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00:02The mighty Inca Empire, the first super power of the Americas, ruled from a golden capital,
00:10Cusco. No one in the new world could equal them in terms of sheer size and influence.
00:17500 years ago, this vast empire fell to a handful of Spanish mercenaries.
00:24How did fewer than 200 soldiers take on a population of millions and win?
00:31Now, new investigations inside Cusco reveal the truth about how the Incas built their astonishing empire.
00:40Cusco was the jewel in the crown. It was probably the most magnificent city of South America at that time.
00:47How did this civilization rise to such dizzying heights?
00:51Only to disappear off the face of the earth.
00:55Cuts, broken bones, level of violence that we haven't seen before.
01:02To solve these mysteries, we will blow apart Cusco, the Inca's control center.
01:11Rediscovering its golden sanctuaries and diving into its darkest corners will reveal how this incredible empire rose and came crashing
01:22down.
01:30During the 15th century, the Incas constructed one of the greatest and most powerful empires in the Americas.
01:39A land of deserts, mountains, and extraordinary buildings.
01:46But 500 years ago, this mighty Peruvian civilization completely disappeared after it was destroyed by fewer than 200 European invaders.
01:58It was just a boatload of desperate Spanish soldiers who took on the whole Incas empire.
02:05The fall of the Incas mystifies historians.
02:10How did their empire crumble so easily?
02:14The answers could lie here, in Cusco, the Incas' capital.
02:23Blowing away the modern city leaves a maze of stone blocks.
02:28The core of an Inca metropolis.
02:31A relic of a complex network of ancient streets.
02:37500 years ago, Cusco was one of the biggest cities in South America.
02:42With tens of thousands of inhabitants.
02:46This was once the control setter of the entire Inca empire.
02:51Cusco was so wealthy.
02:54Its temple was covered in gold.
02:58Why wasn't this city strong enough to withstand the Spanish?
03:03What caused this mighty empire to fall?
03:08Archaeologists like Sabina Highland think the answer could lie in the very fabric of Inca society.
03:15Surprisingly, there were few actual Incas.
03:18A tribe of 40,000 controlled an empire of more than 10 million.
03:24Their subjects were from other ethnic groups, allies, or conquered peoples.
03:30Ruling over them was just one man.
03:36He was so sacred that normal people couldn't even look at him directly.
03:43This one tribe built a vast empire in less than a century.
03:48So who were the Incas?
03:50And how did they do it?
03:52A clue hides inside an old Spanish monastery.
03:57Stripping away its walls reveals Cusco's sacred Temple of the Sun.
04:03Made from perfectly carved blocks of ashlar.
04:08The position of its chambers marked the summer and winter solstices.
04:14Inside the Hall of the Sun itself sat royal mummies.
04:19Inca rulers perfectly preserved, starting with their very early kings.
04:26The bodies were wrapped in the finest fabrics and given gifts of wine, silver, and gold.
04:34How did this dynasty become the all-powerful rulers of a vast empire?
04:45Archaeologist Roxana Gomez Torres suspects mummies just like these may provide the answer.
04:52She investigates a burial ground 300 miles from Cusco called Bella Vista.
04:58It belonged to a tribe called the Ishma.
05:02New discoveries here are transforming our view of the Incas and how they conquered their enemies.
05:10Roxana and her team are unearthing mummies, almost exactly like the ones in the Inca capital.
05:24Roxana brings these fragile objects to the laboratory for analysis.
05:29This one is almost six feet in length, preserved in near perfect condition.
05:36Its huge size suggests that it contains the body of a well-respected person.
05:47The mummy appears to be that of an Ishma noble, but it's covered from head to toe in high-quality
05:54Inca-designed fabrics.
06:10The mummy also has a false head to give it a more human shape.
06:15It's a feature found on high-class mummies.
06:19This Ishma aristocrat has been buried almost exactly like an Inca.
06:24Why?
06:27X-rays reveal further signs of Inca influence.
06:31Copper implements.
06:33AquĂ podemos ver las pinzas.
06:36Domestic items, from tweezers to metal hairpins and the thorns of colorful seashells,
06:42were the kind of valuable items that would normally only be buried with important people.
06:48Roxana thinks this local chief was given these burial goods by the Incas themselves.
06:54Y al haber sido sĂşbdito, se podrĂa decir, de los Incas, está recibiendo estos como regalos.
07:01These gifts reveal that this important person was an Inca ally.
07:06By showering him with precious objects, the Incas were able to buy his loyalty.
07:13Roxana believes that this might explain how the Incas rose to power.
07:24Alliances allowed the Incas to build a vast empire that stretched 2,000 miles across South America, ruled from the
07:31city of Cusco.
07:33Yama convocaban a todos los señores de los sitios importantes, de sus centros administrativos importantes, de cabezas de provincia, básicamente.
07:42But not everyone wanted to join the most exclusive VIP club in South America.
07:49Those who resisted were crushed with brutal force.
07:53The Incas were fierce warriors.
07:57Thanks to their allied troops, they were able to field vast armies, reportedly up to a quarter of a million
08:04strong.
08:07The Incas intimidated their enemy with a terrifying show of force as they expanded their empire.
08:18Before a battle, the Inca king would offer their opponents a chance to surrender, as long as they agreed to
08:25pay a regular tribute.
08:28If they refused, Inca soldiers armed with stone missiles would unleash a carefully timed barrage of deadly rocks.
08:36Lacking such coordination, their enemies were left vulnerable.
08:41Then, Inca shock troops, armed with maces and clubs, were sent in to finish off the enemy in close combat.
08:51The Incas seemed unstoppable.
08:57Bribery and brutality won them a vast empire.
09:04But how could so few Incas keep control of so many people?
09:10And what happened when Inca armies came face-to-face with European weaponry for the very first time?
09:37Five hundred years ago, the mighty Inca empire collapsed, destroyed by a small band of Spanish invaders.
09:48The fall of the Incas, at the height of their expansion, seems incredible.
09:54Did the methods they used to build up and control their empire pave the way for their defeat?
10:00They had to figure out ways to show this superiority, because they couldn't dominate just by sheer numbers alone.
10:07How did 40,000 Incas reign over an empire of 10 million?
10:14Cusco's extraordinary engineering hides a clue.
10:21The Incas were masters of construction.
10:24Hidden inside Cusco lie the remains of a spectacular residential complex, the Cusicancha.
10:32Spacious buildings formed large square enclosures called canchas, around an open courtyard.
10:42This same design was replicated across the city.
10:47Each cancha was connected by roads.
10:51And shared water channels provided drainage, just like in a modern city.
10:57Why was epic engineering like this so important to the Incas?
11:01Did it help them hold on to power?
11:07The Incas exported their building style wherever they went, even in remote sites, like the world-famous Machu Picchu.
11:17Anthropologist Sabina Hyland thinks that the Incas took key elements of Cusco's design
11:22and exported them to cities across the empire as a stamp of their authority.
11:27The Romans did this.
11:29A city layout is one of the best ways to impose your will on a vast empire.
11:35Especially if you crush the local way of doing things and you oppose your own.
11:41Sabina believes that proof of this Inca activity lies inside the Cusicancha.
11:47Here she finds that the Incas had their own unique architecture that reflected their identity and values.
11:54This is exciting because we see here what we call a double jam, which is a sign of high status.
12:02This trapezoidal doorway is the type of doorway that becomes synonymous with Inca architecture.
12:10The Cusicancha's walls are built like all the other Inca buildings, without mortar or cement.
12:16Each block fits together so precisely that not even a knife blade can be squeezed between them.
12:23Other cultures try to elaborate on the rock.
12:27They make designs, they carve statues, but for the Incas, the stone itself mattered.
12:36And so their style, which is characteristic, has a purity and a simplicity which is simply stunning.
12:47Sabina believes that the Incas imposed these engineering marvels on cities across the empire to make it clear who was
12:55in control.
12:5828 miles north, in a town called Ollantaytambo, Sabina investigates one of the first settlements the Incas conquered outside the
13:06Cusco Valley,
13:07under the command of a king called Pachacuti.
13:10He just flattened everything that was here, and he rebuilt Ollantaytambo in his own vision of what it should be.
13:19And he did this because he wanted to transform the local identity by bringing in Inca architecture.
13:27Some parts are a mirror image of the mother city.
13:30The Incas consider themselves a civilizing force, and that they were in fact superior to a lot of the other
13:38native peoples.
13:41As they saw it, it was their duty to spread this civilization to all the corners of the earth.
13:48Inca engineers transformed Ollantaytambo into a miniature version of Cusco.
13:54From its temple to the sun, to its well-engineered streets.
14:01Even the double-jammed doorways are the same.
14:06This was their way of marking their territory and showing their power.
14:11Their buildings, their architecture, is one of the ways that they show conquered people that they, in fact, need to
14:19be Inca.
14:22The Incas imposed the layout of Cusco on towns and cities right across the empire.
14:32In the capital, the ruling elite lived in the upper district, with the less important living lower down.
14:44When the Incas conquered a town, they usually kept the most prestigious sections of the city for the highest ranking
14:50subjects.
14:54Across the empire, the Incas imposed this hierarchy to serve as a constant reminder of who was in charge.
15:05In this way, the Incas forced their culture on millions of people.
15:12But did this lead to dangerous divisions that could have weakened the empire?
15:16There were a lot of reasons why conquered people might be very angry at the Incas.
15:23People resented paying tribute.
15:25People resented having to give some of their daughters to serve as priestesses of the sun.
15:32People were angry about having to serve in the Inca military and die in Inca wars.
15:40The Incas' firm rule bred unrest.
15:46Did the Spanish exploit this to their own advantage when they arrived?
15:51Could a mass grave provide the answers?
15:55And how did the conquistadors capture the capital, Cusco, and its mighty fortress?
16:17The fall of the Incas is one of the greatest mysteries of all time.
16:23In the early 16th century, fewer than 200 Spanish mercenaries brought down this mighty civilization.
16:33How did they pull off a seemingly suicidal mission?
16:38Most of the conquistadors came from the poorest areas of Spain, and they were desperate to make money.
16:47They were after gold and wealth, and they wanted to steal it.
16:54500 years ago, Cusco's greatest temple contained unimaginable wealth.
17:00Outside, a field of corn made of real gold, and life-sized golden statues of llamas.
17:10Inside the sanctuary, buildings gleamed like beacons, their thatched roofs woven with gold threads,
17:18and their walls plated with solid gold.
17:22And within the most sacred building, enough wealth to make all the conquistadors extremely rich.
17:32So how did they bring down the empire to get it?
17:38Many historians think superior European weapons were the key to the Spaniards' success.
17:45To investigate this theory, archaeologist Guillermo Cac examines these skeletons found in a mass grave.
17:54They date to the time of the conquest.
17:58Many have shocking wounds.
18:01When we began to excavate, they showed a very high number of injuries.
18:08Cuts, broken bones, but injuries that clearly show a level of violence that we haven't seen before.
18:17The conquistadors may have been few in number, but they were armed to the teeth.
18:23Many of these bones bear the scars of European weapons.
18:27We noticed that the mandible had been broken, and it was in two pieces.
18:35This was produced with the use of a sword that had go across the nose and the area of the
18:42mouth.
18:43The invaders carried weapons that the Incas had never seen before.
18:49Steel swords and guns.
18:52The violence continued, even when this victim had fallen.
18:57There were three rectangular holes in the back of the head.
19:03These injuries have been produced when the individual was facing down with a long lance.
19:11Guillermo finds that one skull has a hole just over half an inch wide.
19:16It's one of the earliest gunshot wounds ever found in the Americas.
19:21Even this bit of bone, shot out by a bullet, is in perfect condition 500 years later.
19:29The Spanish didn't just bring new weapons to the battlefield.
19:34Some rode horses, animals which didn't exist in South America, and were alien to the locals.
19:42Guillermo discovers how these beasts were used to inflict terrible injuries among the Inca.
19:48We came to the conclusion that the individual was hit by the frontal feet of a horse that compressed the
19:58ribs and broke some of these bones.
20:06Many historians believe that this superior military technology gave the Spanish their first major victory.
20:14The capture of the Inca king himself.
20:18Atahualpa.
20:22The leader of the conquistadors arranged a meeting at a town with the Inca king.
20:30But the great ruler found only a Spanish priest and a translator.
20:39The rest were hiding in ambush.
20:44On a given signal,
20:47the Spanish cavalry charged out and fired their guns.
20:53King Atahualpa was taken hostage and his massive army fled.
20:59The Incas gave the Spanish mountains of gold and silver to save his life.
21:06Although the Inca armies outnumbered the conquistadors 35 to 1,
21:13this early Spanish victory was decisive.
21:17But can superior weapons alone account for their later success on the battlefield?
21:24Guillermo searches for answers in skeletons with a different type of injury.
21:29We have the impact in the face.
21:33Somewhere between the nose and the eyes.
21:37This is no death blow inflicted by a conquistadors sword or gun.
21:41That was made with a stone mace.
21:45A very heavy, very compact stone mace in a big heat.
21:49The only soldiers who would have wielded a mace like this were from South America.
21:55It suggests that the Spanish had allies.
21:58Local people who turned against their Inca masters.
22:01The evidence shows that it was a war of natives against natives.
22:07Natives that were supporting the Spaniards and natives that were supporting the Inca.
22:14The Spanish had stepped into a deeply divided empire.
22:19The conquistadors took advantage of these tensions.
22:23The Spaniards arrived at a critical point in the Inca history.
22:29There was not only the succession between one emperor and the other,
22:35but the royal families in Cusco were acquiring the best lands of the country
22:42and leaving very little to the people.
22:47Guillermo thinks the Inca didn't suspect that some of their subjects would join the invaders.
22:52The Inca may have been somewhat surprised when the other group left them and began to support the Europeans, the
23:04Spaniards.
23:05Advanced technology and local allies gave the Spanish an advantage on the battlefield.
23:12But they remained hugely outnumbered.
23:15And one city was still in their sights.
23:19Cusco.
23:21Guarded by a gigantic fortress.
23:23How did the conquistadors capture the Inca's great capital?
23:32And how did they enforce their control?
23:50Experts are investigating how just a couple of hundred Spanish mercenaries brought down Cusco and the Inca Empire.
24:04But they still had to take the Inca's legendary capital, Cusco.
24:09Many of the Spanish conquistadors and early chroniclers, as we call them, who wrote down impressions of the Inca Empire
24:16were very, very impressed by Cusco when they first saw it.
24:21They described it as more magnificent than anything in Spain.
24:24The city was a conquistador's dream come true.
24:28A treasure trove of gold.
24:31So how did the Spanish seize control of this prized city?
24:35Particularly as it was defended by a supposedly super strong fort.
24:45Saksai Uaman was once a spectacular defensive complex.
24:49Built with giant stones weighing up to 361 tons.
24:54Among the biggest ever used in the New World.
24:58The three walls towered 60 feet high.
25:02Stretching over 1,000 feet, they defended a hilltop compound of towers.
25:10The fortress was one of the biggest single monuments ever constructed by the Incas.
25:16Designed to keep Cusco safe.
25:19But just how impregnable was it?
25:22Did the Spanish discover a hidden weakness?
25:28Historian Peter Frost is investigating Saksai Uaman to solve the mystery of how the Spanish conquered it.
25:36Peter first scopes out the scale of the challenge facing the Spanish when they arrived.
25:42Was Cusco's fort more daunting than any European castle?
25:47Compared to Saksai Uaman, medieval castles are really quite small.
25:53Saksai Uaman, in its heyday, must have been extraordinary.
26:00The structure of the Inca fortress was fundamentally different from European castles.
26:06European castle walls were made of stone blocks held together with mortar.
26:11A soft filling made of water, sand and lime.
26:15But Saksai Uaman's walls were stone megaliths.
26:19It must have been just absolutely mind-boggling.
26:25Giant chunks of solid rock.
26:27Some pieces of this stone puzzle weighed up to 361 tons.
26:33Like in the city of Cusco itself, the Inca shaped these stones to sit perfectly on top of each other
26:40with no cement at all.
26:45The Spanish needed to take down a stone monster.
26:50And it wasn't just its 60 foot high set of walls that baffled them.
26:54But its strange zig-zag shape, which trapped the invaders between high battlements when they got close.
27:01If you attack that wall, you're going to be taking fire from that side there, and also from that side,
27:12from your flank as well.
27:15This is a very effective defensive design.
27:20I'm pretty sure a military architect would agree with that.
27:23It looked like the Spanish didn't stand a chance, especially as they were massively outnumbered.
27:33The Spanish were surrounded by more than 200,000 Inca troops, some in the hills, some in the city, and
27:41the top generals were here in Saksai Uaman.
27:44The Spanish were on this hilltop, very exposed. A lengthy siege was not an option, and they had no retreat,
27:51no escape.
27:53They had to find a weak point and attack it quickly.
27:57But where was the flaw in its design?
28:02How did the Spanish take down Saksai Uaman?
28:07Peter thinks he's finally found the answer.
28:11To the west of the site, one section of the wall is lower than the rest.
28:16You can see how much lower these walls are here than they were further back along the main part of
28:23the walls.
28:23These may be two, the height of two men here.
28:27Further back, they were four or more.
28:32Peter thinks this is where the Spanish must have breached the fortress.
28:37They were never any higher than this. We can see that they were not cut higher up.
28:42And so, this is the unfinished part. And this is the weakest point of the outer walls.
28:47And for me, obviously, that's where the Spaniards would have chosen to attack.
28:52The Incas took decades to build their monuments.
28:58Archaeologists suspect that the fort simply hadn't been finished when the Spanish arrived.
29:05As the conquistadors approached the fort's colossal walls, the Incas unleashed a barrage of stone missiles, forcing them to retreat.
29:16So the Spanish changed their plan.
29:21Under cover of darkness, they stealthily scaled the fort walls.
29:29The Incas mounted a last stand from the great towers within the fort.
29:35But it was too late.
29:38The Spanish had already breached the ramparts and, even with their smaller numbers, stormed the towers to seize Sacsayhuaman.
29:50The conquistadors were triumphant.
29:54For four decades, die-hard Incas tried to resist from the fringes of their empire, till they too were defeated.
30:03Their kings would never again return to the sacred city of Cusco.
30:09But in destroying the largest empire in the Andes, the conquerors now faced an even greater challenge.
30:16Ruling it.
30:19How did the Spanish do it?
30:21What happened to the Incas who remained?
30:41At the Inca city of Cusco, the conquistadors overcame incredible odds, and ripped out the heart of the Inca empire.
30:51But once in control, the Spanish ironically found themselves in the same position as the first Incas, trying to control
31:00a huge empire.
31:02The king of Spain had offered the top conquistadors governorship of the lands that they conquered.
31:09What they wanted to do was just basically get rid of the indigenous leaders and put themselves in their place.
31:18How would a few European rulers stamp their way of life on millions?
31:26Clues can be found in the convent of Santo Domingo, one of the finest buildings the Spanish constructed after taking
31:33down Cusco.
31:37From the outside, its design looks like any other Christian church, a colonial sanctuary built in the shape of a
31:45cross.
31:47But for nearly 500 years, it has hidden a secret.
31:54The Spanish built this church over the masterful masonry of the Incas' most holy sanctuary.
32:01Outside, the original retaining wall is still visible.
32:06So, was placing Christian buildings over sacred Inca sites the way the Spanish stamped out the Inca religion?
32:14And what happened to the rest of Cusco's remains?
32:22After taking Cusco, the Spanish, like the Incas before them, realized that there's only so far you can go with
32:29guns and swords.
32:33Anthropologist Sabina Hyland investigates how the conquistadors replaced Inca culture with their own.
32:40She thinks that the Spanish dismantled Cusco, stone by stone.
32:47If you look closely, you can see that these beautifully carved Inca stones are actually from Saxo-Waman.
32:54But they've been repurposed to use in this church, and we can tell that because of the Spanish mortar that
33:00binds them together.
33:01The Spanish constructed grandiose buildings using cement, unlike the Inca.
33:08To them, Cusco was simply a convenient source of stone.
33:14The invaders wanted to erect their own giant structures as quickly as possible.
33:20It would have dealt a massive blow at the very heart of Inca religion.
33:25As Incas themselves knew, architecture is one of the most long-lasting and powerful tools of conquest.
33:34The Spanish took their domination to a whole new level.
33:38The first wave of conquistadors unleashed unimaginable levels of violence against the native people.
33:48I think Peru got pretty much the worst of the bunch.
33:52The most mercenary, the most ruthless, the least educated.
33:59The Spanish targeted any last traces of Inca culture.
34:04Gold statues were melted down into thousands of pounds of bullion.
34:09The royal mummies and last remaining sacred Inca objects were plundered or incinerated.
34:17There were mummies of emperors in this room, but the Spanish stole the mummies because, of course, the mummies had
34:23gold and jewels in them.
34:27Soon, virtually nothing remained of what was one of the most dazzling, spectacular civilizations that ever lived.
34:35The Spanish conquistadors tried to annihilate everything that the Incas had created, and they certainly succeeded in doing so.
34:46Inca Cusco was destroyed in stages.
34:53Its demolition had begun from the moment the Spanish first entered the capital.
34:59The conquistadors stripped the city of its gold, prying it from the great temples and melting it down.
35:09The destruction continued as the Spanish dismantled Saxay-u-Aman and reused its stones to construct their own buildings.
35:18Then, in 1650, an earthquake destroyed what was left of Inca Cusco, giving the Spanish another chance to mold it
35:28into a European city.
35:34Sabina thinks many Incas tried to resist this new, alien way of life.
35:39Why did they fail to cling on to their ancient beliefs?
35:45And, with their civilization overthrown, what happened to the Incas themselves?
36:11The Spanish conquest of the Spanish conquest of the Spanish conquest of Peru, revealing how fewer than 200 conquistadors brought
36:19down an empire and made it their own.
36:22The Spanish thought that their civilization was better than that of the Incas.
36:27And so, they wanted to impose it right on top of the Inca civilization.
36:32But there's one final missing piece of the puzzle.
36:35What happened to the Incas themselves?
36:38Why did they seem to disappear?
36:43Now, a sensational discovery high in the Andes could reveal the answers.
36:50In 1985, on the fringes of the Inca Empire in the Ocongagua Mountains, hikers discovered the remains of a mummified
36:59boy.
37:02They found him in a semi-circular stone structure, wrapped in Inca textiles and surrounded by offerings to the gods.
37:13Forensics suggest the boy was the victim of an Inca ritual sacrifice, taken up the mountain, drugged and killed with
37:20a blow to the head.
37:23The boy's body was so well preserved that over 500 years later, his DNA is still intact.
37:35The Aconcagua boy was an Inca, born near Cusco.
37:40Geneticist Antonio Salas thinks his mummified body could hold the secrets of what happened to all the Incas after the
37:47conquest.
37:53Antonio tests a DNA sample taken from the boy's corpse.
37:58We are analyzing the DNA from the mummy, and we are comparing the profile of this mummy with the profile
38:06of the populations living in South America.
38:10Antonio's team expects to find people in South America still carrying traces of the Inca's genetic profile.
38:19But he makes a shocking discovery.
38:23Almost nobody at all carries it.
38:27It's as if the Incas simply vanished.
38:30We see a continuous population growth till the arrival of Europeans.
38:37And from this point, there was a population decline.
38:42Antonio's investigation suggests the Spanish didn't just take over the Inca's empire, but also wiped out thousands of Inca families.
38:52Did the invaders commit genocide?
38:57The population decline of the Incas could be due to military conflicts, but also because they married with Europeans.
39:07So what you observe is that the DNA was diluted.
39:12But could something else have played an even bigger role in the decline of the Incas?
39:17When they stepped off their boats, the Spanish brought with them an invisible killer.
39:22A completely new set of diseases, including the lethal smallpox.
39:28Their immunity system were not prepared to fight against these germs.
39:35The arrival of the Europeans was very tragic for Incas.
39:40For the indigenous people, disease was a time bomb.
39:44We know that even today in the Amazon region, the populations suffer from the impact of diseases when they enter
39:55in contact with people coming from other regions.
40:03With no natural resistance, European illnesses swept through the empire's population like wildfire, killing millions.
40:12War, intermarriage, and deadly germs destroyed the last great pre-Hispanic civilization of the Andes, the Incas.
40:20When the Spanish conquered Peru, the Inca empire was completely dismembered.
40:25Essentially what was going on was a massive and thorough looting operation, which was literally obliterating virtually everything they'd done.
40:34Today, the Incas' huge buildings have nearly all vanished.
40:38But visitors still marvel at the fragments that are left.
40:44I think people still feel a strong affinity with the Incas and with the Andean past, all throughout the Andes.
40:52And I think people feel very, very proud of their Andean heritage.
41:00By investigating these ruins, archaeologists and scientists are uncovering the mystery of how the Incas built their great empire.
41:09How they used a sophisticated combination of persuasion, brute force, and brilliant engineering to hold it all together.
41:20New discoveries reveal how their kingdom crumbled at the hands of the Spanish.
41:26Brought down by new weapons and allies recruited from within the Incas' own empire.
41:33The Incas' expanded really fast.
41:37Some people think that they actually were overextended.
41:40We'll never really know, of course, because the Spanish came and took them over.
41:45Ultimately, the Spanish mercenaries simply repeated what the Incas' had done.
41:50Conquered.
41:51And ruthlessly imposed a brand new empire on their ruins.
41:55We'll never know, of course, of course, of course.
42:26ERIKA
42:27ERIKA
42:28ERIKA
42:29ERIKA
42:29ERIKA
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