:44It can cause big problems
03:45when astronauts
03:47are in contact
03:48with the Earth
03:49or navigate
03:50on the lunar surface.
03:52The solution
03:52proposed by NASA,
03:54one
03:54scale of time
03:55lunar.
03:56The scientists
03:57don't want to adjust
03:58the horrors lunar
03:59to exactly
04:00correspond to the Earth.
04:02They want
04:02to establish a unique
04:04system
04:04which measures
04:05the lunar lunar
04:06with precision,
04:07but also easy
04:08to convert
04:09in Earth.
04:10It is in a way
04:11to create
04:12a new reference
04:13for the Moon.
04:14To make
04:15this system
04:16lunar lunar system,
04:17the NASA collaborates
04:18with its international
04:19international
04:19like the European Space
04:21Space
04:22and the European Space
04:23are in place
04:24the Lunanet.
04:25This lunar lunar
04:25will be a bit like
04:26the Internet of the Moon.
04:27It will be able
04:28to make all the lunar lunar
04:29functions
04:30and align with
04:32their Earth.
04:33As the atomic lunar lunar
04:34coordinates
04:35to determine
04:35their UTC
04:36on Earth,
04:37the lunar lunar lunar
04:38will be able
04:39to coordinate
04:39with the lunar lunar lunar
04:42The scientists
04:43have a good experience
04:44in the space
04:44management
04:45The Earth
04:46of the global position
04:48which orbit
04:49around the Earth
04:50at about 20.000 km
04:51altitude
04:52are equipped
04:53with atomic clocks
04:54These clocks
04:55turn faster
04:56than the clocks
04:56at the surface
04:57of the Earth
04:58because they are very
04:59far away from the
05:00gravitational gravitational
05:01terrestre.
05:02But then,
05:03how can the GPS navigation
05:04be precise?
05:05Well, scientists
05:07have found the way
05:08to slow down
05:08these clocks
05:09to correspond
05:10to the Earth
05:11This experience
05:12with the GPS
05:13is an excellent
05:15base
05:15for what scientists
05:16are looking for
05:16on the Moon.
05:17At some point,
05:19this could even
05:20be easier
05:20than to manage
05:21the GPS
05:22The scientists
05:23can work directly
05:24with the lunar lunar
05:25instead of constantly
05:27adjust them
05:27for they
05:28corresponding
05:28to the Earth
05:29in place
05:31a lunar lunar
05:32precise
05:32scientists
05:33expect to avoid
05:34some of the complications
05:35liées
05:36to the management
05:36of the GPS
05:38And now,
05:39here is the most passionate aspect
05:41For the measure
05:42of the lunar lunar
05:43to become reality
05:43the NASA
05:44and its partners
05:45want to install
05:46des horloges
05:47both on the surface
05:48lunaire
05:49and on the satellites
05:50in orbit
05:51around the Moon
05:52Certains
05:53will be
05:53atomics
05:54long
05:54long
05:55long
05:55long
05:55long
05:55long
05:55long
05:56long
05:56long
05:56long
05:56long
05:56long
05:56long
05:56long
06:03long
06:06long
06:06long
06:06long
06:06long
06:06long
06:07long
06:07long
06:19long
06:20long
06:20long
06:20long
06:20long
06:21long
06:21long
06:21long
06:21long
06:21long
06:22long
06:23long
06:23thanks to the Lunanet network, which will be the head of NASA for all of which
06:27concerns the time and data sources based on the Lune.
06:30The Lunanet will act as an Internet for the lunar operations, different
06:34space agencies will contribute, such as the suppliers of access to Internet on Earth.
06:39But there is another series of challenges, once again to the rotation of the Lune.
06:44First, a day on the Lune will be much longer than a day on our planet,
06:48because it takes to the Lune around 28 days terrestres to effect a complete rotation.
06:54In addition, the equator of the Lune has around 14 days of solar light
06:58followed 14 days of obscurity, compared to the cycle regular days of the Earth.
07:03And at the center of the Lune, where the NASA will establish its future lunar missions,
07:07certain areas remain clear or in the dark, in permanence.
07:11This could complicate the task of astronauts who want to keep the notion of time.
07:15The NASA and its partners expect to have more countries in this project,
07:20by the means of international organizations such as the International Union International Union.
07:24The idea is to adopt the scale of the lunar space by the most large number of nations possible,
07:29so that all those who explore the Lune are on the same length of the Earth.
07:34Another fascinating aspect of this project is that the determination of the lunar space
07:38could be useful during other space missions later, like the trips to Mars.
07:43L'expérience et les connaissances que nous obtiendrons en établissant une échelle de temps lunaire
07:48serviront probablement de modèles pour la gestion du temps sur des planètes encore plus lointaines.
07:52C'est l'une des raisons pour lesquelles les scientifiques prennent ce projet très au sérieux.
07:57Pour les astronautes vivant sur la Lune, un système de temps cohérent et fiable sera essentiel,
08:02non seulement pour la navigation, mais aussi pour tout ce qui concerne les expériences scientifiques
08:07et les activités quotidiennes. Le projet de la NASA sur le temps lunaire est véritablement révolutionnaire.
08:14Il s'agit d'une première étape, au moment où l'humanité commence à s'aventurer dans l'espace.
08:19Si le projet réussit, les futurs astronautes ne disposeront pas seulement du temps terrestre pour les guider.
08:24Ils auront aussi ce temps lunaire, et même, un jour, un temps martien.
08:29Mesurer le temps avec précision est primordial, tant pour comprendre scientifiquement comment s'écoule le temps sur la Lune,
08:35que pour la mise en place de l'infrastructure nécessaire à la réalisation des missions.
08:39Si les scientifiques sont si désireux de créer une nouvelle échelle de temps,
08:42c'est aussi parce qu'ils sont aujourd'hui en mesure d'appliquer tout ce qu'ils ont appris sur
08:46Terre
08:47ces dernières décennies en matière de synchronisation et de chronométrage.
08:51Et voilà, mon temps est écoulé. Salut !
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