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American bombing pounds the Japanese home islands and, in August 1945, atomic bombs fall on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
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00:03As Japan's war rolled into 1942, one-sixth of the Earth's surface had been occupied in less than half a
00:11year.
00:15However, in retaliation to the Pearl Harbor attacks, the first American bombers appeared above Japanese cities.
00:23Soon, swarms of opposing aircraft were clashing over the Pacific Ocean.
00:30And the Empire's carrier fleet was crippled at Midway.
00:36The war had turned for Japan, and they were about to be pushed back toward the home islands.
01:18On the 7th of August 1942, the Americans launched their first major offensive against the Japanese, striking the largest of
01:28the Solomon Islands.
01:30Guadalcanal.
01:34Battles raged across air, land and sea.
01:41Allied forces lost over 7,000 men.
01:44The Japanese, more than 19,000.
01:50By early February 1943, the Empire evacuated its forces from Guadalcanal, and the Japanese war of conquest was over.
02:09The plan now was to hang on to what they had taken.
02:14On the afternoon of May 21, 1943, Tokyo Radio announced the death of Admiral Yamamoto, the national hero credited with
02:25the success of Pearl Harbor.
02:29The announcer said he met a gallant death in a war plane.
02:34Yamamoto had famously prophesied a triumphant six months of war, followed by uncertainty and possible defeat.
02:45By the time of his death, his prophecy had been fulfilled.
02:56As Japan's war dragged on, more soldiers were needed to defend the new empire.
03:04The first-year recruits remembered that the worst part of the day was in the evening, when they got back
03:10to the barracks and they were beaten up by the second-year recruits.
03:15Soldiers remembered that there was no time to think in between the drills and the parades, and then trying to
03:22keep themselves neat and organized to avoid the beatings of the older men.
03:25The older recruits had gone through the same beatings, and so they made the younger recruits suffer.
03:35By late 1941, the government had mobilized one million men and one million women between the ages of 16 and
03:4325 for war work.
03:58The workforce was augmented by forced labor, Koreans, as many as half a million, as well as Chinese, Filipino, and
04:07allied prisoners of war.
04:12Nearly 140,000 military personnel captured throughout Southeast Asia and the Pacific were forced to construct Japan's new war amenities.
04:2536,000 were shipped back to the mainland, where they replaced Japanese workers drafted into the armed services.
04:33By war's end, more than 30,000 POWs would perish from exhaustion, starvation, or punishment.
04:44In December 1943, the Japanese Ministry of Education encouraged those living in metropolitan areas to send their primary school-aged
04:55children to live with relatives in the countryside.
04:591.3 million Japanese children between the ages of 8 and 11 were evacuated to the countryside, and those who
05:10were living in schools or at temples or at shrines with their classmates and their teachers then underwent military training.
05:21And they're taught to throw grenades.
05:23And they're also taught to fight with wooden swords and so forth.
05:39On September 16, 1944, Yamanaka Ryotaro, a school teacher in Osaka, accompanied children who were being evacuated to the country.
05:49He remained with them for the duration of their exile.
05:54His enthusiastic support of the war seems never to have wavered.
05:58On the first day of 1945, he wrote,
06:01As my words for the new year, I gave an admonitory lecture saying that we should rise up and greet
06:08the year of decisive battles,
06:10and do what we do with the Spirit of the Divine Wind Special Attack Units.
06:27The Special Attack Units are what we call kamikaze units in the US, but their official name was Special Attack
06:36Units.
06:40A father wrote to his son,
06:43Many brave Special Attack Units are racking up impressive battle results.
06:48Is this something to be thankful for? I don't know.
06:57The first reason for Japan's resorting to these tactics was that the defense perimeter had been breached.
07:06Secondly, the Allies now had new aircraft that were far superior to the Japanese Zero.
07:16Crudely mimeographed leaflets addressed to American officers and men promise that the Japanese Special Attack Corps will sink your vessels
07:26to the last destroyer.
07:31The response to this tactic in Japan varied.
07:36I've read that the Emperor himself is reported to have said,
07:40Do they have to go to such lengths? Do they have to do this?
07:44Dear Mother, wrote Hiyashi Ichizo the night before his suicide mission,
07:49I just want to be held in your arms and sleep.
07:53He was one of an estimated 3,800 kamikaze pilots whose deaths were destructive but not influential.
08:03Their sacrifice could not prevent war reaching the homeland.
08:24From late 1943, the Allies ground down Japan's outer perimeter, claiming outpost after Pacific outpost.
08:40On June 15, 1944, two US divisions landed on Saipan in the Marianas.
08:56For me, the U-4 base command was destroyed by Afghanistan.
09:01The U-4 base command was destroyed by the Japanese defense.
09:07For what we were seen, the U-5 base command was destroyed by the Japanese Navy.
09:12For when we were attacked, the Japanese military was destroyed by the Japanese weapons.
09:17I would have lost my ability to destroy the power of the power of the power of the power.
09:33On July 6th, General Saito, commanding the Japanese garrison on Saipan, gave a final order.
09:41I advanced to seek out the enemy, he said, follow me.
09:44The garrison, including men with bandages, crutches and men without weapons, charged.
09:54When the Americans mopped up, the casualties totaled 29,000 Japanese dead.
10:01The Americans lost 3,426.
10:07When the American invasion began, Japanese civilians on Saipan tried to escape the shelling by moving inland.
10:14Many tried to commit suicide. Others tried to survive.
10:20One child, who later became a magistrate in Japan, remembers seeing his mother shot in front of him as he
10:27was trying to run across a plane.
10:33On July 10th, General Saito slashed open his stomach and his adjutant shot him in the back of the head.
10:40The U.S. experience on Saipan confirmed the belief of American planners that the Japanese population was not likely to
10:52surrender.
10:54When the Japanese lost Saipan, a woman wrote how angry it made her to hear of the soldiers' collective suicide.
11:03She thought they should have the courage to give up the fight.
11:08The U.S. experience that was in the end of the day.
11:10The U.S. is,
11:10The U.S. was the head of the U.S.
11:16And the U.S. was the head of the U.S.
11:21The U.S. is the head of the U.S.
11:25The U.S. is the head of the U.S.
11:50On July 18, 1944, Hideki Tojo, recognizing what he called a great national crisis, resigned
12:00along with his entire cabinet. He would be succeeded by three more wartime prime ministers,
12:08each distinguished within the military.
12:33The American advance continued toward the Japanese home islands.
12:44On the 21st of July, U.S. Marines landed on Guam before additional landings on Tinian.
13:05So, an island hopping campaign, where instead of running all your forces up against the Japanese
13:11perimeter, you manoeuvred past them, so the isolated Japanese garrisons were left to wither
13:19on the line.
13:22Japanese resistance on the islands was quashed in early August.
13:28The commander-in-chief of Japan's home defense headquarters and final wartime prime minister,
13:34Prince Higashikumi, knew what defeat in the Marianas meant.
13:39Japan itself was now within range of the B-29 bombers.
13:43The prince said, we had nothing in Japan that we could use against such a weapon.
13:49We felt that the war was lost.
13:56The American B-29 Superfortress was the most expensive weapon of the war yet produced.
14:03It was a huge investment.
14:06All the existing bombers didn't have the range to get from nearby bases to Japan back safely,
14:11so you needed a very long-range bomber.
14:12The B-29 was the way around that problem.
14:16On November 24th, 1944, a bomber force assembled on Saipan.
14:26Early in the morning, Brigadier General Emmett O'Donnell led 111 planes in the attack.
14:38Over Tokyo, they were met by ineffective anti-aircraft fire and 40 over-cautious fighters.
14:49The raid did limited damage.
14:51Of a thousand bombs dropped, only 48 fell in the general area of the target.
14:57One of the key problems was that the initial plan was to bomb in the same way they had done
15:02in Europe,
15:02precision bombing against specific targets to try and undermine the Japanese economy.
15:07The problem with that, the aircraft had to operate at a certain level in order to function,
15:11and that then created climate conditions of the airstream soya over Japan,
15:16made it very difficult to bomb accurately at high altitude with these aeroplanes.
15:21Further precision bombing raids met with mixed results,
15:26and Brigadier General Loras Norstad, Chief of Staff of the 20th Air Force,
15:31called for a switch to area bombing.
15:36On January 6th 1945, a new commanding officer was appointed to Bomber Command,
15:43General Curtis LeMay.
15:48He sent 129 bombers to Kobe.
16:03They destroyed a thousand buildings, damaged five munitions factories, and two shipyards.
16:12Japanese cities had already been identified as being particularly vulnerable to incendiaries,
16:17to firebombs and so on.
16:18And so this policy really has devastating effects.
16:22The Japanese don't really have any great air defences they can deploy.
16:26Their cities burn really effectively when incendiaries hit.
16:31Curtis LeMay employed a new strategy, stripping inessentials from the aircraft
16:36and loading them with a newly developed weapon, napalm.
16:45American scientists found that by adding a thickening agent to fuel,
16:49they could create a material that burns longer and tended to stick to surfaces.
16:56Pathfinder aircraft, they fly to the city, they drop their bombs, they light the target up.
17:03Then every other bomber flies in streams, and what they were targeting was housing.
17:13You're going to kill an awful lot of civilians, LeMay said.
17:17But if you don't destroy Japanese industry, we're going to have to invade Japan.
17:23And how many Americans will be killed in an invasion?
17:50The opening campaign of 1945 sought victory in the Philippines.
18:08The Americans started with late, then moved to the main island of Luzon,
18:13where the first landings had occurred at the beginning of January.
18:1814th Corps reached the outskirts of Manila on February 3rd.
18:46Japanese resistance in Manila did not end until March 3rd, by which time the U.S.
18:526th Army had taken 6,500 casualties and the Filipino capital had been reduced to rubble.
19:05The Japanese took a terrible toll on the civilian population in a criminal terror, as American forces advanced.
19:19No less than 100,000 civilians were murdered.
19:23And scenes of brutality and rape stained the record of overall commander General Tomoyuki Yamashita.
19:32Famed as the Tiger of Malaya, he was later charged with war crimes at a military tribunal.
19:39The commission finds you guilty as charged and sentences you to death by hanging.
19:58On February 19th, advancing American forces landed on an island measuring less than 30 square kilometers, Iwo Jima.
20:15So the idea is if we can capture Iwo Jima, it'll perform two functions.
20:20First, the radar station there and any fighters that are stationed there will be eliminated.
20:24The second thing is you capture the airfield on Iwo Jima and it can become what we call a divert
20:30airfield for damaged B-29s.
20:35Major General Tadamichi Kurabayashi and 21,000 men had been sent to turn Iwo Jima into an impregnable fortress.
20:44They were not expected to return.
21:04When the battle ended, Iwo Jima had cost America 6,800 lives.
21:11All that remained of the Japanese garrison of 21,000,
21:15were 54 prisoners. Two of them committed suicide.
21:30In February 1945, a national radio broadcast called for the Gioxai of the entire Japanese population.
21:38The suicide of 100 million.
21:43Japan among wij to make soldiers yes.
21:53That was this 31 million.
21:57Japan, who declared, rows of capital against foreignmens.
21:59Japan and freedom were their naus of binic Agora.
22:03Voyage the entire country.
22:06Once they riots.
22:07The Japanese soldiers have to face war.
22:10Just once they had a war.
22:11To eat.
22:11Than theyiasm.
22:11Even if you die, even if you die, you don't have to deal with it.
22:15It was like a slogan, a slogan, and a slogan.
22:21So, I had to think about losing and the end of the year.
22:29I was afraid of thinking about it.
22:46The engine of Japanese patriotism was fear.
22:51When polled after the war, only 4% of the population expected to be treated humanely.
22:59As conflict rained down on them, their fears seemed to be confirmed.
23:05People were very upset by the nature of these bombing raids and the fact that so many civilians
23:12were killed.
23:13That what began to happen as B-29s were shot down is that the crew members were treated
23:24as war criminals and killed.
23:28On the evening of March 9th, 1945, 334 superfortresses departed Guam, headed for Tokyo Bay.
23:38For three hours, wave after wave hit the city.
23:43A pilot said, this blaze will haunt me forever.
23:47It's the most terrifying sight in the world.
23:53The official Japanese count was published 25 days later, 83,793 killed.
24:02Radio Tokyo termed the attack slaughter bombing.
24:07Curtis LeMay wiped out 100,000 people in one night.
24:12Is that bombing to destroy the will of the people or is that extermination warfare?
24:21Curtis LeMay will then go on to destroy 60 Japanese cities.
24:32On March 18th, more than a week after the raid, Emperor Hirohito inspected the damage to his
24:40capital.
24:42Over 40 square kilometers had been burned down.
24:45The death toll made the raid perhaps the most lethal single event of the Second World War.
25:01On March 27th, bombers were deployed on a new mission.
25:06Operation Starvation.
25:08Dropping magnetic and acoustic mines into the entrances of Japanese ports and harbors.
25:24The airspace transport was completely destroyed by the American ships and airplanes.
25:31That is why we needed to be in war for the Japanese to fight.
25:36We cannot enter the world in Japan to fight.
25:37Therefore, the birds and oil have been expanded in Japan.
25:43Now the people who may have suffered the most were the evacuated children.
25:48In the summer of 1944, when the children were first evacuated with their classmates,
25:56the daily ration was 19.9 ounces of raw food.
26:02By the summer of 1945, that's been reduced to 14.4 ounces of food.
26:14By March 1945, Japan's Air Defense Force had only 500 serviceable planes
26:21to battle America's newly deployed P-51D Mustang.
26:37On April 7, the new fighters escorted 100 superfortresses on a daylight raid over Tokyo.
26:46More than 41 square kilometers of the city burned.
26:51Officials estimated the death toll at 130,000.
26:56The Japanese official history later revised the number to 73,000.
27:02I was able to find the most important information on Japan.
27:14I found the most important information on Japan.
27:22And the goal of Japan is that the US Army Army is mainly made.
27:32The goal of Japan is not the goal of the information activity.
27:41The goal of Japan is to read the goal of the goal of Japan.
27:44And the goal of the goal is to make the goal of Japan.
27:49when 520 bombers later hit tokyo again their pilots were instructed to avoid the palace
27:56they were told the emperor is not at present a liability and may become an asset a statement
28:03which understands the role of the throne in japanese society and anticipates the post-war
28:09accommodation with the emperor
28:23a factory manager exclaimed if the enemy could announce a raid beforehand the enemy was superior
28:36as the bombings persevered the invasion of the home islands drew closer
28:46the invasion of okinawa was one of the precursor operations to the invasion of japan the combined
28:52chiefs of staff had decided in one of the many strategic conferences both at yalta and then at
28:57potsdam that okinawa needed to be seized
29:16the battle for okinawa was the largest amphibious assault in the pacific war
29:23on april 1st 1945 1300 ships were massed offshore
29:31by nightfall more than 60 000 americans had landed
29:39resistance was slight casualties few the defensive line had been set inland
29:50on april 6th a wave of 600 kamikaze attacked u.s forces on okinawa
29:58the americans react to the suicide campaign initially with shock because it's so successful
30:04but then they developed these advanced techniques of fighter direction and control
30:16on the ninth american forces opened their main offensive against the well-planned fortifications of the shuri line
30:25the japanese the japanese have decided okinawa is a big island we're going to withdraw to world war
30:30one to style defenses on the interior and we're going to bleed the navy with the kamikaze attacks
30:40by mid-june the majority of defenders had been killed in action
30:48but the americans were forced into a long campaign flushing the remaining japanese fighters from hiding
31:05us forces finally claimed victory on july 22nd
31:09all the
31:34general ushji jima and his chief of staff
31:36had taken their own lives as the battle ended,
31:40having, in a witness's words,
31:43nobly accomplished their last duty to the emperor.
31:47The 82-day campaign on Okinawa
31:51had cost the Japanese approximately 110,000 lives
31:56and the Americans over 20,000.
32:08Franklin D. Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945.
32:15At 7 in the evening, Vice President Harry S. Truman
32:18was sworn in as the 33rd President of the United States.
32:26Informed by the losses at Okinawa,
32:29America projected the casualty rates for the invasion of Japan.
32:33The estimate was that taking Kyushu,
32:37the first of the home islands,
32:39would cause 268,000 American casualties,
32:43double the total battlefield deaths
32:45suffered by America in the war to date.
32:51When Truman and George C. Marshall get these figures,
32:56they realize the invasion of Japan
32:58is going to be very, very bloody indeed.
33:00They decide, for many reasons,
33:02we will continue the strategic bombing of Japan,
33:05and then we've got this secret weapon,
33:08and maybe we can convince the Japanese
33:11with that weapon that they can't win.
33:13be safe for whatever it is?
33:33when Robert J. Oppenheimer,
33:36one of the leading scientists of the Manhattan Project,
33:39saw a test blast in the desert of New Mexico,
33:42he recalled a verse from a Hindu sacred book.
33:45If the light of a thousand suns were to rise in the sky at once.
33:57The president ordered that the bomb be dropped as soon as conditions allowed.
34:03Let's not forget that we are fighting for peace.
34:09And for the welfare of mankind.
34:13On August 6th, the B-29 Enola Gay released Little Boy over Hiroshima.
34:23It detonated 580 meters above the city,
34:28generating a blast of one million degrees Celsius for one ten-thousandth of a second.
34:35A short time ago, an American airplane dropped one bomb on Hiroshima
34:41and destroyed its usefulness to the enemy.
34:45That bomb has more power than 20,000 tons of TNT.
34:50The Japanese began the war from the air at Pearl Harbor.
34:57The atomic bomb was the ultimate in terms of the blast area weapon and as had been demonstrated in the
35:04war up until that point,
35:06area bombing or mass bombing of that nature with a hundred or a thousand bombers could have profound effects.
35:11If you could achieve it with one bomb, then you would obviously increase effectiveness.
35:16But it would also have a stark and shocking effect if deployed because it would be clear that this was
35:21a new and different kind of weapon.
35:28Sixty-three percent of Hiroshima's buildings were destroyed with total casualties of almost 140,000 from a pre-raid population
35:38of 255,000.
35:40Most ordinary Japanese were simply amazed and shocked by the fact that a single bomb could wipe out a city.
35:53Despite the devastation of Hiroshima, there was no response from Japan to the demand for unconditional surrender.
36:01So Truman ordered a second attack on Nagasaki.
36:1939,000 were killed according to the Americans, 74,800 according to authorities in Nagasaki.
36:32foreign
37:01First of all, the nuclear war was a huge threat to the end of the war.
37:18On April 5th, 1945, a formal Soviet note had advised Tokyo that the Neutrality Pact would not be renewed.
37:29It had been of great value to the Soviet Union and little practical use to Japan.
37:36Now that the situation was reversed, Stalin wished to seize Manchuria.
37:44On the day the bomb fell on Nagasaki, the Red Army invaded.
37:56During the campaign, the Soviet Union took 674,000 Japanese prisoners.
38:04Only half survived their captivity.
38:11When the Supreme Council met in Tokyo on the 9th of August, there was bitter conflict between those arguing for
38:18peace and the war party.
38:23In a shocking departure from tradition, the Prime Minister approached the Emperor and asked for his views.
38:30At the time of the war, the one who commanded the king, the king, the king, and the king was
38:42a chance.
38:44So, he asked the king to make a decision to the end of the war.
38:52He asked the king to answer that question.
38:56He asked the king to answer that question.
39:06I swallow my tears, said Hirohito,
39:09and give my sanction to the proposal to accept the Allied proclamation.
39:16On August 14th, leaflets were dropped telling citizens their government
39:22has offered to surrender and every Japanese deserves to know the terms.
39:32At noon on August 15th,
39:34Japanese all over the empire stood in schools, factories,
39:39before loudspeakers in streets and public places.
39:42Their heads bowed.
39:43They heard their emperor's voice.
39:47Ladies and gentlemen,
39:50Jungi jumped and got no one,
39:54Jungi jumped and said,
39:58I wanna feel like I'm going to decide.
40:01The real thing is that it is that he was the one who said,
40:04that the king can you make a decision.
40:08That should be delivered.
40:09The first time when he was in it,
40:27The emperor said after pondering deeply the general trends of the world and the actual conditions obtaining in our empire
40:36today,
40:37we have ordered our government to communicate to the governments of the United States, Great Britain, China, and the Soviet
40:45Union that our empire accepts the provisions of their joint declaration.
40:54I think most people felt relief, that they were at the ends of their ropes physically, psychologically, and they realized
41:06that the surrender would mean that they would survive.
41:09A second response was genuine fear and concern about what would happen now that the war had ended.
41:19On the 21st of August, Prince Higashikuni Naruhiko, Japan's final wartime prime minister, called a meeting to discuss an important
41:30issue.
41:30According to a Japanese military plan, devised in July 1941, in anticipation of their army occupying foreign territory,
41:40it was estimated that 20,000 women would be required to meet the sexual needs of every 700,000 Japanese
41:48soldiers, one woman for every 35 men.
41:55To these enslaved and abused women from Korea, Taiwan, and other areas, is attached the obscene label, Comfort Women.
42:05They are estimated to have numbered between 80,000 and 100,000.
42:10When we focus on the brutality of Japanese troops, we often think of Allied POWs because they were the ones
42:17who were able to leave memoirs behind.
42:19Amongst those, we might also think of the women who were recruited into military brothels and who often were not
42:28able to document their experiences.
42:31There was concern that the army shortly to conquer and occupy Japan would be no different from any other.
42:39Provisions should be made for its sexual appetites as a way of reducing the incidence of rape.
42:46The Recreation and Amusement Association was established, and a special government fund of 30 million yen allocated to the project.
42:59Governors and police chiefs of all prefectures were instructed to procure women from geisha houses, brothels, and nightclubs,
43:07to staff a nationwide organization for the exclusive use of the anticipated Army of Occupation.
43:16At its peak, more than 70,000 women worked for the organization.
43:22It did not prevent sexual violence.
43:26The first reported case of rape was on August 30th.
43:30Two U.S. Marines went into a civilian house in Yokosuka and raped a mother and daughter at gunpoint.
43:39The Marines had been in Japan for just three and a half hours.
43:51Two days earlier, Colonel Charles Tench stepped from a transport plane,
43:56the first conqueror to set foot on Japanese soil.
44:08On September 2nd, 1945, General Douglas MacArthur called forward General Wainwright,
44:15who had surrendered his command in the Philippines,
44:18and General Percival, who had surrendered his command in Singapore.
44:25They stood at his shoulder on the deck of the USS Missouri at anchor in Tokyo Bay,
44:31as he accepted Imperial Japan's unconditional surrender.
44:38We are gathered here, representatives of the major warring powers,
44:44to conclude a solemn agreement whereby peace may be restored.
44:53The ceremony lasted for 23 minutes.
44:57The American occupation lasted seven years.
45:19But Japan could not be reshaped until the trials of those accused of war crimes were concluded.
45:53The
45:55that was a promise to the king.
45:58So, I was also known for the king of MacArthur.
46:01He was also known for the king of MacArthur,
46:04as he was held in the war and he was just said to us
46:10to make a war that the king of the king was brought to us.
46:17So, the Japanese people used to be so,
46:20I wanted to think that I didn't have a responsibility for the king.
46:25But the story of the king didn't have to be involved in the war.
46:34The main goals for the Allied occupation of Japan were demilitarization and democratization of Japan.
46:42So that Japan would never be a threat.
46:44And it was carried out almost entirely by the United States.
46:48To realize these goals, they dismantled the military, got rid of oppressive laws, implemented a political page, and created a
46:57new constitution.
46:59I can't really think of other historical examples where you've seen such a dramatic social and cultural transformation.
47:10As life inside Japan found a new normal, its empire spanning the Pacific was dismantled.
47:19It's been estimated that 83,000 civilians were killed during the occupation of Malaya.
47:27Approximately 164,000 perished in war crime events in the Philippines.
47:34Four million died in the Dutch East Indies as a result of famine and forced labor.
47:40The number of Chinese civilian deaths is unknown, but might be more than 50 million.
47:48Japanese victories over the old imperial powers, Britain, France, the Netherlands, meant that their former territories would never go back
47:57to accepting European rule.
48:01In every case there was to be bloodshed, but finally there was independence for Malaya and Singapore, for Burma, for
48:10the Indian subcontinent, Indochina, and Indonesia.
48:17Japan's war reshaped the world.
48:22In China, the Japanese withdrawal triggered a civil war.
48:28For Vietnam, peace took decades.
48:37For Korea, the legacy of Japan's occupation continues today.
48:45Japan's war transformed the nation at a cost of three million Japanese dead from war-related causes.
48:55But truth can be an uncomfortable companion, no less for Japan than anywhere else.
49:07In the 21st century, the country still struggles to come to terms with some of the stories that took place
49:13inside Japan's war.
49:28Latin America Finders
49:46The overwhelmingfenaman
49:46Dead Philan
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