- 18 hours ago
Exile In Buyukada
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Short filmTranscript
00:00:11Istanbul as Constantinople capital city of the Byzantine Empire as Istanbul capital of the
00:00:21Ottoman Empire more than 2,000 years of history steeped in great culture and international power
00:00:33struggles in the sea of Mamara south of the Bosphorus that slices through the city lies the island of
00:00:40Boyukada the biggest of the princes islands a haven of peace and tranquility 12 miles from
00:00:47the urban chaos of the city no roar of engines no blaring horns no exhaustive
00:00:59fumes to mar the tranquility of its luxurious mansions just the clip-clop of horse carriages
00:01:05the only means of transport on Boyukada when Istanbul was called Constantinople this island
00:01:15was known as principal
00:01:36Boyukada can be best described in the words of the German author Gustav Schlumberger written a hundred years ago
00:01:44a ferry runs alongside a long picturesque key which is always filled by people
00:01:55here coffee houses are never empty various flowers and trees cascades of ivies white flowered acacias
00:02:03Judas trees jasmine
00:02:14all of which provide a colorful background for this cheerful town
00:02:24its name came from its function a place of exile for the princes of the city
00:02:43in 1929 just six years after the new republic of turkey replaced the ottoman empire
00:02:49it served again as a place of exile this time for the co-leader of the russian revolution
00:02:56Leon Trotsky
00:04:41It would be home for the immediate future, or perhaps, as he feared, the place of his
00:04:47death at the hands of an assassin.
00:04:56It was February the 12th, 1929, and it was very cold.
00:05:07The Ilyich had left the Soviet port of Odessa on the Black Sea six days earlier.
00:05:14Leon Trotsky had led the opposition to Stalin since Lenin's death in 1924.
00:05:20Now 2,000 oppositionists were in Soviet prisons, but Trotsky was being deported to the Republic
00:05:28of Turkey.
00:05:29Trotsky was accompanied by his wife, Natalia Sidova, their youngest son, Leon Sidov, whom
00:05:37they called Lvova, and agents of Stalin's secret police.
00:05:51Leon Trotsky had been expelled from the Soviet Union by the GPU, Stalin's secret police.
00:05:59The GPU agents were there to escort Trotsky.
00:06:08They were agents of Stalin's regime, which wanted to silence Trotsky.
00:06:14How much strength have been given for war?
00:06:17We must have stayed for you.
00:06:22In Turkey, it's dangerous.
00:06:26Stalin will not calm down this way.
00:06:32The heroes of the victory of the revolution
00:06:36are going to each other with each other.
00:06:41I'm afraid of them. They will follow us from the Al-Ma'athe.
00:06:45How much will this nightmare continue?
00:06:47Is it their work?
00:06:53They will understand that they are on the way.
00:06:59Stalin will not be able to destroy all our последователей.
00:07:06Well, we will wait and hope.
00:07:12Yes, we will wait.
00:07:19Let's go.
00:07:20In fact, it is very cold.
00:07:49Stalin's secret police were not the only threat, Trotsky said.
00:07:52It was the only threat he faced in his new land of exile.
00:07:54There were the remnants of the white Russian armies,
00:07:57which had fought a long, bitter four-year war against the Soviet Union.
00:08:03The last commander of the white army, General Vrangl,
00:08:06had died the previous year,
00:08:08but many of the 150,000 men who had fled with him to Istanbul in 1920
00:08:13were still there.
00:08:16Two leaders and two tendencies opposed each other when Lenin died in 1924.
00:08:26Leon Trotsky, born Liev Bronstein,
00:08:30a brilliant orator and writer,
00:08:32co-leader of the October Revolution and leader of the Red Army.
00:08:54And Joseph Stalin, born Yosef Jugashvili,
00:08:59General Secretary of the Communist Party,
00:09:01who Lenin opposed and tried to remove in December 1922,
00:09:07making his views known in his political testament,
00:09:10which was suppressed during Stalin's lifetime.
00:09:17Under Stalin, the Communist Party had become a bureaucratic apparatus,
00:09:22destroying party democracy for one and a half million members
00:09:26and crushing all opposition to Stalin's central policy,
00:09:30socialism in one country.
00:09:34Trotsky took his stand on the first four congresses
00:09:37of the Communist International,
00:09:39the liberation of workers and peasants in all countries
00:09:43from capitalist poverty, oppression and war.
00:09:47He founded the left opposition
00:09:49with the growing support of workers and young students
00:09:53in the Soviet Union.
00:09:54In 1927, the Communist Party's Central Committee
00:09:58expelled the left opposition and began arrests, exile and imprisonment.
00:10:07The Tsars of Moscow and the Sultans of Constantinople
00:10:11had been sworn enemies for many centuries.
00:10:16But almost simultaneous revolutions in the 20th century
00:10:21had consigned both empires to history
00:10:24and created a wary solidarity between the young, new,
00:10:29but ideologically different regimes of Russia and Turkey.
00:10:52just before he disembarked at Constantinople, Trotsky wrote two letters.
00:10:57The first angry one was to the Central Committee
00:11:00of the Soviet Communist Party in Moscow.
00:11:03Stalin, the GPU and the nationalist Turkish regime
00:11:07were conspiring against him, he wrote.
00:11:09And if he were to be killed during his Istanbul exile,
00:11:13the responsibility would lie with the Central Committee
00:11:16and, of course, Stalin.
00:11:20In Istanbul, they will kill us.
00:11:23It is possible.
00:11:26It is not possible that there is a corresponding agreement
00:11:30with the Turkish government.
00:11:34If Stalin would like us, they would kill us here.
00:11:37Because there is no one on the ship, except the GPU agents.
00:11:43I know his style.
00:11:45He will wait to wait to follow us.
00:11:51And only when he decides that we all forgot about it,
00:11:56he will be cleared for us somewhere in the third country.
00:12:03The second letter, polite but ironic,
00:12:06was addressed to Mustafa Kemal Ataturk,
00:12:09the President of the New Turkish Republic.
00:12:19Dear Mr. President,
00:12:20at the gates of Constantinople,
00:12:23I have the honor to inform you
00:12:24that it is not by my own free will
00:12:26that I have arrived at the frontier of Turkey.
00:12:30I am crossing this frontier
00:12:32only because I must submit to force.
00:12:39I would have preferred to go to a country I know
00:12:42and whose language I speak.
00:12:47But those who exile seldom consider the wishes of the exiled.
00:12:52Please, Mr. President, accept my appropriate sentiments.
00:12:56Leon Trotsky, February 12th, 1929.
00:13:01Yes.
00:13:05We are in the near future.
00:13:07We are in the near future.
00:13:08We are in the near future.
00:13:08I have to give you 5 cents.
00:13:09Trotsky's harrowing journey into foreign exile
00:13:12had begun in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan,
00:13:1522 days before the Ilyich moored at Istanbul.
00:13:20At the end of the voyage,
00:13:22right at the gates of Istanbul,
00:13:24he received one final communication
00:13:26from Stalin's Central Committee,
00:13:29an envelope containing $1,500.
00:13:47World War I had shattered Europe,
00:13:49bringing down most of the continent's empires
00:13:52and replacing them with nation states.
00:13:57With Trotsky's arrival,
00:13:59two revolutions crossed paths at the gates of Istanbul.
00:14:03Trotsky had helped to destroy Tsarist Russia.
00:14:09Ataturk had formed a new republic
00:14:12from the rubble of the Ottoman Empire.
00:14:16It had taken a costly four-year war of independence to achieve,
00:14:22and marked not only popular rejection of a map imposed by foreign powers,
00:14:27but also a determination to change into a modern, westernized society.
00:14:33When Trotsky arrived in Istanbul,
00:14:35the republic was only six years old.
00:14:38No longer the sick man of Europe,
00:14:41Turkey was young and healthy.
00:14:43Hats and suits ousted the fez and the kaftan.
00:14:50Latin characters replaced the Arabic alphabet.
00:14:55Women who had been slaves in harems
00:14:57now had the right to vote.
00:15:18The films of the time told the importance of the day and the dynamism of the country.
00:15:24The film of the country was taken on camera.
00:15:26The film of the country was found in the country.
00:15:27The film of the country was a very, very, very late.
00:15:56At 4 p.m. Trotsky entered the arrival hall of the port of Istanbul.
00:16:03Along with the Turkish security officials to greet him was Suzlov, the Soviet consul.
00:16:09It was more like the arrival of a foreign dignitary than a common exile.
00:16:13Sayin Trotsky, turk topraklarına hoş geldiniz.
00:16:21I am carefully следую за событиями в Турции.
00:16:25Несмотря на ваше гостеприимство, я вряд ли задержусь здесь надолго.
00:16:31Я вас не утомлю.
00:16:33Мой паспорт у Сыдова.
00:16:36Не kadar калычагınız size bağlı.
00:16:39Истеги низом, истеги низом, истеги низом, истеги низом.
00:16:41Но если вы здесь не думаете, то не опасно.
00:16:44Мы будем делать это не опасно.
00:16:46Буду признателен, если это письмо будет незамедлительно вручено уважаемому главе государства.
00:16:53Да, не опасно.
00:16:55Мы не будем делать это.
00:16:56Будьте.
00:17:00On the instructions of Turkish Interior Minister Şuk Rukaya to the governor of Istanbul,
00:17:07security was tight.
00:17:08There were no journalists.
00:17:11Ladies and gentlemen, I am from the Soviet Union, the German German Council of the United States.
00:17:15I am the President of the United States.
00:17:19Welcome, Philip D.D.
00:17:23In order of your safety, we would like to place you in the Gen-Consul.
00:17:29I hope that only as a guest.
00:17:34While the paperwork was being completed and pleasantries exchanged,
00:17:37young Sidov stood guard over 12 chests, everything that Trotsky owned.
00:17:46They contained no money or jewelry,
00:17:49only the books and documents the exile would use to direct the opposition against Stalin.
00:18:00Officials told Trotsky on his arrival that they had not been told he was being exiled,
00:18:05only that he was arriving for health reasons.
00:18:08Atatürk knew he had to be careful.
00:18:10Any mishap that might befall Trotsky in Turkey could have major international implications.
00:18:21He instructed Muhyiddin Nostundag, the governor of Istanbul, to reply to Trotsky's letter.
00:18:27Our police have taken all the necessary security measures regarding your safety.
00:18:32It would be advisable for you to inform the officers in charge of your security
00:18:37of any suspicious movement or activity you may perceive.
00:18:42But implementing that security was another question.
00:18:48Trotsky would first reside at the Soviet Consulate, which was Soviet territory,
00:18:53and where the Turks could not protect him.
00:18:55But no one believed Stalin would be foolish enough to make an attempt on his rival's life inside the compound.
00:19:01The Turkish authorities could only help once Trotsky stepped outside the Consulate,
00:19:07which meant he had to inform the police beforehand of his every move.
00:19:12The authorities were particularly uneasy with the white Russian population of Istanbul,
00:19:18victims of Trotsky's Red Army.
00:19:31Police headquarters were flooded with informants reports of hitmen flocking to Istanbul,
00:19:37ready to empty their guns on Trotsky when the moment came.
00:19:43The list of suspects grew by the hour.
00:19:47But Trotsky was not Turkey's only security problem.
00:19:51There was considerable opposition to Ataturk's reforms.
00:19:56Anti-Western riots throughout the country, some of them foreign-inspired,
00:20:00were an almost daily occurrence.
00:20:04With Trotsky's arrival, communist sympathizers joined demonstrations,
00:20:09posters mushroomed everywhere, calling for a people's uprising.
00:20:25Ataturk was confident, however, and did not see the communist movement as a threat to Turkey or its way of
00:20:31life.
00:20:46Trotsky's first home in Istanbul still stands today as the Russian Consulate.
00:20:56During the first days of Trotsky's stay, the Consulate staff treated him cordially and were diplomatically correct.
00:21:03Their personal belongings were never searched, no questions were asked, and they were free in their movements.
00:21:10Trotsky chose to remain mostly indoors, while his wife and son stepped into the lively streets of the city to
00:21:17run their errands.
00:21:27The Consulate was near Beoglu.
00:21:33At the turn of the century, Pera, as it was then known, with its diplomatic missions, theaters, hotels, casinos, cafes,
00:21:43music halls, foreigners,
00:21:44had been the symbol of Western civilization for the Ottoman Empire.
00:22:06Dinner at the Tocatlian Hotel would be followed by drinks, and a game of billiards at the Luxembourg, and a
00:22:12late stop at the Concordiae to dance what was left of the night away.
00:22:20In one corner were women who avoided gazing eyes with extremely polite but ignoring eyes.
00:22:28On the other hand, there were men who tried equally hard to steal the women's hearts and draw their attention.
00:22:40A major contribution to the nightlife came from Trotsky's sworn enemies.
00:22:46The bankrupt generals and aristocrats of Tsarist Russia had brought with them a style of entertainment the city had never
00:22:53known before.
00:23:16They performed in cabarets and ran restaurants, introducing exotic Russian fare, such as chicken goods.
00:23:23Tsaristakiev, Lamkarski, and beef stroganoff, which were to become staples on Turkish menus.
00:23:39Proud generals who once guarded the borders of the Russian Empire now stood guard for small tips at nightclub toilets,
00:23:47and pale-skinned countesses struggled to eke out an existence as prostitutes.
00:24:00Mercifully for the Turkish police, Trotsky's days at the Soviet consulate were numbered.
00:24:10Less than a month after he first walked through its gates, all pretense of courtesy disappeared.
00:24:17Trotsky decided to leave, and the doors of the consulate closed behind him.
00:24:25The glamorous Tocatlian Hotel stood just a few hundred yards from the consulate.
00:24:32Trotsky and his family made a discreet entrance at midnight through the service door.
00:24:38They took over rooms 67, 68, and 70.
00:24:44In the dying days of the Ottoman Empire, guests would have consisted of French, Italian, British officers,
00:24:53and fallen Russian aristocrats who had to sell their jewelry to afford the Tocatlian.
00:25:12In the early days of the Republic, well-off Turks from out of town and visiting foreign businessmen made up
00:25:19most of the clientele.
00:25:26The businessmen spent much of their time lounging around the lobby, restaurant, and bar.
00:25:53Their number was to increase considerably after Trotsky arrived.
00:25:57The hotel was full of Turkish, Soviet, German, and British agents, keeping an eye on the illustrious new guest.
00:26:06Trotsky's followers from all over Europe came to visit him in his new quarters.
00:26:12One particularly welcome guest was Maurice Paz and his wife, Madeleine, who came from Paris bearing a gift of 20
00:26:20,000 francs.
00:26:22Trotsky had very little money.
00:26:24He was waiting for $10,000 in royalties for his books that never seemed to arrive from the United States.
00:26:31He needed the money not only for his family's survival, but also to publish a newsletter for the opposition in
00:26:38Russia.
00:26:39Trotsky and Maurice Paz worked for five days discussing future strategy under an ever-watchful and mounting Turkish police presence.
00:26:51The Turkish police were not concerned about the discussions between Trotsky and Paz, but they did care about Stalin's secret
00:27:00service.
00:27:00They did not want a political assassination on their territory.
00:27:05The need to find a really safe place for Trotsky to live was becoming more and more urgent.
00:27:14As Trotsky searched for a new home from the safety of his suite, his son, Ljavova, kept track of political
00:27:21developments from the newspapers.
00:27:25The German press interested Trotsky the most, firstly because of the political situation there, also because he had applied for
00:27:33a visa and had many supporters there.
00:27:40About a month after his arrival, Trotsky began to give interviews and to write for newspapers around the world.
00:27:47The Paris Journal, the New York Times, the English Daily Express.
00:27:52And he revealed his feelings about his host country in his first interview with a Turkish newspaper, Miliyet, considered at
00:28:00the time to be a mouthpiece of the Turkish government.
00:28:06The Turkish government showed me great hospitality. Before I came, I did not know how I was going to be
00:28:13received here.
00:28:16I wrote a letter to the president. I got a reply from the governor immediately.
00:28:26The Turkish government never limited my movements.
00:28:36Ataturk, in response to Trotsky's safety concerns, in the letter from the boat, the Ilyich, had replied through governor Ustundag.
00:28:45The violence that you mention in your letter cannot take place in Turkey.
00:28:49You are free to go to any country you like.
00:28:52If you wish to extend your stay in Turkey, you will benefit from Turkish hospitality.
00:28:58You will fully enjoy all the rights extended to all foreigners living in Turkey.
00:29:10Why did Trotsky first settle in the Soviet Consulate? And why did he leave?
00:29:15He explained to the newspapers.
00:29:19I had applied to go to Germany.
00:29:23I didn't move to a hotel because I thought a reply would come quickly.
00:29:27I didn't move to a hotel because I thought a reply would come quickly.
00:29:42It's because I do not speak the language.
00:29:45I am old now and I cannot learn a new language.
00:29:48There is no other reason why I should not stay in your country, which I love, and where I am
00:29:52shown great hospitality.
00:29:58Trotsky knew Turkey and the Turkish people fairly well.
00:30:01He had written of Turkey's experiences in its search for freedom and followed the war of independence closely.
00:30:08He admired Ataturk.
00:30:11He told Milliyet,
00:30:15You owe your independence to the will of your great leader.
00:30:19Ataturk's greatness has been acknowledged by the entire world.
00:30:23It is a pleasure for me to repeat this fact here.
00:30:36Trotsky's growing visibility in the media was an added safety risk.
00:30:41Turkish security reports were tense.
00:30:45Istanbul was full of agents and most of them were after Trotsky.
00:30:52One informant said white Russians were planning to kill Trotsky
00:30:56for allegedly having ordered the deaths of 60,000 people in the Crimea
00:31:00after it was evacuated by General Wrangel's army.
00:31:15For days on end, police picked up and questioned former Tsarists' officers and soldiers.
00:31:22Many were summarily expelled from Turkey.
00:31:25Trotsky had driven them from their homes twelve years before.
00:31:29Now, because of him, they were being forced from their chosen land of exile.
00:31:34That is all my fate!
00:32:04Oh
00:32:07Oh
00:32:49All Trotsky wanted was a safe place where he could devote himself to his writing.
00:33:09A red-cliffed island set in deep blue, Buyukada crouches in the sea like a prehistoric animal drinking.
00:33:19Trotsky wrote these words in his unpublished memoirs.
00:33:23The village cemetery seemed more alive than the village itself.
00:33:34Around 1930, Buyukada was still as deserted as it probably was when the disgraced brothers
00:33:40and cousins of the Byzantine emperors lingered away their lives on its shores.
00:33:47Nature itself seemed to have designed the spot to be a regal penitentiary.
00:33:54The islanders, a few fishermen and shepherds, lived as their forefathers did a thousand years earlier.
00:34:01The horn of a motor car never disturbed the stillness.
00:34:05Only the braying of an ass came down from the outlying cliffs and fields into the main street.
00:34:13For a few weeks in the year, noisy vulgarity intruded.
00:34:23In the summer, multitudes of holidaymakers, families of Istanbul merchants, crowded the beaches and the huts.
00:34:34Then calm returned, and only the braying of the ass greeted the still and splendid onset of the autumn.
00:35:00Trotsky had finally found a safe home.
00:35:09Buyukada was relatively difficult to access, and comings and goings were easy to control, and the Turkish security was happy.
00:35:18Trotsky changed addresses several times before he found his final home.
00:35:23In some places, he was simply uncomfortable.
00:35:26In others, mysterious fires broke out.
00:35:29Blamed on the GPU, but never proven.
00:35:32Blamed on the GPU, but never proven.
00:35:50Blamed on the GPU, but never proven.
00:35:59Blamed on the GPU, but never proven.
00:36:04Trotsky liked the new house, a spacious, dilapidated villa, rented from a bankrupt Pasha.
00:36:11He immediately got to work.
00:36:13The authorities allowed friends to visit.
00:36:15And one of the first to join him was his secretary.
00:36:19Madame Sara.
00:36:25In the future.
00:36:29In Bicentency?
00:36:35Blamed on the broadcast of the two places.
00:36:39Browsому.
00:36:39The people that must come before.
00:36:40As if we are.
00:36:43The trauma of conquerors.
00:36:45The status quo.
00:36:47The darkness of the черımız 축.
00:36:49Government on his kingdom.
00:36:49The modern is a total también.
00:36:50The living
00:36:51Предреволюционная ситуация в Англии, кризис французского колониализма,
00:36:58национально-освободительные движения в Китае и в Индии.
00:37:01Все эти проблемы зависят только от одного вопроса.
00:37:06Кто придет к власти?
00:37:11Фашисты или коммунисты?
00:37:16Кому это передать?
00:37:18Передать это Седову.
00:37:21Пусть он пошлет почтой в Нью-Йорк Таймс.
00:37:24Вы опять рассердите Сталина.
00:37:26Вы же знаете, что мир не прислушивается к его голосу,
00:37:29а ваши речи печатаются во всех американских газетах.
00:37:33Вы мне льстите.
00:37:41Субтитры создавал DimaTorzok.
00:37:47Субтитры создавал DimaTorzok.
00:38:04Субтитры создавал DimaTorzok.
00:38:07Субтитры создавал DimaTorzok.
00:38:15Субтитры создавал DimaTorzok.
00:38:26Субтитры создавал DimaTorzok.
00:38:58Субтитры создавал DimaTorzok.
00:39:08Субтитры создавал DimaTorzok.
00:39:13Субтитры создавал DimaTorzok.
00:39:17Субтитры создавал DimaTorzok.
00:39:22He personally asked for him to be granted a visa.
00:39:25He and his brother stayed on Boyou-Kadah for three years,
00:39:29and they also worked as bodyguards and were always armed.
00:39:3330 years later, in 1960,
00:39:37Sobo Levikos was arrested in the United States for spying,
00:39:41carrying papers that identified him as Jack Sobo.
00:39:45He told FBI agents during interrogation
00:39:49that he had been in the employment of the GPU,
00:39:52reporting on the activities of the Boyou-Kadah household
00:39:56directly to Stalin.
00:39:58Jacob Blumkin had been recruited by Trotsky
00:40:02into the Communist Party.
00:40:03He was an officer of the GPU.
00:40:08He asked for a meeting with Trotsky,
00:40:11which was arranged by Trotsky's son, Leon Sidov,
00:40:15who said that he'd met Blumkin in the street by chance.
00:40:19Jacob Blumkin offered to smuggle Trotsky's writings
00:40:22into the Soviet Union using Turkish fishermen.
00:40:26Trotsky declined.
00:40:28But the two men had a long talk,
00:40:30and Trotsky gave Blumkin a carefully worded message
00:40:34to the oppositionists back home.
00:40:36A few months later, news came that Stalin had executed Blumkin
00:40:41for being a Trotskyist.
00:40:43The informant was said to be Blumkin's lover,
00:40:46Liza Gorskaya, herself a GPU agent,
00:40:49who Blumkin had confided in
00:40:52and told about his meetings with Trotsky.
00:40:57Trotsky, shocked,
00:40:58called on his supporters around the world
00:41:00to raise a storm of protest
00:41:02over the execution of Blumkin.
00:41:13The circle around Trotsky became wider
00:41:16with every passing day and week.
00:41:21They came from all over Europe,
00:41:23and they spent most of their time
00:41:25in Trotsky's study.
00:41:27Some were no strangers to the Turkish police.
00:41:57What are the commons-contracts?
00:41:59They should go back to the defense.
00:42:03If Hitler will go to the situation with the labor mass,
00:42:07he will kill himself, and this will be his end.
00:42:11If this doesn't happen,
00:42:13he will support the social democrats,
00:42:16who are part of the labor class.
00:42:19So they should say to him,
00:42:22if they start to kill you,
00:42:25we will be in your protection.
00:42:27And if you do not want good for the press,
00:42:29I will do not do that.
00:42:37You must go to the millions of workers in Europe.
00:42:42Your future will be in your hands.
00:42:45If the fascism will come to the government,
00:42:48the Nazis will destroy the troops from the war.
00:42:51The Soviets will destroy the troops.
00:42:52The Soviets will destroy the troops.
00:42:52The Soviets will destroy the troops.
00:43:12The Russian Revolution and Trotsky had many sympathizers in Turkey.
00:43:20Although early during the War of Independence,
00:43:23Mustafa Kemal, reflecting on the Revolution, wrote,
00:43:28Our friendship with Russia continues.
00:43:33However, the state of our country,
00:43:35the domestic situation of the nation,
00:43:37and the vigor of our national traditions
00:43:40make it clear that communism cannot be an option for Turkey.
00:43:55Trotsky continued to search for a visa.
00:43:58He applied to Germany, to England, and to France.
00:44:02All of the applications were rejected.
00:44:05No government would accept him.
00:44:07He applied for an American visa
00:44:09and wrote to the U.S. consulate in Istanbul.
00:44:14Leaving aside the question of medical consultation
00:44:17necessary for my wife and for myself,
00:44:20the aim of my voyage is of a purely scientific nature.
00:44:24I recently published in the United States
00:44:27a work in three volumes on the history of the Russian Revolution,
00:44:31which, I noted with satisfaction,
00:44:34met with a favorable reception on the part of almost the entire American press.
00:44:40The fourth volume will be devoted to the history of the Red Army and the Civil War.
00:44:45While studying in connection with this theme,
00:44:48the history of the wars of Cromwell in England
00:44:51and the war between the northern and southern states in America,
00:44:54I was struck by the extraordinary resemblance in point of form and method
00:44:59between the civil war in the United States and the civil war in Russia.
00:45:05The consul never applied.
00:45:07The first official U.S. communication he received
00:45:11was from the Internal Revenue Service.
00:45:14The records of this office disclose
00:45:17that you have received income from sources within the United States.
00:45:22It is requested that you advise whether you filed returns
00:45:26with any collector of Internal Revenue in the United States for the year 1932.
00:45:40While Trotsky pursued his quest for a visa, Turkey organized its first beauty pageant
00:45:46with all Turkish contestants.
00:45:51Hundreds of young women applied.
00:45:53Trotsky and other problems were forgotten for a few months,
00:45:56as the secluded, veiled women of a decade earlier appeared before the world clad in bathing suits.
00:46:04Farija Tevfik became the first Miss Turkey.
00:46:07Her successor two years later, Keriman Halis, was crowned the most beautiful woman in the world.
00:46:14The
00:46:15the
00:46:15the
00:46:16the
00:46:53Trotsky had arrived on Boyukada with only his wife, his son, and a secretary.
00:46:58By 1931, he was surrounded by a large group of supporters.
00:47:03When they took the strategy, they went outdoors for a picnic.
00:47:07But Turkish security was always close by.
00:47:10Nothing was left for chance.
00:47:23There was a French banker, Raymond Molinier, and his young and attractive wife, Jeanne.
00:47:31Raymond had plans to transform Trotskyism into a major movement,
00:47:35backed by mass circulation newspapers that would have wide appeal.
00:47:39Everyone, who belongs to the opposition, should take a daily job for a group of young workers and young people
00:47:50who are 14-15 years old.
00:47:51Now this is the most important part.
00:47:54This is the end of the revolution.
00:47:55It's the end of the revolution.
00:47:58It's the end of the revolution.
00:48:01It's the end of the revolution.
00:48:14It's the end of the revolution.
00:48:15It's the end of the revolution.
00:48:18It's the end of the revolution.
00:48:42I have the end of the revolution.
00:48:45The rest of the revolution.
00:48:48I have been warned.
00:48:49And now, the Turkish government has no way to do it.
00:48:54I have no time to do it.
00:48:55I don't know what will be in the future.
00:48:56But in the future, I don't know.
00:48:58The question of the vizs is not late.
00:49:03I hope that you understand me that my…
00:49:07I can't imagine what's going on...
00:49:07Molinier
00:49:07practically took over the Buyukader house, bought new furniture
00:49:11and hired secretaries and writers from Europe.
00:49:15In the meantime, his wife Jeanne fell in love with Ljewova, Trotsky's son.
00:49:21Their love affair grew.
00:49:25While Trotsky and Raymond worked on their projects,
00:49:28Ljewova and Jeanne took long walks in the garden.
00:49:32When Raymond decided to return to Paris,
00:49:36Jeanne was on the pier, waving goodbye.
00:49:41On l'a clamé. Et aujourd'hui, c'est un anarchiste.
00:49:46Pourtant, lui, il peut mourir pour la révolution.
00:49:49Et à ce que croient en lui, il peut leur apprendre à mûrir.
00:49:53Il est difficile de penser à la mort, ici, près de toi.
00:49:57Je ne veux pas que tout finisse.
00:49:59Viens avec moi en France. Je ne veux pas te quitter.
00:50:02Je dois rester ici pour l'aider.
00:50:04En fait, je ne veux rien faire.
00:50:07Nous sommes encerclés de tous côtés.
00:50:10Je ne veux pas rentrer.
00:50:11Je fais que tu restes ici pour mettre mon père dans l'embarras.
00:50:15Je ne sais pas comment je vais pouvoir lui expliquer tout cela.
00:50:19Je suis prête à tout.
00:50:35Trotsky decided to send his son to Germany to organize the Bureau of the Left Opposition there.
00:50:43Levovov was his right hand, the only person he really trusted.
00:50:53He wrote to the German and Turkish governments, saying his son had to go to Germany for health reasons.
00:51:00Visas arrived quickly, and Levovov and Jeanne left Turkey together.
00:51:05Je ne sais pas, mais je کisse.
00:51:14Je ne sais pas, mais je sais pas.
00:51:34A
00:51:44After Ljavova left Boyukada, Trotsky's daughter, Zina, arrived.
00:52:25Zina, Zina, Zina.
00:52:29Zina, Zina.
00:52:38Ты смотришь на меня, как в семнадцатом, когда я в Петрограде держал речь.
00:52:42Ты нисколько не изменилась. Я очень рад.
00:52:51Я не могу забыть Нину. В Москве мне было так одинок.
00:52:56Я хочу быть рядом с тобой. Я не хочу разлучаться.
00:53:08Зина.
00:53:09Зина was one of two daughters Trotsky had from his first marriage with Alexandra Sokolovskaya,
00:53:15a revolutionary comrade from the 1900s.
00:53:28Трotsky had left her when he fled his first Siberian exile for Europe in 1902.
00:53:34When he returned to Russia in 1905, it was with Natalia, whom he had met in Paris.
00:53:45Зина was not well.
00:53:48The death at a young age of tuberculosis of her sister Nina had depressed her,
00:53:54and she suffered from depression in addition to serious respiratory problems.
00:54:00Trotsky wanted her to come to Turkey first, and immediately travel on to Germany for treatment.
00:54:06Again, Trotsky faced a visa problem.
00:54:09In a telegram he sent to Tefiq Rushtu Aras, the foreign minister.
00:54:14He indicated that Zina was waiting sick in Odessa,
00:54:18and he asked for an urgent visa to have her brought to Turkey.
00:54:23Trotsky also said he was ready to pay all telegraph and visa fees.
00:54:29The next day, the foreign minister sent him a telegraph.
00:54:33Order given to our Odessa consulate to issue visa for Miss Zina Volkova.
00:54:37Stop.
00:54:41No need for a telegraph fee.
00:54:43Stop.
00:54:44Tefiq Rushtu.
00:54:49But Zina was happy on Boyukada.
00:54:53She didn't want to leave her father's side.
00:54:55The pine-rich air of the island was good for her lungs,
00:54:59and being with Trotsky and Natalia and helping around the house was good for her soul.
00:55:06Trotsky was convinced she needed treatment in Germany.
00:55:18Good, that Zina brought her with her father's side.
00:55:23In the house, the father gave her happiness.
00:55:26Only one one is happy for us.
00:55:29However, when the accident happened,
00:55:33We all decided that it was a role in the GPU.
00:55:36They've been hunting for my work.
00:55:40Turkish police could not be able to determine the cause of the fire.
00:55:46And finally, they found out that this guy was playing with the spits and made the GPU.
00:55:54Now we call him a small GPU.
00:56:00I would like them to stay with us, but they'd better leave them to Germany.
00:56:13Zina!
00:56:14Zina felt unwanted and went into a severe depression.
00:56:19She wrote to her mother, complaining of her father's aloofness.
00:56:24She felt that he did not want her around.
00:56:26Excuse me, she's not healthy.
00:56:44Zina finally accepted her father's wishes and went to Germany in 1932, where the Nazis were growing in strength.
00:56:56Zina had intensive treatment for pneumonia and depression, but her health was not improving.
00:57:03And the situation in Germany with the Nazis frightened her, for she was Jewish.
00:57:10Ljavova wrote to his father on January the 5th, 1933, informing him that Zina had killed herself.
00:57:18The final words on her suicide note were thoughts for her little son, who had joined her in Germany from
00:57:25Boyukada, just before she took her own life.
00:57:29I feel my end approaching.
00:57:32I feel my end approaching.
00:57:32I don't think I can take care of my child.
00:57:35He doesn't speak a word of German.
00:57:37Call my brother.
00:57:41Call my father.
00:57:42She then locked herself in the kitchen and turned on the gas.
00:57:56Trotsky was shocked and riddled with feelings of guilt.
00:58:06Pierre Frank, his secretary, recounted that Trotsky locked himself up in his room
00:58:12and would not talk to anyone for five days.
00:58:23When he emerged, his hair had grown whiter than before.
00:58:47To escape the sorrow and the agony of Zina's death, Trotsky returned to fishing.
00:58:54He could be seen every day with his fisherman friend Haralambos, who only spoke Turkish and Greek.
00:59:00They communicated only with gestures, but Trotsky soon became expert at handling the hooks,
00:59:06the lines and the nets.
00:59:15News of his prowess as a fisherman was heard even in Russia.
00:59:19.
00:59:22.
00:59:24.
00:59:27.
00:59:29.
00:59:29.
00:59:29.
00:59:29.
00:59:30.
00:59:30.
00:59:30.
00:59:30.
00:59:32.
00:59:32.
00:59:32.
00:59:33.
00:59:33.
00:59:33.
00:59:34.
00:59:34.
00:59:34You don't know any language?
00:59:38What, brother Trotsky?
00:59:40I ask Trotsky.
00:59:43If Lening was alive,
00:59:45you would be now in Kremlin?
00:59:48And Trotsky answers.
00:59:51If Lening was alive,
00:59:55he would be now in Turkey
00:59:59he would be here
01:00:20He would be here
01:00:22and put it on her
01:00:25and put it
01:00:26and it will be
01:00:28We have to go
01:00:30in Odessa
01:00:30and put it on her
01:00:31and put it on her
01:00:33and put it on her
01:00:40it was
01:00:41a
01:00:41a
01:00:48a
01:00:49a
01:00:49a
01:01:03in 1933
01:01:04Turkey prepared to celebrate its 10th anniversary as a republic.
01:01:11Ataturk wanted to show the world
01:01:13how far Turkey had gone in one short decade.
01:01:16Countrywide gala events, balls and ceremonies lasted throughout the year.
01:01:21the world
01:01:29of Turkey.
01:01:31of Turkey.
01:01:32The world
01:01:33of Turkey.
01:01:36The world
01:01:37Stalin, aware of Turkey's growing role in the Balkans,
01:01:40began keeping a close watch on Turkey
01:01:43and started to develop relations from 1932 onwards.
01:01:47There was a non-stop exchange of delegations between the two countries
01:01:52and when the Turkish Prime Minister,
01:01:54Ismet İnönü,
01:01:56returned from a visit to Moscow with a credit line of eight million dollars,
01:02:00the Istanbul newspapers were full of Stalin's praise.
01:02:07Trotsky was anxious.
01:02:09He was convinced Stalin was putting pressure on Turkey to expel him.
01:02:13Once again,
01:02:15it was time to leave.
01:02:22By early summer 1933,
01:02:25Trotsky knew his days on Boyukada were numbered.
01:02:28He contacted a number of European countries,
01:02:31asking them to urgently reactivate his earlier visa applications.
01:02:45He pressed his friends in France in particular into action,
01:02:49but weeks passed and there was no reply.
01:02:52His hopes were raised when he was allowed to Denmark to deliver a lecture,
01:02:57but the Communist parties protested his trip through Europe
01:03:01and he returned to Principaux.
01:03:05His finances were dwindling
01:03:07and money started to become a serious problem for the first time
01:03:11since his arrival in Turkey.
01:03:13He wrote to Henri Molinier on June the 7th.
01:03:17I could even live in Corsica if only France would open its doors.
01:03:23Finally, four and a half years after his initial request,
01:03:28the French government granted him a visa.
01:03:30But there were strict conditions.
01:03:33Trotsky would not be allowed into Paris
01:03:35and would have to live in a southern suburb
01:03:38under constant police supervision
01:03:40and the threat of immediate expulsion
01:03:42if he failed to obey any of the conditions put forth by the French government.
01:03:48Trotsky accepted and started packing.
01:03:52Isaac Deutscher wrote,
01:03:54It was not without a tug of emotion that he took leave of the splendor of the Sea of Marmara
01:04:00and the fishing expeditions,
01:04:02and that he thought of his faithful fishermen,
01:04:05some of whom their bones saturated through with the salt of the sea,
01:04:08had recently found their rest in the village cemetery,
01:04:12while others had, in these years of depression,
01:04:16to struggle harder and harder to sell their catch.
01:04:23Trotsky and Natalia left Bouygoukada on June the 25th, 1933,
01:04:30to board the ship Bulgaria bound for France.
01:04:54He wrote one final letter to the government in Ankara,
01:04:57a letter of thanks for the hospitality and the security they provided
01:05:02during the past four and a half years.
01:05:21But there was also emotion.
01:05:23In his memoirs, he wrote of his last moments in the villa in Bouygoukada.
01:05:30The house is already empty.
01:05:32The wooden cases are already downstairs.
01:05:36Young hands are driving in the nails.
01:05:39The floor of our old and dilapidated villa
01:05:42was painted with such queer paint in the spring
01:05:45that even now, four months later,
01:05:48tables, chairs and our feet keep sticking to it.
01:05:53Oddly, I feel as if my feet had gotten somewhat rooted
01:05:57in the soil of Prinkibour.
01:06:10Trotsky's French visa expired in 1935.
01:06:15He was forced to leave Norway,
01:06:18where the government was under pressure,
01:06:19and finally traveled to his last place of exile, Mexico,
01:06:24where he had been invited by the artist couple
01:06:27of Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo.
01:06:32There, he would suffer another blow.
01:06:35His son, Levovo, whom he'd sent to Germany in 1931,
01:06:41had fled to France after Hitler came to power in 1933,
01:06:44and was leading a happy life there with Jeanne,
01:06:48now his wife, and continuing his father's work.
01:06:52With a new but trusted French supporter, Etienne,
01:06:57Levovo was organizing the left opposition in Paris.
01:07:00Etienne had access to Levovo's private letters
01:07:04and read all the instructions Trotsky sent his son.
01:07:07Levovo died mysteriously in 1938.
01:07:11According to the official hospital report,
01:07:14he fell from his bed and died in the hospital
01:07:17where he had just undergone an operation for appendicitis.
01:07:21In 1958, Etienne was arrested under his true identity
01:07:28of Mark Sporowski, GPU agent.
01:07:32Mark Sporowski said that the accident in the Paris clinic
01:07:35was arranged on Stalin's orders.
01:07:42All of Trotsky's children were now dead.
01:07:46Trotsky devoted himself full-time to writing,
01:07:50producing a flood of books including My Life,
01:07:53a matchless autobiographical history of the Russian Revolution.
01:08:06He survived at least one assassination attempt.
01:08:10But on August the 20th, 1940,
01:08:14seven years after he left Bouygoukada,
01:08:17Stalin's GPU finally caught up with Trotsky.
01:08:24Ramon Mercader, a Stalinist agent who'd made his way
01:08:28into Trotsky's household in Mexico,
01:08:30fatally wounded him with an ice axe.
01:08:38Trotsky died the following day.
01:08:41He was 61 years old.
01:09:01Years later, Isaac Deutscher wrote,
01:09:04Despite all the adversities,
01:09:06the years Trotsky had spent on Prinkipo
01:09:10were the calmest, the most creative,
01:09:13and the least unhappy time of his exile.
01:09:21It's right.
01:09:21It's doors for us.
01:09:25It's very solid.
01:09:41It's very solid.
01:09:42It can be filled with any pressure.
01:09:43It's very solid.
01:09:43but it's hard to endure.
01:09:45It can be fulfilled and it can be filled with pain.
01:09:49It's a horrible trigger.
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