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00:02The lost Roman town of Herculaneum, buried in the devastating eruption of Mount Vesuvius.
00:10This is the best preserved town in the whole Roman world.
00:14The destruction of its neighbor, Pompeii, is legendary.
00:18But Herculaneum's story is a mystery.
00:21What really happens during its terrifying final hours?
00:26The bodies are just frozen in the last instant of life.
00:30These people die just in a fraction of seconds.
00:33Today, scientists use forensic technology and multispectral imaging to reveal the shocking truth behind Herculaneum's fate.
00:43Reading the papyrus has been the biggest challenge that I've had in my professional life.
00:48Why does fiery Vesuvius preserve this town in astonishing detail?
00:54Herculaneum is completely changing our understanding of what happened on that terrible day.
01:00Can new discoveries here change the way we see the most famous volcanic eruption of all time?
01:07To solve these mysteries, we'll dig inside this extraordinary volcanic tomb.
01:13We'll tunnel into ancient buildings and come face to face with their doomed residents and reveal the dark secrets of
01:22Pompeii's forgotten twin.
01:32In the Bay of Naples in Italy, lies a buried ancient wonder.
01:39Herculaneum.
01:40A Roman town that sits in the shadow of Mount Vesuvius.
01:46In 79 AD, this fiery giant erupts, destroying this town and its neighbor Pompeii.
01:56Today, Pompeii is world famous, but Herculaneum in comparison is unknown.
02:03Beneath these modern streets lies a lost world.
02:10Buried under 75 feet of volcanic material, a town frozen in time for nearly 2,000 years.
02:19Roads crisscrossed the ghost town, flanked on each side by the scorched remains of shops, bars and homes.
02:29But in its prime, its streets are colorful and vibrant.
02:35This is a town, home to over 4,000 people.
02:40But just 4 miles to the east, the sleeping volcano.
02:45Vesuvius.
02:47Can new discoveries here give us fresh insight into the terrifying eruption?
02:54The town covers an area the size of 30 football fields.
02:59But three quarters of it remains buried.
03:04Andrew Wallace Hadrill is director of the Herculaneum Conservation Project.
03:09He investigates the final hours of this extraordinary town.
03:15Herculaneum was destroyed in the same eruption as Pompeii.
03:19But unlike Pompeii, the quality of preservation here is quite exceptional.
03:26Herculaneum is a volcanic time capsule.
03:29It is preserved in a flash.
03:32Varying clues that can now reveal exactly what happens when Vesuvius erupts.
03:39Look at the height to which this house is preserved.
03:42There are upper floors there.
03:44In Pompeii, upper floors are mostly completely destroyed.
03:48And then there's woodwork.
03:50Look at this wooden screen going across.
03:52The preservation of this wooden screen is extraordinary.
03:57It's not just buildings that are frozen in time here.
04:02Inside the buildings, archaeologists discover thousands of objects.
04:08One of the rarest things about Herculaneum is the survival of wooden furniture.
04:12Here we've got a bed.
04:15Wonderful sort of chest of drawers.
04:18And here's a very moving thing.
04:20A cradle.
04:21The baby was lying in the cradle when they found it.
04:27Excavators also find remains of food.
04:31Here are some figs.
04:33Herculaneum was famous for its figs.
04:35You can almost nibble at them.
04:38You can almost nibble at them.
04:38And here, this is my favourite.
04:40A loaf of bread.
04:42And it comes from the baker, ready scored for breaking off.
04:48Herculaneum is uncovered accidentally in the 18th century when a farmer is digging for a well and finds a wall.
04:57Today, archaeologists are still excavating the town from under millions of tons of volcanic rock.
05:05In one corner, an enormous villa emerges.
05:09What we see here is the cliff face of an enormous excavation.
05:13And right down at the bottom of it is the villa.
05:16We've only excavated a small corner of it, about a tenth of the whole villa.
05:21The rest continues way off in that direction.
05:25When the original excavation starts at the huge villa, workmen carve narrow tunnels into the thick volcanic rock by hand.
05:35After more than two years of digging, they break through into a room.
05:42With strange black cylinders scattered on the floor and on shelves.
05:48Over 1700 papyrus scrolls, baked black by the heat of the eruption.
05:55This is the only intact library from the ancient world.
05:59A monumental find.
06:02What can these scrolls reveal about life here in the shadow of Vesuvius?
06:12The tunnels excavated through the villa are off limits to most visitors.
06:17Andrew has unique access to explore this claustrophobic labyrinth.
06:23So here we are, deep under tons of volcanic material, chucked out by Vesuvius, that solidifies to hard rock.
06:32These tunnels are still untouched since the 1700s.
06:37Deep down here, right at the end of this tunnel, is where the excavators found the library of papyri.
06:47Most of the library remains under volcanic rock.
06:51Only a small section has been explored.
06:55This is the tiny room in which the explorers of the villa found hundreds of rolls of papyrus.
07:02They looked like burnt lumps of coal.
07:06Initially, they started chucking them away, until they realized, no, this is something much more precious.
07:11There's writing on them.
07:13But what do the scrolls say?
07:16These papyrus scrolls are so blackened that it's virtually impossible to read the black ink against the black paper.
07:27Today, the fragile scrolls are stored here at the National Library in Naples.
07:33Papyrologist David Blank works to decode these mysterious ancient texts.
07:40Reading the papyrus and reconstructing its text and then making sense of it has been the biggest challenge that I've
07:47had in my professional life.
07:51When the scrolls are found back in the 1700s, they cause a sensation.
07:58People come from across the globe to see them.
08:03They soon become political currency.
08:06The king of Naples gives six scrolls to Napoleon as a peace offering.
08:14He also gifts 18 scrolls to the British in exchange for 18 live kangaroos.
08:25But whenever someone tries to open them, they crumble to dust.
08:30Many scrolls are destroyed in an attempt to read them.
08:37What secrets do the scrolls hide?
08:41The papyri are extremely fragile.
08:43If you touch them and they fall apart, sometimes they fall apart even if you don't touch them.
08:47Sometimes there are also holes in them because parts have stuck together.
08:53Reading the damaged fragments is almost impossible with the naked eye.
08:58We have basically a black background in the better preserved papyri.
09:02And then you have the ink which is slightly shiny on top of it.
09:07You can barely see it.
09:11To decipher them, David uses a groundbreaking technology created by NASA called multispectral imaging.
09:19It uses different wavelengths of infrared light to separate the ink from the background.
09:27Suddenly, you could see whole lines of letters and text that you could actually then reconstruct into an intelligible piece
09:36of writing.
09:37So, in essence, we're using digital age technology to read something that was written 2,000 years ago.
09:42And that's really pretty great.
09:45David believes the scrolls may hide clues about the villa.
09:51To know how to read in Rome was already something of a rare-ish achievement.
09:57And to own a lot of books, to own a library, and a place in which you could store them,
10:02in which you could read them, and so on, was something that really only wealthy people could do.
10:08When David deciphers the fragments, he discovers that most of the scrolls are written by a Greek philosopher.
10:16It's a vital clue to the identity of the villa's owner.
10:21This philosopher had a very important Roman patron, who was Paiso.
10:27And Paiso was also the father-in-law of Julius Caesar.
10:32And so a person who could obviously afford this extremely luxurious establishment.
10:39Julius Caesar is one of the most famous Romans in history.
10:42Rome's all-powerful dictator.
10:46His father-in-law's villa is one of the most magnificent ever found.
10:51It's almost 800 feet long.
10:56Inside are the ruins of what once were beautiful terraces, a swimming pool, and a private vineyard.
11:04Andrew believes the Villa de Papyri reveals what sort of place Herculaneum is.
11:09In its present state, you can only begin to imagine the extraordinary size and beauty of this villa.
11:17This is rich at a global level.
11:20This is a guy who was father-in-law of Julius Caesar.
11:24You don't get more important than that in Roman society.
11:29The discovery of the villa and its incredible papyri reveal that Herculaneum is far wealthier and important than its neighbor
11:39Pompeii.
11:40You can think of Pompeii as a working city.
11:45Herculaneum, by comparison, is more of a vacation city.
11:49This area was the playground of the Roman rich.
11:53The people who made money out of an empire came on holiday here and spread out in full luxury.
12:02Herculaneum's remarkable treasures reveal a wealthy town cut off in its prime.
12:08Its citizens abandon their elegant homes in a desperate attempt to escape.
12:14Why is Herculaneum so well preserved?
12:18How does so much of this town survive a catastrophic volcanic eruption?
12:40The Roman town of Herculaneum.
12:43An astonishing time capsule.
12:47The same volcanic eruption that destroys Pompeii fossilizes this town.
12:53Archeologists discover furniture, food, even thousands of papyrus scrolls.
13:01Geologist Guido Giordano hunts for forensic evidence to understand what preserves this town.
13:09Look at this house. It's fantastic.
13:15Encased in a rocky cocoon of volcanic ash for nearly 2,000 years is the Villa dei Papyri.
13:23When archaeologists unearth these rooms, they reveal wooden roof supports scarred black.
13:32Further excavation uncovers elaborate frescoes transformed from their original yellow to a deep red.
13:43Both are clues of a destructive force unlike anything seen at nearby Pompeii.
13:51How has so much survived the apocalyptic force of a volcano?
13:59Guido investigates the volcanic rock that covers the site.
14:04This cliff is about 80 feet.
14:08Now this is enough to completely bury the old town.
14:15Guido believes the different layers of deposits are like a volcanic fingerprint.
14:19They reveal exactly what happens on the day of the eruption.
14:24You can clearly say layering and changes in color.
14:28The lower part is yellow and then it turns into gray.
14:32Looking closer to the texture and structure of the deposit, we can work out that it's actually made by several
14:40volcanic surges.
14:43For the first 12 hours of its eruption, Vesuvius throws gas and debris into the air until it towers 21
14:52miles into the stratosphere.
14:56Northwesterly winds blow it towards Pompeii.
14:59And Herculaneum to the west is initially spared.
15:06During the night, the ash tower collapses.
15:10A surge of ash and hot gas barrels down the volcano, blasting its way through Herculaneum.
15:17Five more searches bury the town's buildings in thick layers of material, preserving structures, objects and victims almost intact.
15:29This phenomenon is called pyroclastic flow.
15:35Why doesn't it simply burn everything in its path?
15:42Good morning.
15:43In his lab in Rome, Guido sets up an experiment to investigate this mystery.
15:51We start with a piece of fresh wood from the Herculaneum area, which is the same species of the carbon
16:00that we find in the deposits.
16:02He puts the sample inside a heating device, called a calorimeter, to discover what happens to the exposed wood from
16:10Herculaneum during the eruption.
16:13Usually we think that wood can burn with flame, in oxygen, in a fire.
16:21But a pyroclastic flow is a cloud of toxic gas.
16:27There's no flame or oxygen, so objects can't burn.
16:32What we learned is that if we heat up to a very high temperature with no oxygen, this piece of
16:40wood, it carbonizes.
16:42But it maintains its shape.
16:45But how hot does it get in order to carbonize everything in its path?
16:51So now we will run several of these experiments at different temperatures by increasing 50 degrees each time.
17:00Then they use a spectrum microscope to compare the modern samples to the ancient ones from Herculaneum.
17:06This shows the equivalent temperature at which the Villa de Papyri wood has been carbonized.
17:14The results demonstrate the samples of carbon that we found out in Herculaneum were actually carbonized to a temperature of
17:25nearly 500 Celsius degrees, which is almost 1000 Fahrenheit degrees.
17:32In this fiercely hot, oxygen-free environment, the wooden objects and papyrus scrolls turn to carbon.
17:42A thick layer of ash then sets around the town.
17:47It insulates everything in a protective layer.
17:50It is thanks to this unique set of circumstances that we can learn so much about Roman life, even after
18:00nearly 2000 years.
18:03Vesuvius preserves Herculaneum's astonishing treasures.
18:08But what happens to the people who live here?
18:11Can a gruesome discovery reveal more about Vesuvius' terrifying inferno?
18:31The lost Roman town of Herculaneum is slowly revealing its secrets.
18:38New discoveries help us to understand what happens here when Vesuvius erupts in 79 AD.
18:462,000 years ago, a searing hot cloud of toxic gas preserves these fine buildings.
18:54At nearby Pompeii, archaeologists unearth more than a thousand bodies.
19:00But Herculaneum's victims remain elusive until a grim find reveals their fate.
19:11When archaeologists uncover these grand arches, they make a shocking discovery.
19:17More than 300 skeletons frozen in time.
19:22Among them, women and children huddled together.
19:26A woman cradling her baby.
19:33And a young boy clinging to his dog.
19:38Today, these arches are 1600 feet inland.
19:42But when Vesuvius erupts, they are boathouses.
19:47What can these unfortunate people reveal about the most dramatic eruption of all time?
19:55Forensic anthropologist Pier Paolo Petrone hunts for answers.
20:01He wants to find out why so many people die in one place.
20:06Here, for instance, we have a pregnant woman, as testified by the intact bones of a fetus found within her
20:13pelvis.
20:14And here in the area, she has just three more children and an adult male.
20:19So very probably, people were moving in family groups.
20:23At first, it looks like these people die waiting for rescue.
20:28But when Pier Paolo studies the position of the bodies, he finds that they are all trying to take shelter.
20:36Chambers were crowded by 30 to 40 individuals.
20:40Many of them were just laying outside the chambers or at the entrance.
20:45So there was no space available anymore for everybody.
20:50Why don't these people try to escape?
20:54Pier Paolo thinks he knows the answer.
20:57We know that these people, very likely, they knew about earthquakes,
21:02because 17 years before, in 62 AD, there was a large earthquake.
21:09Hours before Vesuvius erupts, magma pressure causes a series of tremors.
21:16In Herculaneum, people search for shelter from an earthquake.
21:21They knew that these arcades were very good for shelter,
21:25but they didn't know that Vesuvius was a volcano.
21:28They thought it was a beautiful mountain.
21:32People in the Bay of Naples see Vesuvius simply as a good place to grow food.
21:38They use its rich soil for growing grapes and other crops.
21:43But earthquakes are common in the area.
21:46And in the 62 AD earthquake, buildings in Herculaneum and Pompeii are badly damaged.
21:55Local people don't connect the earthquakes to Vesuvius.
21:59They continue their lives unaware of the danger that looms nearby.
22:05When Vesuvius erupts in 79 AD, it's sudden and shocking.
22:10By the time people realize the danger they're in, it's too late.
22:16So do these people suffocate as the ash starts to fall?
22:22In his forensic lab in Naples, Pier Paolo searches the skeletons for the cause of death.
22:29These skulls show some very interesting features.
22:33See this kind of dark staining, brown color, some very clear-cut sharp fractures.
22:38And the skull is completely broken.
22:43Pier Paolo believes the skulls aren't broken from the outside, but from the inside.
22:49The pressure inside the skull had to be very high.
22:52And this was induced by the boiling brains.
22:55So this kind of pressure induced the skull to break down and burst.
23:00This skull exploded.
23:03Pier Paolo discovers a strange red residue covering many of the bones.
23:08We found iron and iron oxides.
23:12So we know that these are the remains of the blood.
23:17The flesh was vaporized after death, and this is incredible.
23:24It's evidence that the furnace-like heat of a pyroclastic flow kills these people.
23:31Mercifully, this gruesome death happens so fast the victims don't know what hits them.
23:38The bodies are just frozen in the last instant of life.
23:42So we know that these people died just in a fraction of seconds.
23:46They had no time to feel any pain.
23:52The pyroclastic flow incinerates the Herculaneum 300 as they huddle together by the shore.
24:00Who are these unfortunate people?
24:04And what more can a bizarre find on the other side of town tell us about the deadly ancient eruption?
24:28The
24:29vesuvius's eruption a deadly blast of hot air and gas races down the volcano slopes
24:39it strikes the luxury seaside town of herculaneum within seconds
24:45at the seafront boathouses 300 people are incinerated in an instant
24:52but they're not the only victims of vesuvius's wrath
24:58in a building on the corner of the main street a hidden room inside a stone plinth supports the
25:07remains of a wooden bed and in the center the skeleton of a man buried where he sleeps
25:17inside his exploded skull a strange discovery
25:23unknown fragments that look like glass what is this bizarre material and what can this man
25:32tell us about the most famous volcanic eruption in history
25:43the man is locked for two thousand years in volcanic rock forensic archaeologist pierre paulo petroni is
25:51the first person to investigate his death he believes this body can reveal new clues to what happens on
25:59the night vesuvius explodes it's quite difficult to recognize this body but you can see that this
26:07is the head this is the trunk no arms anymore and here you have the femur and then just the
26:14rest of
26:15the pelvis the skeleton and wooden bed are completely carbonized by the pyroclastic flow that engulfs the
26:23room while i was working here just taking photographs and just cleaning a little bit
26:29the ash from the bones i saw some shining coming from skull i could see this kind of black glossy
26:38material
26:39that was something very astonishing to me
26:50pierre paulo takes the mysterious material back to his lab at the university of naples to investigate
26:57we made some chemical analysis from this material and we found a high concentration of fatty acids so
27:07we know that this is the brain at the boathouses the pyroclastic flow boils and vaporizes people's brains
27:16but here on the opposite side of town it melts one into a jagged glassy solid
27:23it's so fantastic this finding never saw before it's very difficult to try to understand what's the
27:29process through which it was possible to get this kind of result pierre paulo wants to find out why
27:37the conditions here are so different from at the boathouses in this case we have this kind of remains
27:45which probably are due to the very high temperature probably a temperature higher than that's one that
27:51the people in the chambers faced
27:56when the pyroclastic flow reaches the boathouses it mixes with the sea air and cools
28:07it's still hot enough to vaporize flesh and boil brain but leaves the skeletons intact
28:18but in the town's enclosed buildings the flow maintains its intense heat turning houses into furnaces
28:29this much hotter flow strips and then carbonizes the victim's skeleton within fractions of a second transforming his brain
28:40this unfortunate man dies alone in the house is he sick unable to escape pierre paulo has another theory to
28:51explain why he stays this was a public building the college of the augustales even today a public building
28:59it should have a caretaker or something just living here inside pierre paulo believes the building's rich
29:07owners might order the man to stay and protect this house even as they flee maybe he was afraid to
29:16lose
29:16his job or maybe he was a very good caretaker we don't know but he was here and he died
29:22here
29:26as the volcano erupts the caretaker dies asleep in his bed he remains faithful to his masters until the
29:34very end can the discovery of a statue in herculaneum's main hall reveal more dark secrets in this doomed town
29:48is
30:0079 a.d vesuvius erupts with devastating fury
30:07in nearby herculaneum some people are too late to make their escape
30:14now new evidence suggests that not everyone has a choice
30:19are some people forced to stay behind and die
30:24a clue uncovered in the heart of the town could help solve the mystery
30:29and points to a darker side of life in the roman world
30:36when archaeologists on earth one of herculaneum's biggest public buildings the basilica
30:44they discover a statue hidden in the ash
30:48it is of a man named marcus nonius balbus
30:54and shattered into pieces are marble tablets listing the names of 500 inhabitants of the town
31:04many of them are also named marcus nonius
31:09who is this mysterious man why do so many people in herculaneum share his name
31:20archaeologist andrew wallace
31:22hadrell wants to find out how they are connected
31:28his investigation begins in the town's main square
31:32so here we have this guy he really is the mr big of herculaneum we've got his name marcus nonius
31:39balbus and we've got his enormous importance he's been preter in rome and proconsul that means
31:46a provincial governor being a provincial governor means making a lot of money on an altar next to the statue
31:54andrew finds a second inscription this great lump of marble is his tomb and the glorious inscription
32:03tells you how generous he has been he has been like a parent to the city he remade the town
32:10walls
32:11the town gates the roads and even built a basilica this marcus nonius is the town's most important citizen
32:22but at a nearby house andrew finds the same name on a sign hanging from the wall
32:29this one belongs to a very different kind of person this sign records a dispute between two neighbors
32:36on one side julia and on the other side marcus nonius damma damma almost certainly means he comes from
32:44damascus he's a syrian this new marcus nonius is from the middle east who is he and why is he
32:53here
32:56as the roman empire expands across europe the middle east and north africa defeated people are captured
33:03and sent back to rome as slaves they are put to work enduring hard labor and many are kept in
33:14chains day and night
33:19roman slaves are allowed to earn money and over time can eventually buy their freedom
33:29to sanction their release the master touches them on the head with a staff then they take their old
33:36master's name as their own
33:42andrew believes that the original marcus nonius is a wealthy slave owner
33:48the owner of the tiny house is his former slave
33:53if you are wealthy on the level of marcus nonius balbus you have probably hundreds of slaves
34:01herculaneum is home to some of the richest people in the empire
34:05each family will own many slaves so this is a time in which there's an enormous gap between free people
34:13and slaves here's a an inscription where the local magistrates say don't dump rubbish here by the town
34:20water supply and they say if you're a free man you'll be fined if you're a slave you'll be flogged
34:28slaves are not allowed to leave town without permission
34:33but when vesuvius erupts are they forced to stay
34:39andrew investigates the possessions found with the 300 bodies discovered in the boathouses
34:45many of them had precious things with them because that's what happens in a disaster you grab your
34:52valuables and run archaeologists find golden coins and jewelry on some of the dead evidence that they
35:01are herculaneum's wealthier citizens but some of them have no possessions at all
35:08they are the town's poorest people not everyone's the same among these skeletons there's some really
35:17rich people there's some very poor people they've got real valuables or they've got nothing
35:26andrew believes if the victims have nothing they are slaves
35:32in the moment of disaster everyone thinks how do we save ourselves they think there's a safe place
35:38down by the shore and they all go down together rich and poor free and slave young and old all
35:45go down
35:49vesuvius's eruption preserves a remarkable and tragic story as it reaches its climax slaves and masters cower
35:59together they end up in the boathouses praying to the gods for deliverance but what happens to the rest
36:07of the town's four thousand people do their bodies still lie entombed in the rock can their fate change
36:16the way we see this terrible disaster
36:34in 79 a.d the most famous volcanic eruption in history destroys pompeii along with herculaneum
36:43it's sister town it carbonizes 300 people hiding in boathouses by the shore
36:51but this town is home to over 4 000 inhabitants
36:55what happens to everyone else historian stephen tuck is determined to find the answer
37:04nobody knows the fate of the people from herculaneum of the city that originally existed only 25 percent
37:10has been excavated the remaining part could be full of the remains of victims of the eruption
37:19despite this steven thinks that the bodies in herculaneum's boathouses are the unlucky few
37:26he suspects the majority of the population flees before the pyroclastic flow engulfs the town
37:34many people think their bodies are outside the city walls that have never been excavated
37:40roads or the seaside where they fled and and perished
37:44but i think we find so few bodies at herculaneum because people survived eight miles from herculaneum
37:52naples is a big and flourishing city where steven thinks he can find evidence to support his theory
38:01one of the ways we can find out if people survived is to look for inscriptions carved on homes tombs
38:07public buildings the romans carved their names all over their buildings
38:13these inscriptions are crucial clues in roman times many names are unique to particular communities
38:20or local areas so if we find a name at herculaneum and we find the same name again later on
38:26in another
38:27community that must mean that somebody has moved and that we have a survivor steven does some ancient
38:35detective work he tries to match names from the herculaneum tablets with inscriptions elsewhere
38:43he soon finds a survivor one of the best examples is this man here canineus botryo who's on the census
38:52for herculaneum in the last years of the city and here he is again in an inscription at naples
38:59i think there's no doubt that this is the same man but herculaneum is a town inhabited by over 4
39:06000
39:07people are there any other survivors this is a record of a marble tablet that was found in naples
39:15in 1535 and what it records is a district in the city that we didn't know about before called
39:21the most splendid region of the herculaneans so it must indicate that there's a large number of
39:28herculanean survivors who relocate to naples after the eruption
39:35the horrific natural disaster creates thousands of refugees steven thinks many of them flee to a small
39:44town called kumai 20 miles to the west of herculaneum before the eruption of vesuvius in ad 79 kumi is
39:52described as vacant or quiet and it seems to have been a dying or dead small town but then suddenly
40:00just
40:00after 81 ad there's all this new construction here the emperor titus launches an ambitious building
40:08program here in the forum roads aqueducts amphitheater temples and so on there must be some reason for
40:18him to have built all of these buildings here i think the answer must be for a new population that
40:24has
40:24moved in the true fate of herculaneum's people lies in the towns across the bay of naples when vesuvius erupts
40:34in ad 79 and destroys pompeii and herculaneum we know this story but there's another story after that
40:42and it's the story of the people that got out the survivors because we have evidence now for the first
40:47time that strongly suggests that a great number of people made it out alive this perfectly preserved
40:56town is transforming how we see life in the roman empire and the most famous volcanic eruption in history
41:05the devastating fury of mount vesuvius engulfs the town of herculaneum
41:12but the volcano's hot pyroclastic flow also freezes it in time this remarkable eruption preserves roman
41:22life from 2000 years ago charred papyrus scrolls reveal how its citizens live and die
41:30the 300 victims in the boathouses reveal the horror of that terrible day as panic grips the town they make
41:40the wrong choice to stay and suffer the brutal power of mount vesuvius but many escape to build new lives
41:52a phoenix rising from the ashes of the most famous eruption of all time
41:58the
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42:26Transcription by CastingWords
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