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Göbekli Tepe in Turkey holds secrets that challenge our understanding of ancient history. With intricate stone circles exhibiting remarkable geometric accuracy, this site suggests advanced planning long before recorded civilization. As archaeologists delve deeper, they question the timeline of human history and the sophisticated knowledge our ancestors may have possessed. What truths lie beneath the surface?
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00:01Stone Age people were grunting cavemen with spears.
00:05True or false?
00:07Absolutely false.
00:08They were gathering around and forming real culture as far as we've discovered.
00:13In Turkey, scientists uncovered a 12,000-year-old mystery that's revising history.
00:19It's a sophisticated cosmic calendar made out of giant stone temples
00:24that may actually be a warning from the stars.
00:28We're talking about Gobekli Tepe.
00:31This prehistorical site predates even Stonehenge, our classical stone ring circle, by 6,000 years.
00:39And it upends why we think Stone Age civilizations emerged and thrived.
00:44Here's how this discovery could change our collective history.
00:49Around 10,850 BCE, a massive comet, or better yet, a bunch of comet fragments,
00:56smashed into Earth.
00:58The skies darkened, the temperature dropped, big animals vanished,
01:03and it kicked off a mini ice age that lasted over 1,200 years.
01:08What's now a place called Gobekli Tepe was home to a group of humans who survived this entire chaotic event.
01:16After it happened, they started paying close attention to the sky.
01:20As a way of trying to control time a little bit more,
01:24they tracked the movements of the sun, the moon, the planets, and comets.
01:28This, in turn, led them to build a huge lunisolar calendar, the first one in the world.
01:35Now, if you were to tour around this classic Stone Age monument,
01:39you'd see that not all the stone pillars are blank.
01:42Some of them have carvings, like this main one with a bunch of Vs on it.
01:46Turns out, there are 365 Vs, which scientists believe represent the days of the solar year.
01:54One of them, a V hanging on a bird's neck, is thought to mark a solar eclipse.
02:00Other pillars have dangerous animals carved on them,
02:03like foxes, lions, scorpions, vultures, twisting and crawling up the sides.
02:09Unlike typical Stone Age carvings, these weren't of edible animals like deer or sheep.
02:15One of the theories is that these drawings were symbolic.
02:19Some archaeologists believe they reflect the fears and chaos this civilization had lived through,
02:24a kind of collective attempt to make sense of a terrifying and unpredictable world.
02:30Archaeologist Danielle Stordor has highlighted the images of vultures,
02:34saying they represent the people who passed away.
02:38In some ancient cultures, vultures were believed to carry the souls of the deceased into another realm.
02:44She's seen similar symbols in ancient sites nearby.
02:48To understand why this all makes sense, we need to dig deeper into the real purpose of this site.
02:55Gobekli Tepe was discovered in 1994 by German archaeologist Klaus Schmidt,
03:01who realized that the hill in southeastern Turkey wasn't just another Neolithic mound.
03:07Underneath it, his team uncovered massive stone circles, supported by pillars weighing up to 20 tons.
03:15Radiocarbon dating puts the site at around 12,000 years old,
03:19making it the oldest known ceremonial structure ever built.
03:23I mean, it predates the Egyptian pyramids by over 7,000 years.
03:28This discovery shocked the archaeological world.
03:31At the end of the Ice Age, humans were supposed to be nomadic,
03:35surviving off wild plants and animals,
03:38not building sacred complexes with symbolic art,
03:41and giving birth to what we now classify as civilization.
03:45We usually think civilization starts with farming, then villages, then crops.
03:51But this site suggests something more surprising.
03:54Early humans may have come together not to grow food, but to worship.
04:00Schmidt found no signs of homes, hearths, or permanent settlement.
04:04Just stuff used for rituals and gatherings.
04:07This has led researchers to believe that spirituality and communal rituals came first
04:13and that farming followed.
04:15Because to build something this massive, you'd need hundreds of people working together,
04:20which in turn would have sparked the need for food, organization, and social structure.
04:25In other words, the temple came first, then the village, then the farm.
04:31Now, Gobekli Tepe isn't just stirring debate because it's old.
04:35It's because it seems too advanced for its time.
04:38And that's where the more controversial theories start to emerge.
04:42Some researchers believe the builders of Gobekli Tepe weren't simply primitive hunter-gatherers
04:48experimenting with stone tools.
04:50They may have been the inheritors of ancient knowledge,
04:53remnants of a much older civilization that existed before the end of the last ice age.
04:59This idea ties into the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis,
05:03a theory that a comet struck Earth around 10,850 years ago,
05:09triggering a sudden and catastrophic climate shift.
05:12According to this view, the survivors of that event
05:15passed down their knowledge through symbolism, architecture, and oral tradition.
05:21And Gobekli Tepe could be one of the earliest attempts to preserve that memory.
05:26Now, if that's true, then the carvings at this site,
05:30especially the animal symbols on the pillars, are just decorative.
05:33They could be astronomical codes, tracking constellations and celestial events.
05:39But one pillar might hold the biggest secret of all.
05:43It's called the Vulture Stone, and it's freaking archaeologists out.
05:48On it, you'll find a strange combination of figures,
05:52a headless man, birds, and a scorpion.
05:57To the untrained eye, it might seem random.
06:00But some researchers believe these are ancient representations of constellations,
06:06like Scorpius among them.
06:07And that the headless man symbolizes a mass extinction event.
06:12Some even argue that this is the oldest known record of a comet impact,
06:16the one that triggered the Younger Dryas.
06:20And if you're wondering who this older lost civilization might have been,
06:24they are called Atlantis, or more neutrally, Civilization X.
06:30Theorists like Graham Hancock suggest that this advanced culture,
06:34destroyed in the chaos of the comet impact,
06:37passed fragments of its knowledge to survivors around the globe.
06:40In that case, Gobekli Tepe wasn't the start of civilization,
06:45it was the restart.
06:48Now, back to the stones.
06:51Pillar 43 may look like a celestial calendar at first,
06:54but when archaeologists recreated the sky patterns encoded in its carvings,
06:59they found a precise snapshot of the sky dating back over 13,000 years.
07:04It appears to show a meteor shower, a flood, and humanity's tragic end,
07:11a.k.a. the headless man.
07:13A snake rising from the ground might even symbolize tidal waves
07:17or destruction coming from below.
07:20But the story doesn't end there.
07:23Pillar seems to expand on the same disaster,
07:26the one they called the terror of the sky.
07:29You might see animals fleeing, waves, fire raining down.
07:33It paints a vivid picture of the meteor shower.
07:37But wait!
07:38While pillars 43 and 56 may encode memories of a past catastrophe,
07:44pillar 18 might be a forecast.
07:47That stone zooms in on the Aquarius constellation.
07:51If this sounds familiar, maybe it's from the phase Age of Aquarius,
07:56which is the age we're living in now.
07:59Some enthusiasts believe this may be a warning for us.
08:02It may be telling us that a similar meteor shower will hit Earth,
08:06and thus, you and me and us.
08:09I mean, chills!
08:11But hey, that's the kind of mystery that makes Gobekli Tepe so captivating.
08:17Today, archaeologists know that Gobekli Tepe was part of a much larger sacred complex,
08:22now known as Tash Tepler.
08:24A network of ancient sites across the region,
08:29each with its own secrets and structures,
08:31but connected by shared patterns and motifs.
08:35In 2019, excavations began at this sister site,
08:39just 40 miles from Gobekli Tepe,
08:41known as Karahan Tepe.
08:43And here's the twist.
08:45Some researchers believe Karahan Tepe might be even older.
08:49Unlike Gobekli Tepe, which appears to have been primarily ceremonial,
08:54Karahan Tepe has signs of domestic structures,
08:57like walls, tools, and perhaps even homes.
09:01And that changes everything.
09:03Because whether these sites were the work of highly sophisticated hunter-gatherers
09:08or survivors carrying the fragments of a lost pre-Ice Age civilization,
09:12one thing becomes clear.
09:14Our ancestors weren't just surviving.
09:17They were planning, tracking, and predicting.
09:20They were far more capable, curious, and connected to the universe
09:24than we ever gave them credit for.
09:34Take a look at these stones.
09:36They seem ordinary at first glance.
09:38Just ancient slabs.
09:40Ruins of some buildings.
09:43However, unlike many other archaeological finds,
09:47this one is among the most mysterious and unique.
09:50Here's why.
09:55These stones are the remains of a large temple complex
09:58called Puma Punku, located in Bolivia.
10:01Scientists aren't certain, but it's likely that Puma Punku
10:05was built by the Tijuana Co. Empire,
10:07which existed between 300 and 1000 CE,
10:10before the Inca Empire.
10:14There is no information suggesting that this civilization
10:17had advanced building technologies.
10:19Moreover, they might not have even had a writing system.
10:23Every stone was carved and polished with astonishing precision.
10:27They fit together perfectly, like pieces of a puzzle.
10:30The craft is so refined
10:32that not even a razor blade can pass between the stones.
10:36Quite impressive for people who lived around 1,500 years ago.
10:39And these stones are heavy.
10:41The largest ones weighed around 130 tons.
10:44So, how did the builders transport such weight
10:47from one place to another?
10:49Scientists suggest that this civilization
10:52did not know about the invention of the wheel.
10:54So, how did they manage to build
10:56such a perfect engineering structure?
10:58Did Tijuana Co. have the knowledge and tools for stonework?
11:02Or did someone else build Puma Punku?
11:04There are several theories about this.
11:07Theory 1.
11:08There was some advanced civilization
11:10that came to South America,
11:12interacted with Tijuana Co.
11:14Built this engineering marvel,
11:16and then left.
11:17Theory 2.
11:18Some beings from another planet came to Earth,
11:21showed humans how to build perfect structures,
11:24and created Puma Punku.
11:26This theory is dubious.
11:27Another idea from this series
11:29suggests that Puma Punku
11:31was built by mythological creatures
11:33from the South American culture at that time.
11:36Theory 3.
11:37The most likely one.
11:38There is no mystery here.
11:40Tijuana Co.
11:41was indeed an advanced civilization
11:43with incredible building technologies.
11:46So, what do you think?
11:52Okay, we've seen some pretty rectangular stones
11:55used for building a temple.
11:56How about perfectly round stones
11:59for studying the starry sky?
12:00Or for some other purpose?
12:02It doesn't matter.
12:05So, welcome to Costa Rica.
12:07In the south of this country
12:08lies the so-called Dicaspheres.
12:11These are large, heavy, round stones
12:13created in the pre-Columbian era,
12:16around 600 CE.
12:19Now, each stone is made from a unique type of rock
12:22formed from cooled magma.
12:24In other words,
12:25someone waited for a volcanic eruption to end
12:27and for all the magma to cool,
12:29and then took all this material
12:31and carved these spheres from it.
12:33But how did they achieve such a perfect shape?
12:36Scientists suggest that people use small stones
12:38to grind and carve the cooled magma.
12:41Some specialists think that the stones
12:43were made for navigation.
12:44They could have indicated the way to certain places.
12:47Another theory claims that the Dicasquares
12:50were used for astronomy.
12:51No one knows for sure.
12:53We may never get the answer to this question,
12:55because the people who knew the secret of the stones
12:58disappeared after the Spanish expansion.
13:06So, let's continue our journey.
13:08See these cobblestones?
13:10Archaeologists still don't know why they're arranged
13:12along a long stretch of desert,
13:14crossing Jordan and Israel.
13:17These strange stones form a chain of lines
13:1940 miles long,
13:21and have been here since around 300 BCE.
13:24Because they were discovered by pilots
13:26during flights about 100 years ago,
13:28some call these stones' kites.
13:31One of the more popular theories
13:33suggests that people place these structures here
13:36to lure animals into a pit
13:37where they could be caught.
13:39Apparently, ancient hunters knew the behavior
13:42of local fauna well,
13:43and were sure the animals would somehow
13:46walk along these stones,
13:47ending up in an open area with a pit
13:49where hunters could easily do their work.
13:56Perfectly smooth rectangular and square stones,
13:59round stones,
14:00stone traps for animals.
14:02What's next?
14:03How about a stone canvas or stone painting?
14:07To see this ancient artifact,
14:09we'll travel to Glasgow, Scotland,
14:11where archaeologists unearthed the stone slab
14:14created about 5,000 years ago.
14:16It is called the Cockno Stone.
14:18The slab measures 43 by 26 feet,
14:22about half a basketball court.
14:24And this entire area is filled with strange
14:27swirling patterns that scientists call
14:29cup-and-ring marks.
14:30But what do they mean?
14:32As usual, scientists don't know for sure.
14:35But one theory suggests that the inscriptions
14:38on the stone are somehow related
14:40to astronomical phenomena,
14:42such as lunar or solar eclipses.
14:44Maybe it was a star map.
14:46Or maybe people just wanted to create a work of art.
14:49In any case,
14:50there is another interesting fact
14:52related to the cup-and-ring marks.
14:54Scientists have found similar drawings
14:56in other prehistoric sites around the world.
15:01Okay, let's step away from mysterious stones
15:03and look at some other archaeological mysteries.
15:07Here is the approximate order of civilization development,
15:10starting from 8,000 BCE,
15:12according to scientists.
15:13First, people settle in one place
15:16and build a city or settlement there.
15:18Then they engage in agriculture.
15:21And after that, they build temples.
15:23But in 1994, archaeologists said,
15:27no, the order might have been different.
15:29What if people first built temples
15:31to worship higher mythical beings,
15:33and only then built cities
15:35and engaged in agriculture?
15:37Let's go to Turkey,
15:39to the rural area of Göbekli Tepe,
15:41where, in the mid-1990s,
15:44archaeologists discovered several stone pillars
15:46with carved animals on them.
15:48This ancient structure dates back
15:50to around the 10th millennium BCE.
15:53Now, this place is considered
15:55one of the oldest places of worship in the world.
15:58Most likely, it was built by semi-nomadic hunters,
16:01who knew nothing about agriculture
16:03because it appeared in this region
16:05five centuries later.
16:07Now, scientists are wondering,
16:08is it true that such structures
16:10led to the settlement of the area?
16:12The answer to this question
16:14may help understand the mindset
16:16and development of humanity
16:17in many parts of our planet.
16:21So, would you like a scroll
16:23with the location of a treasure marked on it?
16:25You could say you already have one.
16:28Check it out yourself.
16:29Just Google the Copper Scroll treasure.
16:32Download a high-resolution photo of the scroll
16:35and follow the instructions.
16:37Oops!
16:38The instructions are written
16:39in an incomprehensible language.
16:41Scientists have been trying to decipher this message
16:44since the scroll was discovered in 1952 in Qumran,
16:48and the answer is still not found.
16:50According to one theory,
16:52the scroll contains information
16:53about a large amount of silver and gold.
16:56But even if the treasure does not exist,
16:58this artifact is still quite interesting to study.
17:01It was created around 2,000 years ago,
17:04during the time when the Roman Empire
17:06ruled over the settlement of Qumran.
17:09Perhaps the local residents
17:10hid their valuables from the Roman legionnaires
17:13and left such a map for their descendants.
17:16When you approach this archaeological wonder,
17:19you won't notice anything.
17:20But if you rise into the air
17:22and look down at the ground,
17:24you'll see amazing patterns
17:25created by the people of the Nazca culture.
17:28This discovery is called the Nazca Lines,
17:31Pilots and passengers of commercial aircraft
17:34first noticed them in the 1920s and 30s
17:36during flights over Peru.
17:39These large drawings consist of geometric lines,
17:42complex images of animals,
17:43and whimsical figures.
17:45More than 2,000 years ago,
17:47people removed part of the surface soil of this land
17:50and created these patterns.
17:51But why?
17:53The Nazca Lines continue to captivate
17:56researchers and enthusiasts alike.
17:58Recent technological advancements,
18:00such as drone imagery and satellite mapping,
18:03have provided new insights
18:05into these enigmatic formations.
18:07Some researchers are now exploring the possibility
18:10that the lines serve multiple purposes,
18:13including communication with someone
18:15not from our world.
18:16And to some extent, this is true.
18:19Some scientists believe that the Nazca Lines
18:22were a ritual method for communicating
18:24with the deities of the Nazca civilization.
18:26Studying these archaeological wonders
18:29not only enriches our knowledge of the past,
18:31but also inspires us to appreciate
18:34the ingenuity and creativity of the human spirit.
18:41Have you heard of Gobekli Tepe?
18:43It's an ancient site in Turkey
18:45that literally made historians rewrite history books.
18:48Over 11,000 years ago,
18:50a group of prehistoric humans
18:51crafted an enigmatic masterpiece
18:53that's even older than Stonehenge.
19:01Before its discovery,
19:03archaeologists believed that people
19:05didn't know about iron
19:06and weren't good at making pottery.
19:08They were sure that settled life
19:10only emerged with the need for agriculture.
19:13But Gobekli Tepe changed this belief.
19:21The place has revealed that it was the temple
19:23that paved the way for a settled life,
19:26not agriculture.
19:27Until this discovery,
19:29researchers believed that farming
19:31was the catalyst for sedentary living.
19:34Meet Professor Schmidt,
19:36the guy whose findings changed this theory.
19:38He managed to prove that hunter-gatherer communities
19:41laid the very foundations of this way of life.
19:48Back in the 1960s,
19:50other archaeologists visited the area,
19:52but they totally missed the mark.
19:54While surveying the region,
19:56they stumbled upon a hill
19:58with scattered limestone slabs
19:59and concluded it was just an old burial ground
20:02from medieval times.
20:04Little did they know
20:05that there was so much more to uncover.
20:12In 1994,
20:14Schmidt embarked on his own survey
20:15of prehistoric sites in the area.
20:17Surprise!
20:19He instantly realized
20:20he had discovered something truly extraordinary.
20:23Unlike the nearby flat and barren plateaus,
20:26Gobekli Tepe had a gently rounded top
20:28rising 50 feet above the surrounding landscape.
20:31Funny enough,
20:32the translation of this place's name
20:34is Potbelly Hill.
20:35Schmidt was sure only humans
20:37could have made something like this.
20:43Those broken limestone pieces
20:45that were mistaken for gravestones
20:46turned out to be way more exciting.
20:49It was like stumbling upon a hidden treasure.
20:52The pieces took on a whole new meaning,
20:54and Schmidt with his team
20:55was about to dive into the secrets
20:56waiting beneath the surface.
21:01To their surprise,
21:02they found no traces of a settlement,
21:04no hearths for cooking,
21:06no houses,
21:07and none of those adorable clay figurines
21:09commonly found in nearby sites of similar age.
21:12However,
21:13they uncovered that those ancient people
21:15used tools like stone hammers.
21:17So,
21:18Schmidt and his team put their heads together
21:20and took a wild guess
21:21at the age of Gobekli Tepe's stone structures.
21:23Their estimation got backed up
21:26by some limited carbon dating
21:27done right at the site.
21:29The ancient vibes of this place
21:31were finally starting to make sense.
21:32It was like a puzzle slowly coming together.
21:40You may think that back then,
21:42people didn't have special tools
21:43to create something as cool as Gobekli Tepe.
21:46Not true.
21:47Turns out,
21:47these prehistoric folks used flint tools
21:50instead of fancy metal chisels.
21:51They were also skilled at chipping away
21:53softer limestone
21:54and crafting pillars right on the spot.
21:57Afterward,
21:58they carried the pillars a short distance
22:00to the summit and placed them upright.
22:02Once the stone rings were complete,
22:04they covered them with layers of dirt.
22:06Over time,
22:07they added new rings
22:07and voila,
22:09you've got a cool hill
22:10to impress people in the future.
22:17During their first year of excavation,
22:19the team went through 15,000 pieces
22:21of animal bones from wild creatures.
22:24These people didn't have pet animals
22:25or grow their own food.
22:27They hunted wild animals for their meals.
22:29But things were about to change
22:31because the place had everything
22:32they needed to start farming.
22:35Scientists say they had wild sheep
22:36and wild grains
22:37that could be domesticated.
22:39And guess what?
22:40Just 20 miles away,
22:42geneticists found evidence
22:43of the world's oldest domesticated
22:45strains of wheat
22:46at a prehistoric village.
22:52These amazing findings
22:54have completely changed
22:55how we view civilization.
22:56In the past,
22:58experts believed that people
22:59needed to learn how to farm
23:00and settle in one place
23:01before they could build temples
23:03and develop complex societies.
23:05But guess what?
23:06Schmitt's research flips that idea
23:09on its head.
23:10He claims
23:11that the incredible effort
23:12put into constructing
23:13these astonishing structures
23:14actually set the stage
23:16for the development
23:17of advanced societies.
23:19It means that societal
23:20and cultural changes
23:21happened before agriculture.
23:27Schmitt has this fascinating hypothesis
23:29about Gobekli Tepe.
23:31He thinks it could have been
23:32a special burial site
23:33where people left their loved ones.
23:35And here's the twist.
23:37The burial site was adorned
23:39with fancy statues and symbols
23:41representing deities
23:42from the spiritual realm.
23:47The idea that Gobekli Tepe
23:49could have served
23:50as a sacred place
23:51adds another layer of complexity
23:53to the whole story.
23:54While the site's true purpose
23:56may remain elusive,
23:57Schmitt's insights invite us
23:59to consider the profound interplay
24:00between life and the afterlife
24:02and the deep reverence
24:03ancient hunter-gatherer societies
24:05may have had
24:05for their departed ancestors.
24:11Now let's talk about
24:12the stars of the show.
24:14The mesmerizing T-shaped columns
24:16that dominate Gobekli Tepe.
24:17These mysterious structures
24:19range from 10 to 20 feet tall
24:21and most likely represent
24:22stylized human figures.
24:24But one figure stands out
24:25from the rest.
24:26The three-dimensional lion relief.
24:28This depiction really fires up
24:29our imagination.
24:31Why?
24:31Because it hints at the possibility
24:33that lions roamed Anatolia
24:34during the Neolithic period.
24:42These standing stones
24:43are arranged in circles
24:44and placed in rectangular pits.
24:47Each circle has a similar setup.
24:49Two big T-shaped pillars
24:50in the center
24:51surrounded by slightly smaller ones
24:53facing inward.
24:54Talk about a stylish arrangement.
24:56These towering pillars
24:58reach a whopping 16 feet
24:59and weigh between 7 and 10 tons.
25:02Some pillars are plain and simple
25:04while others are like works of art
25:05with intricate carvings.
25:07Foxes, scorpions, and vultures
25:09come to life,
25:10crawling and twisting
25:12on the pillar's sides.
25:13But it's not just animals
25:14depicted on these stones.
25:16Some pillars have abstract shapes
25:18representing humans
25:19and even small carvings
25:20of clothing items.
25:22Some of them even have belts.
25:28Now, there's one pillar
25:30that stands out from the rest
25:31like a rock star.
25:32This super old stone pillar
25:33suggests that a comet
25:35crashed into Earth.
25:36It happened during a chilly period
25:38that lasted about a thousand years.
25:40Previous studies examining
25:42Greenland ice cores
25:42hinted at this comet theory.
25:44But now the carvings
25:45at Gobekli Tepe prove it right.
25:51The carvings on the pillars
25:53are like a historical comic strip.
25:55They even show
25:56a headless human figure.
25:58Researchers fed the images
25:59into a computer
26:00and discovered their connections
26:01to constellations,
26:03indicating that this temple
26:04might have been
26:05an ancient observatory.
26:06It's like our ancestors
26:08were trying to document
26:09this cataclysmic event
26:10in their own unique way.
26:16Archaeologists have been
26:17excavating and researching
26:18Gobekli Tepe
26:19since the mid-1990s,
26:21peeling back layers of history
26:23and providing us
26:24with a deeper understanding
26:25of the intricate relationship
26:26between various elements.
26:28They have no plans
26:29to stop the whole process
26:30for another 150 years.
26:32Who knows what else they'll find?
26:36You see, Gobekli Tepe
26:38has been labeled purely
26:40as a ritual site
26:41with no signs
26:42of domestic activities.
26:43We were led to believe
26:44that the absence of water
26:46meant it couldn't support
26:47semi-sedentary communities.
26:49But scientists believe
26:50it's time to shake things up
26:52and approach Gobekli Tepe
26:53with fresh eyes.
26:54It's time to question
26:55what we believed before
26:56and use new evidence
26:57and different ways of thinking.
26:59Like, there might have been
27:00a group of people
27:01living in the area
27:02who didn't stay
27:03in one place all the time.
27:04They moved around a bit
27:05but still had their own civilization,
27:07living in the area
27:08semi-sedentarily.
27:12Gobekli Tepe
27:13is not just home
27:13to a single temple
27:14but an astounding collection
27:16of over 20 ancient structures.
27:18As archaeologists
27:19delve into the depths
27:20of this wonder,
27:21they are unraveling
27:22its unique layout,
27:24featuring two prominent focal points
27:26at the heart
27:27of each establishment,
27:28complemented by smaller structures
27:30and dividing walls.
27:31What's even crazier
27:33is that in this area,
27:34there are over 200 obelisks,
27:36which are narrow,
27:37tapering monuments.
27:37of the United States
27:38right now.
27:38In this area,
27:38we have the
27:38not just the
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