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Days after residents of Guadalajara, Mexico complained of a foul smell, a series of gasoline-fueled explosions in the sewers kills 206 people. An investigation finds that the accident was caused by an improperly-routed water pipe producing humidity that corroded a steel pipeline, allowing gasoline to seep into the sewer system.
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00:01This is Guadalajara, Mexico, but it could be anywhere.
00:05Like all big cities, what lies beneath its streets is a labyrinth of pipes, cables and tunnels.
00:11Out of sight and out of mind.
00:16Until the unthinkable happens.
00:19206 citizens lose their lives.
00:23Now, using cutting-edge computer technology, we reveal exactly what went wrong.
00:32Disasters don't just happen, they're a chain of critical events.
00:37Unravel the fateful decisions in those final seconds from disaster.
00:47Latin America, Mexico, Guadalajara.
00:52April the 21st, 1992, 1.30 in the morning.
00:59It's the hottest time of the year in Guadalajara, Mexico's second largest city.
01:04It's Holy Week.
01:06In the working class neighborhood of Reforma, in the southeast of the city, a foul smell has been hanging in
01:11the air for two days.
01:15The Gomez family and their four children live on one of Reforma's busiest streets, Gante.
01:20But even though it's night time, they can't sleep.
01:24And it's not the heat that's keeping them awake.
01:30I went into the bathroom.
01:34The smell was so strong.
01:36All the neighbors were complaining that the sewers, the bathrooms, and the drains smelt.
01:43And the baths, the alcantarillas, the humilders, and gasolina.
01:50Seven that morning.
01:54Twenty blocks away from the Gomez family, Socorro Rios begins working in her tortilla shop.
02:02Her neighbors think the smell may be a gas leak coming from her kitchens.
02:07As a precaution, she calls the gas company.
02:10Two engineers check out the problem and find nothing wrong.
02:14But the neighbors continue to complain, so she calls the gas company a second time.
02:23They came again, and this time changed the regulator.
02:29Now, supposedly, everything was all right, but there was still a dreadful smell.
02:34I didn't know what to do, so I just ignored it.
02:3810 a.m.
02:40Now, it's not just the smell.
02:42People report seeing gas plumes coming out of manhole covers.
02:47Something is wrong underground.
02:50But smells from the city's sewers are not uncommon.
02:57Guadalajara is a boom town.
03:00In a race to develop industry and create jobs, companies often ignored environmental regulations.
03:07They've frequently dumped illegal waste into the sewage system.
03:191 p.m.
03:20The smell is getting worse.
03:262 p.m.
03:432 p.m.
03:454 p.m.
03:504 p.m.
03:522 p.m.
03:58but the inspection doesn't get to the cause meanwhile the fire brigade reassure
04:06people that there's nothing to worry about it's now been three days since
04:11people first noticed the smell and despite the authorities assurances the
04:16problems are getting worse residents now discover gasoline in their fresh water
04:24supply Maria de Jesus Gonzales lives at 547 Gante Street you free as a la Pila
04:35I went to the sink and got very scared because I turned on the tap and it's not
04:39like a petrol pump two in the afternoon
04:45the gas plumes coming from the manhole covers reach almost two meters high
04:51the water authority becomes increasingly concerned when they test the gases in
04:59the sewer the results reveal there's a 100% risk of explosion according to witnesses one
05:06water authority employee advises residents to leave their homes he warns them that the sewers
05:11beneath Gante Street are a time bomb waiting to explode but the official line from city
05:17authorities is still stay put and keep calm
05:23some local inhabitants are so worried they venture into the red infested sewers to see for themselves
05:36one of them is Sergio Gomez an engineering student who works part-time in the family plumbing business
05:46we were restless due to the stench of gasoline not only from the manhole covers but from the toilets
05:55samples were taken by some neighbors and some authorities
06:01when we examine them against the light the vapors looked and smelled like gasoline
06:12midnight and the smell is even stronger
06:20the water authority is now very worried
06:26engineers still can't discover the source of the smell they fear an imminent explosion and they pump large
06:33amounts of water into the sewer to dilute the gasoline
06:38Maria de Jesus Gonzalez hears all the activity and goes outside to investigate
06:45there were a lot of firemen police and transit authority people and I asked them if it was dangerous that
06:51we slept here
06:55they told me to do what I wanted all they were doing was simply washing the sewers
06:59if we wanted to leave and go to some relatives to go ahead and if not stay as there was
07:07nothing wrong and no danger
07:119 40 a.m. on April the 22nd
07:17It's been nearly four days since the troubles in reforma began
07:22by now there are so many complaints from residents that the city's fire chief Trinidad Lopez-Rivers
07:27Trinidad Lopez-Rivers gives a radio interview and tries to calm people down
07:30he insists that the situation is under control and there is no risk of an explosion
07:38his comforting words play on the morning news bulletins
07:45the reality is very different
07:51the people of Guadalajara know something is still wrong they can see it smell it and taste it
08:09Guadalajara Mexico's second largest city there's a dangerous build-up of explosive gas in the main sewer
08:18for four days people complain of the smell they even report that gasoline is coming out of their bathroom taps
08:28but despite their pleas the city's fire chief Lopez-Rivers insists there is nothing to worry about
08:35engineers from the water authority are trying desperately to locate the source of the contamination
08:43their meter reading shows the situation is critical
08:48but even with this knowledge Jorge Santoya who's in charge of security and public health is powerless to order people
08:54to live in the air
08:55to leave the area
08:58the
08:59the
08:59the
08:59the
08:59the decision to evacuate was not asked to make
09:02correct the model what they were supposed to do
09:04with the people that's going to say should have been made by the firemen or the civil protection agency
09:08because
09:09even because they have the expertise to determine whether a situation is high risk or not
09:14the people of the workers
09:17but no one is willing to give the order to evacuate
09:20with nowhere else to turn residents call a local radio station
09:24reporter Luis Fernando Loza rushes to the scene
09:27he shocked that no one is being told the truth
09:36no one warned them
09:37no municipal authority
09:39no state authority took the responsibility of saying we must get out of here
09:44nobody dared order an evacuation of this scale
09:47this hadn't been done in the past and there was a lack of knowledge about how to carry this out
09:57it's ten o'clock on the morning of April the 22nd 1992
10:05Lilia Ruiz sets off for the day's shopping
10:11at around 10 a.m. I decided I would go to the local market close to Ganti Street
10:16I got on the Route 333 bus
10:19I got on the Route 333 bus
10:21I got on the Route 333 bus
10:56but since she had brought my breakfast with her
10:59she said I will bring you some juice from across the street
11:02I told her no no fetch the bucket of water first
11:0910.05 and 30 seconds
11:12instead of going onto the street to buy the juice
11:15Alejandra goes in the opposite direction to the back of the shop
11:18it saved her life
11:20allows me to set her inventory
11:21I don't know
11:22I'm going to put her back
11:43I'm going to move on
11:43we've got to go
11:44to a place
11:44we're back
11:47we're back
11:48to the hotel
11:48to the hotel
11:49we have got to go
11:50suffers the full force of the blast when I turned around I saw a really bright
12:00light I mean extremely bright and a boom so loud that I was completely blind and
12:12deaf you know he thought of her tortilla shop collapses on top of her she's buried in the
12:25rubble the blast tears underground along the sewer line three blocks away the 333 bus
12:34is picking its way through the congested streets
12:45Lilia Ruiz is one of the passengers on board I don't remember any noise any voices any screams
12:55anything I think that I had been instantly hit very hard so hard that it knocked me unconscious
13:12when I regained consciousness I was already being saved from the rubble I will never know how I got
13:20out of the bus where pavement and houses stood only seconds before there is now a huge crater running
13:28along the street filled with rubble but this is just the beginning the explosions rolled down the sewer
13:35destroying every street about it Sergio Gomez is at home on Ganty Street with his family preparing to
13:45celebrate his 25th birthday it was a muffled sound it came from underground it shook our house many cracks
13:59appeared in the wall and the street became dark I hugged my mother and dragged her under a door
14:04I yelled to my sisters to get under a door frame the house was shaking there were many explosions really
14:12strong
14:12things falling down windows breaking
14:2110.06 a.m. the first emergency calls start pouring into the red cross control room one reports a car
14:31crash a bus has fallen into a ditch
14:36the explosions continue there's one at 10 10 one at 11 30 nowhere is safe
14:50people have no idea where to run or where the next explosion will be
14:58maria de jesus gonzalez's home on ganty street is destroyed in an instant trapping her in the debris
15:06i felt the ground sinking from under me
15:11and when i fell a dead man fell sideways on top of me
15:18and with his chin he fractured my neck
15:31the red cross are inundated with calls the house has completely disappeared manhole covers
15:38are flying off injured people need help fast people are dying sakura ria still lies buried in
15:47the rubble of the tortilla shop not knowing if anyone will find her
15:52i felt helpless because when i was in the middle of the rubble i couldn't even breathe
16:01i started to pray to god i heard a voice that told me don't worry about yourself i'll always be
16:08with you
16:09and that is when i lost consciousness with so many roads blown up or blocked the emergency services
16:16struggle to reach her and others injured by the blasts they finally make it to the
16:20tortilla shop and begin to dig socorro out of the rubble
16:25i came to when they were taking me out
16:29a taxi arrived and they took me and my sister to the medical center
16:37it's now 10 20 am 14 minutes after the first explosion and more blasts rip into the city
16:44many of the explosions are bearing down on ganty street
16:51maria de jesus gonzalez is still trapped she has a broken neck and can't move but she can see what's
16:58going on around her
17:03the small girl fell next to me and then a paving slab smashed the right side of her chest
17:08in that moment she bled to death
17:16the district of reforma is like a war zone
17:19for survivors like sergio gomez the scene is beyond belief
17:35there were no houses there was debris everywhere
17:44over an hour has passed since the first explosion and still the blasts continue
17:54at 11 30
17:55two simultaneous explosions destroy rio bravo street and rio nilo street
18:01the scale of destruction is immense
18:08there are already 100 dead
18:11many people are severely injured
18:23the explosions subside for a while rescue workers can finally get in
18:27they search for survivors and ferry the injured to hospital but the respite is short-lived
18:362.20 p.m.
18:40a final blast rocks gonzalez gallo one of the main streets in reforma
18:50satellite photos taken minutes afterwards reveal the scale of the catastrophe
18:57the explosions have lasted for four hours and fourteen minutes
19:04the devastation runs eight kilometers along gandy street rio bravo rio nilo and all the way down to gonzalez gallo
19:16if this were new york city it would be like an explosion ripped out broadway from wall street to times
19:22square
19:234.30 m
19:27se harland is clear as a news photographer
19:29he borrows a motorbike and finds a way for the devastated streets to capture these amazing images
19:38it seemed like a war zone it had a great impact on me to arrive and see the level of
19:45destruction
19:48it took me a few minutes to be able to react and go into action and take pictures
20:03I saw this truck on top of the remains of a house that really showed me the intensity of the
20:11blast
20:14it showed me how a huge blast made a truck weighing tons land right up there
20:22I could see the people standing still as if under a spell
20:355 11 p.m.
20:39the Red Cross reports now say that as many as a hundred and seventy people are confirmed dead
20:44and at least 500 are known to be injured
20:54with so many wounded the hospitals are filling up sporting arenas are turned into makeshift emergency
21:01shelters the Red Cross issue a plea for medical supplies blood and plasma
21:15one sports stadium is turned into a giant morgue
21:21they line up a hundred and forty-six bodies
21:32survivors arrive dreading that they'll find a missing loved one
21:35they're warned by a sign of the entry that tells them what you're about to see will be very painful
21:42but we are here to help you in any way we can
21:51hundreds of people are still missing
21:54many rescuers dig with their bare hands desperate to find anyone alive
21:59trying to help some people bring in bulldozers to remove the wreckage
22:03but it's too soon survivors are still buried in the rubble
22:12in a daring act of bravery Sergio Gomez and his friends lie down in front of the bulldozers to stop
22:18them
22:20it didn't take long for the heavy machinery to arrive
22:23they started to run bulldozers they accelerated and moved
22:27but we wouldn't move
22:30finally instructions were sent
22:32the authorities arrived
22:34and then they stopped the machinery
22:38but at 10 that evening
22:40the president of Mexico Carlos Salinas arrives in the disaster area
22:45it takes him until dawn to walk through the devastated streets
22:49he's stunned by the enormity of what he sees
22:56over 15 000 people are homeless
23:001 440 injured
23:03and 206 dead
23:10the president orders the attorney general's office to investigate
23:13immediately
23:16he wants to report back within 72 hours
23:18he wants to know the reason for the explosions
23:25now by rewinding the events of that fateful day
23:28and by going deep into the investigation
23:30we can reveal what really happened
23:39state-of-the-art computer graphics will take you
23:42where no camera can go into the heart of the disaster zone
23:48guadalajara sits in a major earthquake zone
23:51at the moment of the first explosion scientists watching seismic monitors
23:55see them hit 3.3 on the richter scale
23:57this is the equivalent of over 13 tons of tnt exploding in one go
24:04could an earthquake with an epicenter over the district of reforma have caused the tragedy
24:11the devastated area looks like the aftermath of an earthquake
24:15but the investigation team study the damage
24:18they quickly realize it runs in a continuous line following the path of the streets
24:24an earthquake wouldn't do this so the team dismissed the theory
24:29that's what we're going to do
24:34instead they turn their attention to the underground tunnels that lie beneath reforma
24:40they make an extraordinary discovery
24:47what's going to do
24:47guadalajara mexico's second city has been ripped apart by a series of catastrophic explosions
24:54there's something in the water
25:00now using advanced computer graphics we go into the heart of the disaster zone to reveal exactly what went
25:07wrong the question now facing the investigators is what could have caused a series of explosions with the destructive power
25:15of an earthquake
25:22the line of destruction follows the main underground sewer
25:27in the three days leading up to the blasts many of the residents complained about the smell of gasoline
25:37there must be gasoline in the sewers
25:41but where did it come from
25:44reforma is an industrial area there are over 40 factories and chemical plants nearby
25:51the biggest is a refinery run by the state-owned oil company pemex
25:56it becomes the focus for investigators
26:01but they run straight into a mystery
26:04at the time of the original complaints pemex management ran their own tests
26:11pemex officials say these tests reveal that all their plant and equipment
26:15is in perfect order and they are not to blame
26:20but they say their investigations do reveal the presence of another dangerous chemical in the sewer
26:29the
26:29people
26:36they commented because of the characteristics of the explosions and the type of vapors that were found
26:42in the inspection holes that this could be caused by a gas called hexane used in the cooking oil industry
26:48it's an industry as a data hexane has many of the properties of gasoline including a similar smell
26:56most importantly it's an extremely flammable liquid that gives off a highly explosive vapor
27:02and it has a very low flashpoint only minus 22 degrees centigrade
27:08hexane is used to extract oil from seeds and vegetables to make cooking oil
27:13scott steedman is a civil engineer specializing in disasters
27:17hexane is a strong irritant which means it causes lightheadedness and its fumes are very toxic
27:24it's also extremely flammable and it's perhaps one of the last things you'd want in a sewer system
27:31pemex officials then release a statement saying that a local cooking oil factory is responsible for
27:37releasing hexane gas underground
27:41but the company la central denies responsibility
27:47they say they use very small quantities of hexane in their production process
27:52not enough to cause the size of explosions that hit reforma
27:57their claim is backed up by the investigation team
28:00who examine water samples taken the day before the explosions
28:06they find no evidence of hexane
28:09it couldn't have caused the blast
28:13pemex's claim is inaccurate the people of reforma are still convinced gasoline is to blame
28:25they know this is not the first explosion in the area
28:29and there have been similar explosions in this very area in recent years
28:33one was in 1983 the other in 1991 only a year before the disaster of april the 22nd
28:41both were powerful enough to blow off manhole covers
28:45and both were found to be caused by gasoline
28:49raquel gutierrez is a lawyer who represents some of the families affected by the disaster
28:58the first incident took place in 1983 near independencia
29:05there were explosions due to the combination of diesel hydrocarbon
29:12it's practically the same area where the explosions occurred in 1992
29:19but if gasoline was to blame where was it coming from
29:28surprisingly guadalajara sits on top of a major gasoline distribution pipeline
29:39a pressurized steel pipeline built in 1973 just over 30 centimeters in diameter carries gasoline from
29:47the pemex refineries in guadalajara close to reforma to salamanca 238 kilometers away
29:56the investigation team inspects the pipeline then there's a breakthrough they discover that
30:03gasoline is flooding a pavement close to the pemex refinery and that the leak is coming from underground
30:12but the pressurized pipeline is made of steel how could it fail
30:23guadalajara's underground network of pipes grew to service the booming economy
30:29the results a haphazard maze of overlapping pipes and cables carrying water and fuel
30:36when the investigators dig down beneath the flooded pavement they discover that a water pipe has been
30:42bent round the pressurized steel pipeline at the point where they touch there's a small hole where
30:50gasoline is leaking out
30:58but how can the water pipe pierce the much tougher steel reinforced gasoline pipeline
31:10they send the pipes to mexico's top metallurgists jorge orochotto and jose maria malo to try to find the answer
31:20the way it was resting the bigger hole on the water pipeline coincides with the hole
31:30as erosion takes place the wall of the gasoline pipeline
31:36decreases and the leak of gasoline takes place the metallurgists report that it's the different metal
31:43composition of the pipes that leads to their corrosion
31:50different metals have different chemical compositions and when they touch each other
31:55certain metals when touching other metals can cause a chemical reaction to occur and that can lead to
32:02corrosion or one or both of of the metals the water pipeline is made of iron coated in zinc the
32:10gasoline pipe
32:10is steel together in wet ground these metals destroy one another even though the hole is only one centimeter wide
32:18the pressure forces the gasoline to gush into the soil
32:23it's estimated that 600 000 liters of highly explosive gasoline leaked into the soil
32:29that's about 18 petrol tankers a huge amount of fuel
32:34the leak in the gasoline pipeline is only meters away from one of reformers sewage tunnels
32:42the fuel quickly spreads to surrounding soil and envelops the tunnel seeping in through the cracks and
32:48entering the sewage system
32:56the water
32:56but as if a contaminated sewer weren't bad enough the leak seeps into the surrounding water pipes
33:02and enters reformers drinking water supply
33:07investigators now know how gasoline gets into the sewer and water supply
33:12but they are still puzzled why are there so many explosions over a four-hour period
33:30a series of massive explosions devastates the mexican city of guadalajara
33:38that are broken gasoline pipe is the blame
33:43but why was there a series of explosions over the space of several hours instead of one massive blast
33:52they discover that guadalajara has been extending its light railway system by adding a new underground line
34:02but engineers digging the new subway have hit a problem
34:09the city's main sewer lies right in their path
34:13construction of a new metro line meant they had to divert the main sewer down and then up again
34:20forming a u-bend under the metro line investigators then work out that the pattern of explosions spread
34:27south from where the sewer is diverted around the subway tunnel it's a strong lead
34:33and the design of the diverted sewage tunnel now becomes the focus of the investigation
34:39sewers are traditionally built with a slope so that gravity carries the waste downhill
34:46but the building of the new metro has forced the new section of sewage tunnel to pump its contents uphill
34:57the pumps are designed only to drive liquid sewage the dangerous gasoline fumes build up and remain
35:06now this had very serious consequences because although fluid could pass down through the u-bend and out
35:14the sewer fumes would be trapped upstream of the metro line upstream of the metro line is canty street and
35:24the
35:24blocked fumes back up all the way to there filling the sewer network in between
35:32three days before the explosions the residents of reforma complain of the smell coming from the sewer
35:39the smell was so strong it was a really horrible stench of gasoline
35:4536 hours before the explosions the gasoline vapor begins to concentrate
35:51some of it escapes through manhole covers and drains the rest builds up in various parts of the sewer
35:57forming highly explosive pockets of gas
36:03these pockets exist all along the main sewer that runs under reforma and in some of the small feeder pipes
36:10as the gas fumes would back up in the main sewer so the concentration of the gas
36:16would be higher in some places and lower in other places so you might have branch sewers that were
36:22filled with fumes or the main sewer itself but with the different concentrations the higher concentrations
36:29would explode first 24 hours before the blasts the smell spreads to the sewer outside the tortilla shop
36:37where socorro works the four days before it smelled a lot like gas the customers that came in were
36:45asking me if there was a gas leak they said it smells a lot what's happening 26 minutes before the
36:55first
36:55blast the fire chief goes on the radio and insists there is no risk of explosion but he's wrong
37:03the consequences of the leaked fuel in the sewage pipe and the buildup of gas are inevitable it's
37:09now just a question of time
37:1310 06 am
37:16the first explosion occurs 675 meters from where the sewer is diverted around the new subway line
37:23it destroys 20th of november street and the top of gante street
37:2910 10 10 a second massive explosion destroys much of violetta street
37:34two blasts at 11 30 devastate rio bravo and rio nilo
37:41then at 2 20 pm the sewer that crosses under gonzalez gallo explodes
37:49the chain of critical events is complete but there is one big question that remains
37:55the gasoline had been leaking for months so why did the disaster strike on april the 22nd
38:05to answer the question investigators had to go back to the days leading up to the blasts
38:16the answer comes from an unlikely source
38:21on the night of april the 18th residents found it difficult to sleep but not just because of the
38:27terrible smell coming from the sewers
38:31the temperature in guadalajara hits 31 degrees centigrade
38:38the high temperatures continued into the early hours of the morning of april the 22nd
38:48the heat permeates down into the drains it makes the gasoline fumes rise in greater volume to the streets above
38:58and they are now at flashpoint
39:02all it needs now is a spark
39:07ironically attempts by the water authority to investigate the smell may have triggered the blasts
39:15on that day gangs are at work across the city lifting manhole covers to release fumes from the sewer
39:21of the water
39:25metal struck by metal can cause a spark
39:28perhaps a workman jamming a crowbar into a manhole cover
39:31or dropping a cover back into a hole created that fatal spark
39:46but the authorities tests revealed there was also a high risk of explosion in the days leading up to the
39:52disaster
39:57so why didn't they order the evacuation of reformer and save hundreds of lives
40:07a catastrophic sewer explosion has devastated guadalajara a city of over three million
40:14the official death toll is 206 people but could those deaths have been avoided
40:23tests by the water authority on the days leading up to the disaster revealed there was a 100 chance of
40:29an explosion
40:30so why didn't somebody in authority order the area to be evacuated
40:37the attorney general's investigation results in nine people being arrested following the explosions
40:44they are the city's mayor enrique dal flores four pemex officials three water authority employees
40:50and a government official they spend eight months in custody but their case never comes to trial
40:57all were released without charge and the inquiry into the tragedy closed without anyone being found guilty
41:03of responsibility for the disaster
41:07it's shameful to see how an event of this nature that shouldn't have surprised the authorities took them by surprise
41:17they never thought they'd have a disaster of the magnitude of april the 22nd
41:22that is a mass evacuation could have saved the people of guadalajara but neither the police the fire brigade
41:32nor anybody else in charge was prepared to make that decision
41:47local residents even dispute the official death count of 206 nobody is really sure
41:58the official report doesn't detail the number of injured or the property destroyed
42:05lloyds of london who underwrote the loss do they estimate that 252 people died
42:141 440 were injured and more than 15 000 were left homeless
42:20damage is reported to 1124 houses and 450 businesses insurance company lloyds quantify the cost
42:30at between 300 million and 1 billion dollars
42:37but the human price of the tragedy is incalculable
42:42socorro rio blast fractured her skull and spine in the explosion
42:47now she cannot endure the pain of physical work and is only supported by her family
42:54i can't work it's not the same i can't lift heavy things and have to rest a lot
42:58because of the constant pain i always have to have my pills with me just to get through the day
43:03it's a minuscule maria de jesus gonzalez broke her neck in the explosion she wears a brace to hold her
43:11head
43:13but after five years it's worn out and she can't afford to replace it
43:20i've always been told that my life is hanging by a thread
43:23because my neck is glued and the brace is what holds my head
43:29you might have noticed that my head lean sideways it hurts so much
43:40lilia ruiz lost her left leg
43:44once a year she and most of the other survivors return to the scene of devastation
43:49to honor those who lost their lives at a mass dedicated to the victims
43:59the owner of this former house on gante street lost five members of his family
44:07he's made a vow that he'll never rebuild it the site will stand as it is
44:13a permanent memorial to the victims
44:23the loss of so many lives is due to a critical chain of events that come together on that day
44:30a badly engineered water pipe placed too close to a gasoline supply line caused a reaction called
44:36metal to metal to metal corrosion both pipes leaked and gasoline flooded the soil
44:45the leaking gasoline touched and then enveloped with the city's main sewer
44:49the gasoline entered the pipe and flooded the sewer
44:54the sewers the bathroom the drain smelled like gasoline
45:03the gasoline fumes built up but they were blocked by an uphill section of the sewer redesigned to
45:09accommodate a new subway the fumes had nowhere to escape but through manholes and household drains
45:16all the smells that day caused headaches and nausea it caused vomiting because it was such a strong smell
45:26the high temperatures created a hot house for volatile gases a spark ignited the trapped fumes triggering the first blast
45:37it was a muffled sound and it came from underground it shook our house many cracks appeared in the walls
45:43and the street became dark
45:52from then on a series of explosions ripped through the sewer system devastating eight kilometers of the city's streets
46:02and after the tragedy
46:05the pemmix oil refinery shut down and pemmix rerouted the high pressure gasoline pipe away from the city
46:15and now the old city of guadalajara has a new sewer with a state-of-the-art monitoring system
46:23it constantly measures the gases and toxins in the sewer to prevent such a tragic accident ever happening again
46:49so
46:50it's
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