- il y a 4 jours
Catégorie
📚
ÉducationTranscription
00:30Hadrian's Wall is a fortification made of stone and earth built between 122 and 127 AD
00:35-Christ.
00:36Emperor Hadrian had this defensive wall built across the entire width of northern England, which
00:41roughly corresponds to the current England-Scotland border.
00:44The name is also sometimes used to refer to this modern border, although it differs.
00:49This wall, 80,000 Romans long, approximately 117.5 km, crosses the north of the island from west to west.
00:55is from the Irish Sea to the mouth of the River Tine, on the North Sea.
00:58Its function was to protect the northern border of the Roman province of Britain from barbarian attacks, a term
01:04used by the Romans to refer to non-Greco-Roman peoples, in this case the Picts.
01:09The wall is flanked by 300 towers, reinforced by 80 main defensive forts and protected by 17 entrenched camps.
01:16The forts are located every 1000 Romans.
01:18The wall marked the northern boundary of the Roman Empire until the construction of the Antonine Wall in 142
01:23further north after Christ, evidence of the Roman advance and the imperial symbol that such walls represented.
01:29However, around 160 AD, the Antonine Wall was abandoned by Roman troops under pressure from
01:34'Pictish invasion and Hadrian's Wall once again becomes the northern border of the Empire.
01:38In addition to its use as a military fortification and as a mark of political power, the gates of the
01:44walls would also have served as checkpoints for the collection of taxes on imported products.
01:49This fortified Breton limes is in fact more symbolic than effective.
01:53A significant portion of the wall still exists, particularly in the central section where it is still passable on foot.
01:58safe.
01:59Today it is the most popular tourist attraction in the region.
02:03In 1987, UNESCO inscribed it on the World Heritage List.
02:07The Hancock Museum of Natural History in Newcastle has dedicated an entire room to him.
02:12Although it attracted the interest of scholars as early as the 16th century, it was only in the 18th century that
02:16the wall is beginning to be the subject of more systematic research.
02:19At that time, the construction was still attributed to Septim Sever.
02:23Although Adrian was proposed as early as 1527 by the Scotsman Hector Boes, then by the Italian Polidor Virgil in
02:291534,
02:31Their theories are dismissed by English scholars, who refuse to allow English tradition to be called into question.
02:35question by foreigners.
02:37It was not until John Hodgson's *History of the Northumberland*, published in 1840, that this idea...
02:43'finally imposes itself.'
02:44Hodgson also breaks significantly with previous writings regarding the relative chronology of the wall
02:49by arguing that all the elements date from Hadrian's time, whereas previously Val-homme was
02:54considered to predate stone constructions.
02:56The fascination with the ruins of the wall grew in the following years, particularly in the wake of John Colin
03:01Wood Bruce,
03:02who founded the Hadrian's Wall pilgrimage in 1849, gave numerous lectures and published The Roman in 1851
03:09Wall,
03:09which helps to spread Hodgson's ideas.
03:12Excavations also increased under the patronage of local philanthropists like John Clayton,
03:17although the way they are carried out sometimes leads to more harm than good.
03:21Nevertheless, they allow us to uncover doorways, which revolutionizes our understanding of the role of the wall.
03:26which until then had been perceived as an impermeable border.
03:29The first archaeological excavations, in the modern sense of the term, were conducted at the beginning of the 20th century by Ian Richmond and
03:35F.G. Simpson,
03:36which allows us to identify the construction pattern.
03:39In the 1930s, the theory emerged that the wall had been built, destroyed, and rebuilt several times.
03:45during its history.
03:46This theory became very popular in the following decades and can be found in all works until the end
03:51from the 1950s,
03:52particularly those of Eric Bailey and Ian Richmond, who were then considered the authorities on the subject.
03:58At the same time, the theory emerged, supported by Bailey, that the wall had no defensive function.
04:02but a simple economic function of controlling the movement of people and goods,
04:07comparable to the Farmers General's Wall in 18th-century Paris.
04:10However, the period model was called into question in the early 1960s.
04:14then definitively abandoned in the 1970s.
04:18New excavations have revealed a much more complex pattern.
04:21The history of the wall cannot be considered in its entirety,
04:24with potentially significant variations depending on the site.
04:27The conquest of Brittany began in 1943 at the initiative of Emperor Claudius and extended over several
04:32decades,
04:33until 1983 and the victory of Julius Agricola at the Battle of Mount Gropius.
04:38In the years that followed, the Romans sought to secure the Highlands with a network of forces extending northward.
04:43up to Hintch-Tutill.
04:45However, perhaps due to the influx of DAS units that are siphoning off available troops,
04:49These efforts were almost immediately halted, and the territories located north of a line running from the fort of Trimontium,
04:54near Newstead, in Dalswinton, they were abandoned shortly after 1986.
04:58The withdrawal of the legions stationed in Brittany continued during the time of Trajan.
05:02which forced the Romans to gradually evacuate the south of what is now Scotland.
05:06A line of forts was then built along a road, now called Stangate, extending between Carlyle
05:11and Corbridge.
05:12Emperor Hadrian visited the region in 121 or 122 and decided at that time to have a
05:17wall to mark the border,
05:19This decision could be related to the significant unrest that shook the region during his reign.
05:23The dating of this conflict remains uncertain, but recent historiography tends to place it around 122.
05:29The erection of the wall thus constituted a response to an immediate threat from the Caledonian tribes.
05:34Building
05:35Construction of the wall must have begun shortly after the emperor's visit, probably in 123.
05:40The construction site was placed under the responsibility of Oluplatorius Nepos, a friend of Hadrian who became governor around the month
05:46of July 122.
05:48The chosen route is not that of the Stangate line, but it is further north,
05:52along the northern end of the Tingap.
05:55The initial plan appears to have been quite different from what was actually achieved.
05:59Initially, the Romans only began building a stone wall in the part
06:04oriental,
06:05while from Ircing to Bonson-Solouet the wall is in grass mode.
06:08This difference could indicate the need for rapid fortifications in the west.
06:12Very quickly, perhaps as early as 124, however, the plans were profoundly modified.
06:18The thickness of the stone wall is reduced, again probably to allow its completion as quickly as possible.
06:24Initially planned at 2.96 meters, it was subsequently reduced to a maximum of 2.35 meters, even going as low as
06:301.83 meters in some places.
06:32But the most significant change affects the overall plan itself.
06:35The original plan called for the wall to be lined only with towers and fords, the great forts
06:40remaining behind along the Stangate,
06:42but during the revision it was decided to build these forts directly on the line of the wall.
06:47This modification, however, forced the Romans to dismantle part of the fortifications already built in order to insert the forts into
06:53the device.
06:54Shortly afterwards, the overall plan was modified once again in order to protect the rear of the wall,
06:59on the Roman side, therefore with earthworks and a ditch, a structure collectively called Val-homme.
07:05Furthermore, the initial route, which stopped at Newcastle, is extended to Walsend.
07:10Around the same time, part of the grass wall was replaced by a structure made of
07:15rock.
07:16Since the inscriptions embedded in the wall only mention the name of Governor Nepos
07:20and named after his successor Lucius Trebius Germanus, the wall was completed before 127, the latest possible date.
07:26of the latter's arrival in office.
07:29Service and abandonment.
07:30Around 142, the Romans once again pushed their expansion northward.
07:34Another wall, known as the Antonine Wall, was built between the First of Force and the First of Clyde.
07:39Hadrian's Wall, having become useless, was then abandoned, but the northern expanses quickly proved uncontrollable,
07:46It is back in service with the 163.
07:48It was at this time that the military road was built immediately behind the wall.
07:51and that the areas still in grass mode are replaced by a stone wall.
07:56However, this reoccupation did not extend to the coastal fortifications extending the wall along the west coast between
08:01Bonson-Solway and Ravenglace.
08:03Even though the Antonine Wall was briefly reoccupied at the beginning of the 3rd century, Hadrian's Wall remained active
08:08from that moment on.
08:10However, he was unable to prevent all incursions and in particular failed to contain the Picts during
08:15the invasion of 368.
08:17The wall still had a garrison around the year 400, but was probably definitively abandoned shortly thereafter.
08:22some time later.
08:23Indeed, the legions stationed in Britain proclaimed one of their own emperor under the name of Constantine III.
08:29He immediately left for the continent to secure the imperial throne, taking with him a large part
08:34troops supposed to defend the province.
08:37Even if a garrison may have remained on the wall, the gradual disintegration of the administration and the non
08:42-Payment of salaries likely led to the desertion of most of these troops in the short term.
08:46leaving the wall defenseless.
08:48The wall after the Romans.
08:50The history of the wall in later centuries is poorly known, as it is only rarely mentioned.
08:55It appears that some forts, such as Burd Oswald, were occupied by local chieftains.
08:59The wall is gradually deteriorating due to lack of maintenance and the reuse of stones by the inhabitants.
09:04from the region to build churches and castles.
09:07These pillages do not appear to have been widespread before the 16th century, according to accounts from early travelers.
09:12Renaissance often depicts structures that are very visible in the landscape.
09:15In fact, the wall's ruin occurred primarily as a result of the 18th-century agricultural revolution, which led to
09:21its dismantling in order to allow the expansion of cultivated areas.
09:25The time for protection.
09:26The first sections of the wall began to be protected by the British state starting from the
09:311930s.
09:32The first site taken over was Corbridge Fort in 1933, followed by a small section of the wall.
09:37in 1934.
09:39Over the years, the state has acquired more remains, while others are the responsibility of local communities.
09:43local, but most of the wall remains in the hands of private owners.
09:48The maintenance of state-owned sections is ensured by English Heritage, while various bodies such as the
09:54The National Trust, the Vidolanda Trust, and the Tin and Wear Museum Service take care of the rest.
09:59Hadrian's Wall has been a World Heritage Site since 1987.
10:03Furthermore, since 2005 it has been part of a larger group classified by UNESCO and entitled "Borders
10:09of the Roman Empire”, including the various limesses built around the world by the Romans.
10:13The wall in the imagination, a Christian symbol; among authors of the High Middle Ages, Hadrian's Wall becomes a
10:19accessory to moralizing stories.
10:21Thus, Gildas recounts that the Britons, attacked by the Scots and the Picts, asked Rome for help, which
10:26help them by sending a legion.
10:28Having defeated the enemy, they returned home, advising the Britons to build a wall, but the Britons
10:33Being incompetent and poorly led, they built an earthen wall that did not hold, forcing the Romans to retreat
10:39to their aid.
10:40They then built a stone wall for the Bretons before leaving, but due to their laziness
10:44and because of their lack of courage, they did not defend the wall properly and were invaded by the barbarians.
10:49A similar story, apart from a few variations, can be found in Bede.
10:54These stories emphasize the responsibility of the Britons of Lollandes in the invasion of the pagan tribes, the threat
10:59which results in consequences for Christianity and, consequently, for life itself, since from their point of view
11:04Pagans are bloodthirsty savages.
11:06This allows the conquest of the region by the kings of Nord-Saint-Brie to then be presented as a liberation.
11:11of this one by the successors of the Roman Empire.
11:13Oswald thus triumphed over the pagans at Evenfield, a short distance from the wall, and thereby protected the Christians of the region.
11:19as the Romans had done before him.
11:21Symbol of identity
11:22The wall already appears in Bede and Gildas as a symbol of identity, separating the Christian world from the pagan world.
11:28This view was reinforced during the Middle Ages, with the wall appearing as a natural border between the English and
11:33the Scots.
11:34A 13th-century map depicts the wall with the caption, the wall separating the English from the Scots.
11:39In the 16th century, a night watch was established by the locals along a section of the wall in order to
11:44to protect themselves from the overflowing looting of Rivers.
11:47Some locals are even asking Queen Elizabeth to rebuild the wall, their plea creating a misunderstanding
11:53between Romans and English on one side against Picts and Scots on the other, with all the connotations that this entails.
11:57implied.
11:58This construction of identity developed during the 18th century among scholars.
12:02English authors like William Stuckeley presented themselves as the successors of the Romans, defending civilization from the wall,
12:09while Scottish authors like Alexander Gordon depict themselves as descending from Picts destroying the wall to liberate the
12:15region of Roman slavery.
12:16Thank you for watching this video!
Commentaires