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00:28Transcription by CastingWords
00:30Deep in the Amazon, there's a place where dolphins fly through trees.
00:38I am amazed, but how is possible these animals, these incredible creatures, are here in the jungle?
00:46A place where bears live in the clouds.
00:51The Andean bear is like the engineer of the cloud forest.
00:57A place where turtles have guardian angels.
01:01It's a place that ended up being caught in a way that I wouldn't have to leave.
01:07And the trees, they soak up 20 billion tons of water every day to create rivers in the sky.
01:20That water is what connects it all.
01:23We're talking about the largest river of the world.
01:27It's not just water in the river.
01:29It's water in the glaciers, in the atmosphere, in the clouds.
01:32But the Amazon is changing in real time.
01:36And there's so much we don't know.
01:38There are a lot of threats here in the Amazon, but still there are some people trying to make the
01:44difference.
01:46In an unprecedented two-year expedition, National Geographic is bringing together a passionate group of scientists to follow the water
01:56as they explore the magnificent ecosystems within.
02:01From the tops of the Andes, across 4,000 miles, to the Atlantic Ocean, and beyond.
02:09Science enables us to see into the future.
02:12To ensure that it's still standing for the next generation.
02:17It matters what we do.
02:38When you think of the Amazon,
02:42these 20,000 foot peaks may not come to mind.
02:48But this, is where it all begins.
02:52We actually are in the Amazon basin.
03:00We're right on the edge, right on the eastern side of the Andes.
03:08This is an important water tower.
03:11The snow and ice that you see here, eventually is going to make its way down into the Amazon.
03:18But the glaciers here are disappearing.
03:21And we don't know how quickly.
03:27That's what National Geographic explorer, Baker Perry, is here to find out.
03:32I'm leading this expedition to install a weather station near the summit of Asongate.
03:38Having lived in the Andes when he was younger,
03:41this is a sort of homecoming for Baker.
03:45Just in my lifetime,
03:46I've seen tremendous changes happening in the Amazon with ongoing deforestation.
03:53What we're trying to understand is how glaciers are responding.
04:00We have a very, very limited understanding of the weather or climate at the tops of these Andean mountains.
04:08So Baker, Tom, and their team of local guides and experts set out to tackle one of the highest peaks
04:15in the Amazon basin.
04:16These enormous glaciers store water for communities downstream.
04:21As the climate is warming, that kind of reliable source of fresh water is in danger.
04:26That water is intricately tied to the water cycling through all of Amazonia.
04:33The water molecules that fall as snow on the Andean peaks are coming from evaporation from those mighty trees in
04:40the Amazon.
04:44Flowing up through the trees, it releases into the atmosphere.
04:51Then it's going to condense out, form a cloud.
04:55And that cloud is going to be moved by the winds into the Andes.
05:03Where it's going to eventually fall as snow.
05:07When one part is altered, the entire system reacts.
05:12If you cut down trees in the rainforest, the amount of snowfall that occurs here drops.
05:18A weather station will provide insight into how much these glaciers are shrinking.
05:25But first, they need to get there.
05:30The Asungate is not an easy mountain.
05:32It's a huge effort to get weather equipment up to these elevations.
05:36That's why it hasn't really been done before.
05:38Good luck. Thank you.
05:41The physical challenges on these expeditions are real.
05:46The hardest part of climbing is the lack of oxygen.
05:58About half past two in the morning.
06:00For it's summarized in about three and a half hours.
06:11We have one little section to go up here.
06:14And then another fixed line going up there.
06:20If they succeed, the data from atop Asungate will be invaluable to the millions of people who depend on it.
06:30In the last ten years, water is decreasing every year.
06:35Every year is less, less, less than water.
06:38For Quechuan biologist Ruth Meripilco Arkaya, this loss is personal.
06:45She grew up in the high Andes, where the glacier has always protected the people.
06:53The glacier is a key part of our culture.
06:57As a child, her grandmother would tell stories about a mythical bear.
07:03This character called the Ukuku, like, is the semi-god between a bear and a human,
07:09does go to the Asungate to carry a block of ice to the communities as a sign they are going
07:14to have more water.
07:16The Ukuku story has played out for centuries in the Koyoriti festival.
07:22My grandmother used to tell me that the ice was very nearby.
07:26But now, with climate change, the snow is far away.
07:32They are not able to bring this ice cube anymore.
07:38Ukukus are more than a myth.
07:40Ukuku mean and they are very Quechuan, yeah.
07:44For Ruth, the real thing is just as mysterious.
07:49We are trying to understand the secret life of the Andean bird.
07:54A creature we know little about.
08:00Except that it's vital for forests in the clouds.
08:04That sit below Ausangate.
08:24Glaciers may be the water tower for the Amazon basin.
08:28But Andean cloud forests are the rain machine.
08:33They act like a sponge, soaking up moisture and releasing it downstream.
08:45I always like to climb trees, it's a different perspective being in the canopy, you know, it's a different world,
08:53a completely different world.
08:55Both the forest and bears are threatened, and they need each other to thrive.
09:02As voracious plant eaters, bears, spread seeds, wherever they go.
09:07They are very good street climbers.
09:09They spend most of their time actually on the trees.
09:13Camera traps will track their movements, to help Ruth understand their effect on the forest.
09:26The Andean birds, it's very hard to study, especially in this kind of terrain.
09:32In order to get this information, we need to also hide a lot.
09:44It's time to check the cameras, all 75 of them.
09:51We left this camera traps for the whole year, but we are doing the monitoring every two months.
09:56Oh my gosh.
10:00While the bears avoid the spotlight, others aren't so shy.
10:23To follow their trail, Ruth brings along her top tracker.
10:30Oh, coco.
10:38Yes, yes, yes, yes, yes.
10:40Yes, yes, yes.
10:45As the bears are moving, they are helping to disperse many of these tree species.
10:50They eat the seeds and they poop.
10:56So this poop has the seeds and has the nutrients to grow.
11:03This is a vaccinium, it's an arándano silvestre and it's one of the fruit favorites of the ose.
11:11The seeds that we just found contain fruit from this.
11:15We have a camera at 10 meters.
11:18We hope the camera has worked.
11:20We hope they will follow each other.
11:29We hope they will follow each other.
11:32We hope they do not know.
11:36What will this happen?
11:37A fish!
11:39A fish!
11:40A fish!
11:40For a fish!
11:42A fish!
12:00While the cameras reveal bare behavior, to really understand how they move, they need
12:06to get closer.
12:11The first time we caught your first bear, I couldn't describe the feeling I have.
12:17I don't know, like my brother, like my elder brother, you know, I feel like part of my family.
12:22It's an incredible creature.
12:24GPS callers track their every move.
12:29And for the first time, a National Geographic critter cam goes on walkabout with a bear
12:36named Sunchu.
12:39We can see from the perspective of the bear how it's moving around.
12:47We are following the journey and we're learning a lot.
12:52It turns out Sunchu and the other 40 plus bears she's identified so far are covering a larger
13:00and higher range than expected.
13:02You see some clusters.
13:05This means they spend quite a lot of time in this part of the forest.
13:10Her findings are extraordinary.
13:13As the climate warms and the bears move higher, they'll bring seeds with them, helping forests
13:21regrow at cooler elevations.
13:23Now we are thinking how the bears are going to help many of these tree species to adapt
13:28to the new environment.
13:31They just may be the key to ensuring the cloud forest survives.
13:38So we can keep the water moving down the Andes and into the headwaters where it begins to transform
13:49into something recognizable.
13:56It's not just one river.
13:59You have thousands of small rivers just flowing to the big Amazon.
14:07Making up 20% of the fresh water for the entire planet.
14:15The Amazon is the heart of the planet.
14:20And all these rivers are the veins of this heart.
14:34One magical creature considers the whole river system home.
14:41Dolphins don't recognize borders.
14:42They basically move free on the rivers.
14:50So does Fernando Trujillo, who moved to the Colombian Amazon to dedicate his life to them.
14:56When I just came here, it was difficult to find the dolphins because I didn't have a trained eye.
15:03And this was full of life, but I couldn't see the life.
15:08So it took time until I started to understand a little bit the river.
15:14After 35 years, Fernando's vision is clear.
15:20Protect the animal, keeping the equilibrium of this system.
15:25Dolphins are the jaguars in the water.
15:28They are the top predators.
15:30They are able to move in the main rivers, lakes, flooded forests, everywhere.
15:36That equilibrium is under constant assault.
15:41And pink dolphin populations are decreasing in record numbers.
15:46The deforestation is there.
15:49There are burnings.
15:50There are pollution.
15:53And there's drought.
16:08The Amazon site's worst drought on record in 2023.
16:14Low water levels trap more heat from the sun, spiking temperatures.
16:21For the first time, we have a kind of phenomenon where a lot of dolphins were dying very quickly.
16:30We lost 70 dolphins in just one day.
16:34Millions of fish have died.
16:43Fernando is working with local teams to conserve these dolphins any way they can.
16:49By tagging them, they hope to identify feeding and nursing areas and expand protections.
16:57And who better than them to show us.
17:06Go, go, go, go.
17:09Go, go, go.
17:10Go, go.
17:15Go.
17:32Now we captured three dolphins, they are inside the big net.
17:54When I'm close to a dolphin, I feel that my heart fills me.
17:59I have a purpose in life.
18:03During a capture, veterinarian Maria Jimena Valderrama monitors the dolphins' health.
18:25It's in some way invasive. We are taking out of the water an aquatic animal.
18:32So, we take the record of the cardiac frequency, the respiratory frequency.
18:39If I see that the animal is not very altered, I think it's best to liberate the animal.
18:46Because the main thing for us is the well-being of them.
18:50This is a female, a big one, 2,20 meters.
18:54It's already pregnant.
18:56A dolphin can have one calf every 4.5 years.
19:01And the pregnancy is 13 months.
19:04So, in a lifetime, they can have like four or five calves.
19:09So, it's very important for these animals to try to confirm.
19:13Any animal, they come.
19:35The tagging became a very powerful tool to understand what areas are really important for the conservation of the dolphins.
19:54Fernando's finding that males have large home ranges.
19:58The males move away looking for other groups of females.
20:03But females stay in areas where they always have access to food.
20:10This puts them in direct conflict with humans.
20:15Sometimes the fishermen say, look, the dolphins are stealing our fish.
20:20They go to our nets and take the fish from our nets.
20:23These dolphins have learned to associate fishing activities with a free meal.
20:31Marine biologist and photographer Thomas Peschak joins the expedition near the Negro River
20:37to get a look at this behavior from the dolphin's perspective.
20:44The direct conflict can end with a dolphin death,
20:49or it can damage the net from fishermen.
20:54But there's a possible solution.
20:57The pingers are acoustic deflectors.
20:59It's a way to put noise on the nets to avoid the dolphins approach the nets.
21:06Pingers have worked in the ocean, but they've never been tested in the Amazon.
21:11So, we are testing here for the first time with Mariana.
21:16We are working with the community inside the Cajatuva Lake,
21:20and we have two fishermen supporting us doing the pilot tests.
21:25These give us some learning about how dolphins are motivated to catch the fish in the net.
21:32They perceive the sound and back away.
21:40Right after that, they try again.
21:45They persist and got the fish.
21:50The pingers likely didn't work because the dolphins in this lake are used to people.
21:56So, testing continues.
21:58I am hopeful because if it works, it's a mutual benefit for conservation and people.
22:05Knowing how they behave, knowing how they steal a fish might actually help better employ these pingers
22:10to deter these dolphins from stealing fish.
22:13As a National Geographic photographer,
22:16Thomas' ultimate goal is to help create the will to protect the Amazon and all its creatures.
22:24We need beautiful pictures underwater to connect the people with the dolphins.
22:33Diving with these dolphins is truly magical.
22:36They are individuals that are incredibly shy.
22:40They are individuals that are bold.
22:42And they are curious ones.
22:57They are curious ones.
23:38Every year during the rainy season
23:41an incredible phenomenon
23:43occurs throughout the Amazon.
23:46The rivers flood into the surrounding forests.
23:52Up to 12 miles past the riverbanks
23:55and nearly 50 feet deep.
23:59Everything has evolved to follow that pulse.
24:02It's like a heartbeat.
24:04The forest,
24:06the animals.
24:11The people that live here,
24:13they're all living to this pulse of flood and dry.
24:19Including the dolphins.
24:23Flexible flippers and unfused vertebrae
24:26give them seemingly magical powers.
24:31They can literally fly between the trees.
24:36That's amazing.
24:38They rely on these trees
24:40to feed their fishy prey.
24:43When the forest floods,
24:45fish can access fruits and seeds on the branches.
24:49There is always this connection between the systems
24:52that is very important
24:53to maintaining biodiversity
24:54and things working as they should.
24:58But for how much longer?
25:03When threats like deforestation
25:05and warming temperatures
25:07disrupt the Amazon's ability
25:08to create its own rainfall,
25:10the entire system reacts,
25:13including the flood pulse.
25:16If you change the availability of water
25:19just a little bit,
25:21the ecosystem is not used to that
25:23and it's going to start behaving differently.
25:28How the trees will react is a mystery.
25:31Thiago Silva and his team
25:33had to produce flooded forest to solve.
25:38We're here to understand
25:40how trees can cope
25:42with months and months of flooding
25:44and how climate change
25:46could affect the future
25:47of these wetland forests.
25:53We don't know about the physiological properties
25:56of these trees.
25:57So we don't know exactly
25:59how they will cope.
26:01They work in the dead of night,
26:03collecting samples
26:05while the plants are resting.
26:07The idea is to get
26:09the fully exposed branches
26:12so where the sun
26:13is illuminating
26:15all of these branches
26:16during the day
26:17and then he has to climb
26:19very high
26:20and to get these
26:21very big branches
26:22for us to solve.
26:23So it's quite an adventure.
26:26Julia is investigating traits
26:28like vessel size,
26:30telling her
26:31how each tree
26:32will respond
26:33to wetter
26:34or drier conditions.
26:41Thiago is using
26:42cutting-edge technology
26:43to map the bigger picture.
26:48What fascinates me
26:49about plants
26:50is how they run
26:51this whole mechanism
26:52of maintaining
26:53the environment ecosystem.
26:57Well, the animals,
26:58most of the time,
26:59they're just the actors, right?
27:01What the plants,
27:01they really set the scene.
27:04Now,
27:05for the first time,
27:06Thiago's bringing
27:07that scene
27:08to the rest of the world.
27:09He's using LiDAR
27:11to create a 3D
27:12360-degree snapshot.
27:15I like plants
27:16equipped with technology.
27:19This is a terrestrial
27:20laser scanner.
27:21It will send
27:22a beam of lasers
27:24in a cone
27:25all around
27:27this rotating head.
27:30The idea here
27:31is to overfly
27:32with the drone
27:33and get the 3D model
27:34from the top
27:35of the canopy.
27:43One thing
27:43that we expect
27:44to be able to do
27:45is to have
27:45a virtual environment
27:47where anyone can go
27:48inside the forest
27:51and then see
27:52how the water levels
27:53could rise
27:54and you can almost
27:55physically experience
27:56what it means
27:57to have 10 meters
27:58of water
27:58flooding a forest.
28:04Thiago and Julia's findings
28:05will give a glimpse
28:07into the future,
28:08predicting which trees
28:10may not survive
28:11and what that means
28:13for the creatures
28:14who depend on them.
28:18I want to understand
28:20enough of the system
28:21to be able to prepare
28:22for that
28:23the best way you can
28:24and make sure
28:26that we don't lose
28:27everything
28:27that those forests
28:28have to offer.
28:30It's not just the animals
28:32who rely on these forests
28:34but 40 million people
28:36throughout the Amazon.
28:37The vast majority
28:39of the population
28:40lives just by the river.
28:41They depend on the rivers
28:43for transportation.
28:44They depend on this forest
28:46for the fish.
28:47They depend on it
28:49for the timber itself.
28:50So everybody
28:52depends on the Amazon
28:53to live.
28:54And the people
28:55who live in the middle
28:56of it
28:56are the key
28:57to protecting it.
29:06The rio
29:07is our support.
29:09But
29:10if there were no rio
29:13there would not exist
29:13a large part
29:15of humanity.
29:20The fight
29:21to save this river economy
29:23drives another team
29:24of explorers
29:25deep into the Juruá,
29:27a tributary
29:27of the Amazon.
29:29to work
29:29alongside local communities.
29:33Então a gente percebe
29:35muito essa relação
29:35mesmo, né,
29:37de complementariedade
29:38ali daquele sistema
29:39porque na verdade
29:40as pessoas não estão ali,
29:42elas fazem parte
29:43dali.
29:48O objetivo final
29:50do nosso projeto
29:51é tentar compreender
29:53de que forma
29:53a gente consegue
29:55alinhar
29:56a proteção
29:57da biodiversidade
29:58com o bem-estar
29:59das pessoas.
30:01Tudo bem?
30:01Tudo certo.
30:02é uma questão
30:03de comunitários...
30:04O time
30:05colaborates
30:05com os locais
30:06para proteger
30:07o rio do rio do rio
30:10e aumentar
30:11os números
30:12de Arapaima.
30:15Known
30:16localmente
30:16como Pirarucu.
30:18Ambos
30:19são importantes
30:20para a segurança
30:21local food security
30:22but also
30:23have high
30:24commercial value.
30:26Uma exploração
30:27descontrolada
30:28desse recurso
30:30acabou reduzindo
30:31muito as populações.
30:33Para mim,
30:34Pirarucu
30:35é um superstar Amazonian.
30:36É maior do que eu,
30:38é maior do que eu,
30:41É o maior
30:42escala de pesques
30:42fresca de pesquisas
30:44no mundo.
30:46Mas,
30:47nos anos 90,
30:48ele foi quase
30:49pesado
30:50para extinção.
30:54Os caras
30:55e eles
30:56as pesquisas
30:57de pesquisas
31:12have been helping to implement that plan here in the Juruá for 15 years.
31:17If it hadn't appeared in the Institute, we wouldn't have been where we were.
31:24It's an incredible success story.
31:27The Pirarucu population has increased by 600%.
31:32And, in addition, we usually call the Pirarucu as the change fish.
31:36It has brought various social and economic changes to these communities.
31:42Now, they're taking that success one step further.
31:48Using a GPS tag on Pirarucu is a really challenging task because it was never done before.
31:57It was only possible because we worked together with local fishermen.
32:03So, they have this historical knowledge interacting with these species.
32:16If it works, real-time data tracking their range may lead to additional protection, and ultimately, more fish.
32:48Further down the Juruá River, João and Andresa join forces with other locals in their fight
32:55to protect one of the Amazon's iconic species.
32:59A gente faz o monitoramento à noite, com uma lanterna e a arma.
33:07Eu faço seis horas, meu filho faz as seis.
33:12E se a gente não tiver lá, os infratores estão sempre atrás de mexer.
33:21Every year, female turtles emerge on the river banks to nest.
33:28They go into a trance-like state while laying eggs, making everyone, mom included, vulnerable.
33:37Despite their protected status, river turtles and their eggs are a delicacy in high demand.
33:56The poachers are relentless, destroying 99% of nests on unguarded beaches.
34:04So, quase todas as tartarugas que estão colocando seus ninhos em uma praia não protegida,
34:10estão tendo seus ninhos predados por seres humanos.
34:17For nearly 30 years, Bomba and his family have lived across from the turtle lasting beach.
34:23Our tabuleiro, they protect.
34:25A gente sabe que se a gente não fizesse esse tipo de monitoramento,
34:30pra nossa adolescência que tá chegando hoje, não ia existir mais nada.
34:40Bomba foi um dos primeiros guardiões das praias,
34:43e hoje ela é um representante muito forte de todos os protetores das praias.
34:49O que me motiva mais a continuar é, todos os anos, o papai tá cuidando.
34:54Eu me inspiro nele.
34:58Eles trabalham à noite, ele marro João Pedro.
35:04E quando é seis horas da manhã,
35:08Ã s vezes sete horas,
35:10aà eu vou lá ver o que saiu no tabuleiro.
35:14O que a Chica encontra,
35:16é que o seu trabalho difÃcil está pagando.
35:20Na praia não protegida,
35:22as rates de pôr de pôr de pôr de pôr de pôr de pôr de pôr de 2%.
35:25Aquilo pra mim é a maior alegria que eu tenho.
35:29A coisa subiu muito.
35:38Bom dia, seu bom homem, tudo bem?
35:41Bom dia, tudo bem.
35:41Mas, como os pesquisadores,
35:43os guardiões da praia não profetam do que eles protetam.
35:46Para manter o programa indo, eles precisam de ajuda.
35:50O problema da proteção das praias é que ainda não é possÃvel ter um bom pagamento para os protetores de
35:55praia.
35:55O seu pagamento é um básqueto de comida mensal,
35:59e só para os meses que eles trabalham,
36:01de nestação até a cotação.
36:03É uma coisa que, se a gente for analisar,
36:05não dá nem para comprar um calçado.
36:08Se der, é para comprar um montimento de casa.
36:11Então, eles estão completamente dependentes
36:12de financiamento.
36:14E um dos objetivos que a gente tem,
36:15nós é justamente fazer uma captação de recursos
36:18que permita que esse programa de proteção de praia
36:20se estenda eternamente.
36:31Eu tenho certeza, se nós sair daqui,
36:33os invasores vão acabar com isso aÃ,
36:35se não colocar outros monitor.
36:39Então, se a gente luta pra isso...
36:46O cotação das graças médicas,
36:48que impacta a gente toda.
36:51O que forrestes, aqui,
36:54inscritam tanto carbono.
36:56Eles servem proteger o planeta inteiro.
36:58it every forest every tree has a role in that because they remove co2 from the atmosphere
37:06anselo bernardino wants to know how much he heads to the mouth of the river where the water that
37:13started in the glaciers empties into the atlantic at the rate of 84 olympics rain pools every second
37:21so this should be fantastic here leaves a coastal forest unlike anything they've ever seen
37:36this is a mixed mangrove forest so it's going to be really neat to to see what's going on in
37:41there
37:42let's go
37:46angelo studying the amazon mangroves for the first time i think mangroves here in brazil are
37:52such an iconic place they are really important to protect the coast and as a life-supporting system
38:00most mangroves grow in salt or brackish water not these we are right here in the ocean and we are
38:09measuring the salinity and the salinity is zero it's fresh water forcing these mangroves to adapt
38:19this might be a very unique forest on the coast of the amazon we've never seen this before
38:25there it is
38:31they're taking samples to find out just how much carbon is stored here
38:37what do you think i'd reckon it's about 400 years worth of sediment deposition here nice
38:44what's really important guys is to twist all the time so hopefully you get your soil sample out
38:50look at that that's beautiful nice got a two meter core but what's incredible is how much carbon
38:59we can still see even at two meters in depth still and you can even see old leaves that are
39:04thousands
39:04of years old that have been preserved in the soils amazon rainforests sequester 120 billion tons of carbon
39:14it turns out these mangroves contain even more amazon mangroves hold three to four times more
39:22carbon than the same area in the amazon upland forest
39:27you can use this natural function of mangroves in the amazon river mouth towards mitigation of climate
39:34change they are sustaining life by just being there by just being preserved
39:40the amazon's global impact doesn't stop here
39:46and neither does the amazon
39:50the plume of fresh water and sediment that pours from the amazon into the ocean
39:56reaches as far as the caribbean islands
40:00so you can actually detect the fresh water of the amazon as far north as puerto rico
40:09all that fresh water carries an infusion of nutrients whose impact on the marine ecosystem
40:16is yet to be fully understood we are now in tobago on the eastern caribbean sea
40:22tom and angelo team up to see it firsthand are you all ready
40:35a lot of the marine life that we see here may be directly dependent on the food that is delivered
40:41by
40:41the amazon riverfront
40:46and that translates into a completely different marine ecosystem here you have reefs that are dominated by
40:52sponges even like blue sponges i've never seen blue sponges in my life the sponge is actually uniquely
41:00responsible for taking the riches the amazon river bestows on the caribbean and transforming it into
41:08compounds that all the other species in the food web can actually access as well we are only scratching
41:15the surface in terms of understanding the far reaches of the amazon river prone
41:22when it comes to the amazon one thing is clear everything is connected from sponges in the caribbean
41:30all the way back to its icy origin in the andes
41:41you're good okay we've powered it up the battery's charging awesome job this weather station is the
41:49the highest in peru and the highest in the tropical andes and ultimately will improve climate projections into the future
41:59we're in the position that we know that the decisions we take in the next decade or so
42:04will determine what the face of the earth looks like for thousands of years to come
42:09what we do in the next few years really matters
42:12so everybody can keep enjoying this beautiful amazing plate that is our home our planet
42:37so we are Bolivia, Brazil, Cambodia, Colombia, Ecuador, India, Nepal, and Venezuela perfect
42:51and the the greatest in the future is that the world will be so is the best to have ever
43:12been through it
43:12and the best in that world could have lived on the world more living and the world could have lived
43:14on it
43:16but the most important part of our lives have lived on the기로 essences
43:40It's not only about science, it's also about solutions, also about
43:46working with local communities, and also about hope.
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