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Historian David Olusoga traces the events, the people and the forces that transformed four separate nations into a single state - the United Kingdom. In today’s rapidly changing world, can this historic union endure?
David tells the story of Union from the 1600s - a century defined by religious and cultural divisions - to 1707, when Scotland joins with England and Wales to form Great Britain.
David tells the story of Union from the 1600s - a century defined by religious and cultural divisions - to 1707, when Scotland joins with England and Wales to form Great Britain.
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00:12A CIDADE NO BRASIL
00:33A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:00A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:11A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:11This is a confession that the prisoner gave two days after his arrest, and in it he admits, among other
01:19things, to something that his interrogators had already worked out, which is that his name was not John Johnson.
01:26At the end, he signs using his real name, Guido Fawkes.
01:33Guy Fawkes.
01:39Two days later, Fawkes signed another confession.
01:43In this, he admits to more details about the gunpowder plot.
01:48Now, we don't know exactly what happened to Fawkes in the 48 hours between these two confessions, but we do
01:55know that on the orders of the king, he was tortured.
01:58And it is possible to see the effects of that torture in this document.
02:04He attempts to write Guido, but instead there's just this faint scratch on the page.
02:11It's as if he can't hold the quill, and he doesn't even attempt to write his surname.
02:16There are instead just these two little strokes across the page.
02:23This, horrifically, speaks to the breaking of an individual, but it also tells us of the great forces behind the
02:33gunpowder plots of war and religion, intolerance, reformation, counter-reformation.
02:39But there is another force at play here, the force of nationalism and xenophobia.
02:49Because although the main aim of Fawkes and the plotters was to kill a Protestant king and revive the Catholic
02:56faith in England, they also had a secondary aim.
03:00And Fawkes admitted to this in another confession.
03:07And in it, Fawkes gives a long series of reasons and motivations behind the gunpowder plots.
03:15And they include what he says here, which is that the plot was done in order to prevent the union
03:22that was sought to be published at this parliament.
03:28Because what Fawkes and the others intended to do was to present their act of terrorism as having saved England
03:37from what was then the key political project of King James,
03:42which was a union between his kingdoms, England and Wales and Scotland, a union that would have created a new
03:51state, Great Britain.
03:58It was to take over a century for that new state to be brought into existence.
04:13Britain has never been an easy country to define or understand.
04:18It's a state made up not of one, but of four nations.
04:23Each with its own history, its own institutions, cultures, languages and identities.
04:31If anybody was to say to me, oh, so you're British, I would always correct them, say, no, I'm Irish.
04:37I'm British first and Scottish second.
04:40Well, I'm a Brit. I'm a very proud Brit, but I'm also an English woman.
04:47Over five tumultuous and violent centuries, those four nations were slowly brought together by the power of faith, by the
05:01wealth of empire, by the threat of invasion.
05:05But that history has always been one of rival competing identities, loyalties and nationalist passions.
05:18This long history of union and disunion continues to define how people see themselves and the country today.
05:29For this series, we invited people from all four nations, people of different backgrounds, faiths and politics, to share their
05:37personal views on our history.
05:41How it binds us together.
05:43It represents a lot of good things, things that have made us great.
05:49Or divides us.
05:51If we're talking about recent past, time for a divorce.
05:56And why it still matters.
05:58I always describe the union as a family. Families don't always get on the gear. You know, we fight.
06:04The big question of today is can the great historic forces that built the United Kingdom still hold us together?
06:13Are we merely passing through one of the many periods of turbulence in this long history or are we perhaps
06:22slowly approaching the end of the union?
06:26Are our generations right now in the 21st century destined to become the last of the Britons or will the
06:35union survive?
06:52If the project to unite nations and create a new British state has a beginning, it was the 5th of
07:00April, 1603.
07:01The day James VI of Scotland left Edinburgh to begin the 600-kilometre journey to London.
07:12England was in mourning.
07:15Elizabeth I, who had ruled for 44 years, had died, leaving no heir.
07:22James was now the first monarch ever to rule Scotland, England and Wales.
07:33On the 7th of May, five weeks after he had left Edinburgh, James arrived in London.
07:41And 11 weeks later, King James VI of Scotland was crowned King James I of England.
07:51But this was not a union of nations, but a union of crowns.
07:58James aimed to use his powers as king of both Scotland and England to bring about a very different sort
08:05of union.
08:07To realise this greater union, he needed the support not only of the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh,
08:15but also the English Parliament in Westminster.
08:20These are the journals of the House of Commons, and on these pages is a record of the first speech
08:29that James gives to Parliament.
08:31And in what is rather beautiful language, he builds his argument for his great project of a union between his
08:39two kingdoms.
08:40And he uses this idea of a marriage.
08:44He says that as king, he is husband, and all the whole isle is my lawful wife.
08:51And then he says that he hopes, therefore, that no man will be so unreasonable as to think that I,
08:58a Christian king,
09:00should be a polygamist and husband to two wives, two kingdoms.
09:06As a stepping stone on what he hopes is the way to his project of union,
09:12James persuades this Parliament to debate a motion that would change his royal title.
09:19The proposal is that he will become known as James of Great Britain.
09:26But even this rather symbolic move meets with opposition from English MPs.
09:34And then just two days later, the MPs issue a list of objections to the idea of union.
09:43There's 13 in all.
09:45Objection number 11 has to be described simply as xenophobic.
09:50It says that if there were a union between the two kingdoms,
09:53there would be a deluge of Scots coming to live in England.
09:59So what James does is he changes tactics.
10:03He establishes a commission for union with Scotland.
10:09And this commission is to be made up of members of the Westminster Parliament,
10:13but also the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh.
10:16Then there are a series of proclamations of proroguing of Parliament
10:21that give us the date at which the new session of Parliament is to begin.
10:25And it's in that session of Parliament that this commission for union with Scotland will report its findings.
10:31And that first day of the new Parliament is listed here as the 5th day of November next.
10:48On the 5th of November, 1605, Parliament did meet, but only briefly,
10:55to record the discovery of the gunpowder plot.
11:00The union was not discussed.
11:07Guy Fawkes and his surviving accomplices were executed.
11:15And the story of the plot would become central to Protestant propaganda
11:20about the threat that Catholicism posed to the nation.
11:25It would go on to become part of British national identity.
11:34Yet after the gunpowder plot,
11:36James was still unable to convince MPs to support his vision for a union.
11:45English opposition to a union with Scotland was,
11:49as King James pointed out,
11:51ironic because the Kingdom of England was already a state
11:55forged through a union with another nation.
12:05Caernarvon Castle is a physical reminder
12:07that what initially brought Wales and England together
12:11was force.
12:14In the 13th century,
12:17the English king Edward I invaded Wales
12:20to pacify rebel lords
12:22and ultimately seize their lands for the crown.
12:28The most striking,
12:30the most obvious thing about Caernarvon Castle
12:32is its sheer scale and size.
12:36It took almost 50 years
12:38to build this castle
12:39and the defensive walls
12:41around the town of Caernarvon.
12:42And it was an extraordinarily expensive project.
12:46It's costing more than £25,000,
12:49the equivalent today
12:50of tens of millions of pounds.
12:52and Caernarvon Castle
12:54is just one of 17 castles
12:57built in Wales
12:58on the orders of Edward I.
13:01And places like Caernarvon
13:04were not just military facilities.
13:06They weren't just centres of administration.
13:09They were very purposefully
13:10and very deliberately
13:11stamped onto the landscape of Wales
13:14as statements of power,
13:16reflections of the balance of power
13:18between Wales and England.
13:23After the conquest of Wales,
13:25Edward I chose Caernarvon Castle
13:28as the location
13:29at which to establish
13:30a new tradition,
13:32one designed to cement
13:34the union
13:35between the two countries.
13:41Caernarvon plays another role
13:44in the long historical relationship
13:46between England and Wales
13:48because it was here
13:49within the walls
13:50of this castle
13:51that Edward II was born.
13:53And in 1301,
13:55he became the first heir
13:56to the English throne
13:58to be granted
13:58a new title,
14:00Prince of Wales.
14:02The title
14:02that had belonged
14:03to Llewellyn at Griffith,
14:05the last indigenous Prince of Wales.
14:08So that decision
14:09to grant the title
14:11to Edward
14:12created a tradition
14:13that's now lasted centuries,
14:15but it was also
14:16a hugely symbolic act.
14:20This act established
14:22a tradition
14:22which continues today,
14:24that the heir to the throne
14:26is given the title
14:27Prince of Wales.
14:31But centuries later,
14:32it is a tradition
14:34that divides opinion
14:35in Wales.
14:37The Prince of Wales
14:38was imposed on us
14:39to kind of humiliate us,
14:41to stop us
14:41from having our own monarchy.
14:43Keeping that title
14:44for centuries,
14:46I think that's offensive.
14:47I don't think
14:48there's a need for it.
14:49I don't think
14:49there's a want for it
14:50across Wales.
14:52It's acknowledging Wales
14:53within the union
14:54and that the royal family
14:55have honoured that.
14:57They understand
14:57that that's
14:58of national importance
14:59to the people of Wales.
15:00Three hundred years
15:02after Edward II
15:04had been pronounced
15:05Prince of Wales,
15:06the union
15:07between the two countries
15:08was formalised
15:10in law.
15:11In 1536,
15:12Parliament passed
15:13a statute
15:14which became known
15:15as the first
15:16Act of Union.
15:19The conquest
15:20of Wales
15:21had taken place
15:22centuries earlier,
15:23so why in the 16th century
15:25were these laws passed?
15:27We're in a period
15:28of reformation here,
15:29and what Henry VIII
15:30does not want
15:31is a part of his realm
15:32that's vulnerable
15:33to outside invasion
15:34from the continent.
15:36Wales is a weak point
15:37in the structure
15:38of the realm,
15:39so if you can joint it in,
15:41then you're making
15:41a wall on your western flank
15:43that you can defend.
15:45The very start
15:45of the first Act of Union,
15:47it makes a very contentious
15:48claim to the history
15:50of that country.
15:51Albeit,
15:52the dominion,
15:53principality
15:54and country of Wales
15:54justly and righteously
15:56is and ever hath been
15:58incorporated
15:59to the imperial crown
16:01of this realm.
16:02And so it's saying
16:03that it always has been
16:04a part of England.
16:06This is an extension
16:07of English
16:08Protestant control
16:10in some ways
16:10over Wales.
16:12And what does incorporation
16:13mean on the ground
16:14practically?
16:15So it's about law
16:16and it's about justice.
16:18And here we can see
16:20all other affidavits,
16:21verdicts and wages of law
16:23to be given and done
16:23in the English tongue.
16:25It's making sure
16:26that the English common law
16:27is administered
16:28and justice is administered
16:30in English
16:31by English speakers.
16:33The Welsh gentry
16:35become far more Anglicised
16:36and far more English speaking.
16:38And Welsh will be seen
16:40as the language
16:41of the fields
16:42and the language
16:43of the labourer.
16:44Do the records tell us
16:46what ordinary people
16:47felt about these acts?
16:48It does seem
16:49that everyone
16:51was buying into
16:53an idea
16:53that actually
16:54this was a project
16:55that worked
16:56relatively well.
16:58By the time we get
16:59to the death of Elizabeth
17:00and the beginning
17:01of the Stuarts
17:01with James I,
17:03sixth of Scotland,
17:04what is the attitude
17:05of these Welsh MPs
17:07to the new monarch?
17:08The Welsh have
17:09a very developed sense
17:11of their own history
17:12as the original Britons.
17:13In James,
17:14they saw a British king.
17:16The Welsh are actually
17:18far more enthusiastic
17:19about King James
17:20and his British project
17:21than most of the English are.
17:24It's kind of strange,
17:25isn't it,
17:25that the people who,
17:26when James surveys Parliament,
17:29who are on his side,
17:30who want to buy into
17:31this idea of Britain
17:32are the Welsh
17:33and not the English.
17:34For the Welsh,
17:35it's an augmentation
17:36rather than any kind of loss.
17:38For the English,
17:38I think they see it as
17:40not an expansion,
17:41but rather a diminution
17:43of Englishness,
17:43and that's deeply problematic.
17:45For the Welsh,
17:46they can articulate
17:47their patriotism
17:48through Britishness.
17:51Britishness is not something
17:52that diminishes
17:53their idea
17:54of what it would mean
17:55to be slightly
17:56anachronistically patriotic.
18:03Despite the support
18:04of Welsh MPs,
18:05King James' dream
18:06of a union with Scotland
18:08was repeatedly rejected
18:10by Parliament.
18:12but there was
18:14another part of the realm
18:15where Britishness
18:17as an identity
18:18was beginning
18:19to emerge.
18:21And there,
18:23a vast social experiment
18:25was underway.
18:37Ireland was another kingdom
18:39ruled by King James.
18:42But it was
18:43an overwhelmingly
18:44Catholic country.
18:48In 1610,
18:50a new project
18:51was launched
18:51to colonise
18:53the northern province
18:54of Ulster.
18:56English
18:57and Scottish
18:58Protestant settlers
18:59were awarded land
19:00that had belonged
19:01to native
19:02Irish Catholics.
19:06It became known
19:07as the Plantation
19:09of Ulster.
19:11This is the northern province
19:13of Ireland.
19:14We see here
19:14in the maps
19:15are names like
19:16Baxweeney,
19:17O'Boyle,
19:17Maguire.
19:18These are the traditional
19:19Gaelic ruling families
19:21who had little
19:22territories or lordships
19:23scattered all around
19:24the province
19:24and this map
19:25is actually
19:26just sketching that out.
19:28And this land,
19:29much of it
19:29is going to be
19:30given to English
19:32and Scottish settlers?
19:33Yes.
19:33They divide up
19:34into different categories
19:35of people
19:35and we have undertakers
19:37and undertaker
19:38where they undertake
19:39certain conditions.
19:40There's an early document
19:42on this,
19:42conditions to be observed
19:43by the British undertakers.
19:46Here's one where it says,
19:47every of the said undertakers
19:49shall within three years
19:50build thereupon
19:51a stone house
19:52with a strong court
19:54or bon about it.
19:55A bon is the wall
19:56that goes around it.
19:58And I think it's very important
19:58to stress this
19:59that they realised
20:00in a sense
20:01that this was
20:02hostile territory.
20:03They are required
20:04to have a convenient
20:06store of arms
20:07within their residences
20:09for their own defence.
20:10And these are
20:11the official stipulations
20:12of the conditions
20:13that you have to agree to
20:14so the government
20:15is fully aware.
20:16Oh, absolutely.
20:17This is a military undertaking
20:18as well as
20:18an agricultural endeavour.
20:20Oh, no, absolutely.
20:21It is the government
20:21that's insisting upon this.
20:23In a way,
20:24we need to see Ulster
20:25at this time
20:25as frontier territory.
20:26We see very similar language
20:28being used
20:29in the Americas
20:30at the same time as well.
20:31Because it's exactly
20:31the same time.
20:32These are the same years
20:33in which English settlers
20:34have founded Jamestown
20:36in Virginia.
20:37Absolutely.
20:38From my perspective,
20:39Ireland clearly is a colony.
20:40It's a problematic colony.
20:42It's an unusual colony
20:43in some ways,
20:43but it's clearly a colony.
20:45It's there to be exploited
20:46and to use.
20:47And the Ulster plantation
20:47is a very good example
20:48of that.
20:51It's notable
20:52that it describes
20:53the settlers
20:54as the British undertakers.
20:56What we see coming in
20:57to Ulster
20:58are settlers
20:59both from England
21:00but also from Scotland.
21:02And the key
21:03determinant here
21:04is that they would
21:05be good Protestants.
21:06And so the traditional
21:07eminities between England
21:08and Scotland,
21:08which we know
21:09have been there
21:09for centuries,
21:10to try and overcome that,
21:11they sort of create
21:12this new identity
21:13for themselves
21:14and they identify
21:15as British.
21:17But this is the same period
21:19that James is in London.
21:21His project
21:22to create Britishness
21:23in England
21:24is falling apart
21:25but here it's beginning
21:26to take off.
21:27Here in Ulster
21:27there's a very different
21:28circumstance
21:29and a very different context
21:30because here
21:31there is another.
21:32there is somebody
21:33that they are very worried
21:34about,
21:35concerned in terms of security
21:36and that is of course
21:37the native Irish Catholic
21:38population.
21:40In a sense
21:41it's an identity
21:42that's forged in violence,
21:44it's forged in warfare,
21:45it's forged under threat
21:46and that's where it emerges.
21:53Who are the sorts of people
21:55who are attracted
21:56by this prospect
21:58of being given land
21:59but also having
22:01to face a threat?
22:02A good example
22:03of it is one man
22:03called Thomas Benerhasset
22:05who we see coming over
22:07at the very beginning
22:08of this plantation.
22:10He wrote
22:11about his experiences
22:13in Ireland
22:14and what was now necessary.
22:15A direction for the plantation
22:17in Ulster.
22:18So what this pamphlet here
22:20and this direction
22:20is doing is
22:21if you like
22:21selling the place
22:22and he says
22:23art thou a tradesman
22:24a smith
22:24a weaver
22:25a mason
22:25or a carpenter
22:26they're looking for
22:27you know
22:28specific people
22:29with specific skills
22:30to build
22:31to create.
22:33Now
22:33if you like
22:34we get the darker side
22:35of this as well
22:35because he sort of says
22:37well look you know
22:38art thou a gentleman
22:39who takes pleasure
22:39in the hunt
22:40the fox
22:41the wolf
22:42and the woodkern.
22:43the woodkern
22:44were the native Irish
22:46that's the name
22:46that's given to these people
22:47who have retreated off
22:48into the mountains
22:50into the woods
22:51and like
22:52other vermin
22:53as he would see it
22:54like the fox
22:54and the wolf
22:55we now have to go out
22:56and kind of eradicate
22:57these people
22:57destroy them.
22:59Well he's talking about
22:59the hunting of human beings.
23:00Basically.
23:03How big a transfer
23:05of land
23:06is taking place
23:07in Ulster
23:07at this moment?
23:09It's very very extensive.
23:10About 70%
23:11of Ulster
23:12the land
23:13is being completely
23:14redistributed.
23:15Ultimately
23:15this Ulster plantation
23:17is part of
23:18probably the largest
23:19single transfer
23:20of land
23:21anywhere in Europe
23:22in the early modern period.
23:30The English
23:31and Scottish
23:32Protestant settlers
23:33set about
23:34fulfilling the terms
23:35upon which
23:36they had been granted
23:37their land
23:37building
23:38their fortified
23:39farmhouses
23:40and castles.
23:48Thomas Blanahasset
23:49was given
23:50600 hectares
23:51here
23:52in County Fermanagh
23:54in what had been known
23:55as Maguire County
23:57after
23:58the Irish family
23:59who had owned it
24:00for decades.
24:04Some of the Maguires
24:06those regarded
24:07as loyal
24:08to the crown
24:09were allowed
24:10to keep
24:10parts of the land
24:11of their estates.
24:12One of them
24:13Rory Maguire
24:14even married
24:15into the Blanahasset family.
24:19The Blanahassets
24:21went on
24:21to transform
24:22their estates
24:23and build
24:24a private fortune
24:25in County Fermanagh.
24:29Between them
24:30the Blanahasset family
24:32acquired
24:32160 hectares
24:34of land
24:35on the northern
24:35fringes
24:36of Loch Urn.
24:38Thomas Blanahasset's
24:40nephew
24:40Francis acquired
24:42Hasset's fort
24:43which today
24:44lies in ruins.
24:45Here he lived
24:47with his wife Anne
24:48just 14 kilometres
24:50from Castle Hasset.
24:52And the Blanahassets
24:54were just one
24:55of thousands
24:56of planter families
24:57from England
24:58and Scotland
24:59who forged
25:00a new British identity
25:02in Ireland.
25:06The legacy
25:08of the plantation
25:09of Ulster
25:09continues today.
25:16It was the beginning
25:18of centuries
25:19of division
25:20between Protestant
25:21and Catholic communities
25:23in the north
25:24of Ireland.
25:28The reason I'm
25:29sitting here today
25:30is where my family
25:31come from.
25:31My ancestry
25:32were planters
25:32as they call them.
25:33They come over
25:33and they settle
25:34and you say
25:35made a life
25:36for themselves here
25:37but it was a system
25:38of colonialism.
25:39I think the plantation
25:41itself actually
25:41developed Ireland.
25:42I know there were
25:43certain things
25:44that happened
25:44in history
25:45that could have
25:45been avoided
25:46but I have to remember
25:48that those circumstances
25:49came about
25:49because of the conditions
25:50there and then.
25:53The history of Britain
25:54and Ireland
25:55has always been
25:55about injustice.
25:57People were driven
25:57from their land
25:58during plantation
25:59so it was said
26:00all the good land
26:00was taken
26:01and people were
26:02given the rocks.
26:03That history
26:04is a very inconvenient
26:05history
26:05for a lot of people.
26:08Most of the communities
26:09that were created
26:09are still intact.
26:11I take my own hometown
26:12Limavaddy
26:13which was created
26:14during the plantation
26:15by an English soldier
26:17called Sir Thomas Philips.
26:19The legacy
26:20of the plantations
26:21is the destruction
26:22of Irish culture
26:23and Gaelic culture
26:25in Northern Ireland
26:26and in Ulster.
26:28A lot of sectarianism
26:29in Northern Ireland
26:30would still be rooted
26:31in that time
26:31and I guess
26:32a lot of those ill feelings
26:33would sometimes
26:34still be drawn
26:35by a minority
26:35who feel that
26:36people like me
26:37may not actually
26:38belong here
26:38and that this isn't
26:40my country
26:40as much as it's theirs.
26:47In 1641
26:48during the reign
26:49of King Charles I
26:50the indigenous Irish
26:52rose in rebellion.
26:55The fortified farmhouses
26:57of Ulster
26:58and the Protestant
26:59settlers
27:00were attacked.
27:02What happened
27:03in Ireland
27:03in 1641
27:05was recorded
27:06in enormous detail
27:07in a series
27:08of documents
27:09known as
27:10the depositions.
27:13They were legal documents
27:15that were collected
27:15by the English administration
27:17in Ireland
27:18in order to document
27:20what happened
27:21with a view then
27:22of course
27:22to reclaiming
27:24the land
27:25and the losses
27:26that the primarily
27:28protestant
27:28deponents
27:29recorded.
27:31So this is a window
27:32into a moment
27:33of extreme violence
27:35that's quite unique.
27:37There's nothing
27:37quite like them
27:38for the early
27:39modern world.
27:418,000 is a lot
27:42of depositions.
27:43They are incredibly
27:45detailed.
27:46One of the names
27:47here is a name
27:49that I know
27:50Blennerhasset name.
27:52Yes.
27:53And it's this
27:54deposition
27:55of Anne Blennerhasset
27:57that in the beginning
27:59of the rebellion
28:00viz the 23rd of October
28:021641
28:03her said husband
28:05and she
28:06and their children
28:07were by force
28:08and arms
28:09expelled
28:10and driven
28:11from their lands
28:12and she tells us
28:13that the profits
28:14of their lands
28:15and farms
28:15and ironworks
28:17is worth
28:17£1,860
28:20sterling.
28:22That's a fortune
28:23in modern money.
28:25Now what's so
28:26interesting here
28:27though David
28:27is she then
28:28goes on to
28:29explain
28:29who committed
28:30these atrocities
28:31against her.
28:33The rebels
28:33were Rory Maguire
28:35brother to
28:36Hugh Maguire
28:37and these are
28:38kinsmen.
28:39When you say
28:40kinsmen
28:41Rory Maguire
28:42is married
28:43into the
28:43Blennerhasset family.
28:44Yes he's married
28:45Deborah
28:45Blennerhasset
28:46and what's more
28:47he's actually
28:48living in
28:49Thomas Blennerhasset's
28:51home and house.
28:53So this is
28:54this is family
28:54this is
28:55this is not
28:56communal violence
28:57this is within
28:57a family.
28:58This is within
28:59a family.
29:00God it's a mess.
29:01It's a mess.
29:02That's exactly
29:02what it is.
29:03It's very complicated
29:04on the ground.
29:06But we have
29:07through these depositions
29:08one side
29:10compression.
29:11The fact that
29:12the depositions
29:13are so one sided
29:14is a huge
29:15problem
29:16because what we
29:17do know
29:17is that the
29:18Catholic community
29:20experienced
29:21the same level
29:22of atrocity.
29:24It's
29:25extremely
29:26difficult
29:27to tell
29:28the Catholic
29:29story
29:29because we have
29:30no equivalent
29:31of the depositions.
29:34Anne Blennerhasset
29:36was eventually
29:37released
29:38by Rory Maguire.
29:39She escaped
29:40to England
29:40a few years
29:41later.
29:42but her husband
29:43her daughter
29:44and grandchildren
29:45were all killed
29:47during the uprising.
29:51As in the winter
29:53of 1648
29:54was Rory Maguire
29:55when the rebellion
29:56slipped
29:57into civil war.
30:01Accounts
30:02like that
30:03of Anne Blennerhasset
30:04that appeared
30:05in the depositions
30:06were later
30:06repurposed
30:08and repackaged
30:09in books
30:10like The Tears
30:11of Ireland
30:12an anti-Catholic
30:13account
30:13of the Irish
30:15rebellion.
30:17It's basically
30:18a propaganda
30:20pamphlet
30:21with the explicit
30:22purpose
30:23of whipping up
30:26anti-Catholic
30:27hysteria
30:28in London.
30:29It reproduces
30:31some of the material
30:33especially
30:33the more
30:35gruesome material
30:36the hearsay
30:37evidence
30:37from the depositions.
30:39So a completely
30:40different function.
30:41These are
30:42legal testimonies
30:43for possible
30:44future legal cases.
30:46Now the most
30:47graphic elements
30:47are being reproduced
30:48for a very different
30:49purpose.
30:50Yes.
30:50They're being weaponised.
30:51They're being politicised.
30:53And we're going to go
30:54to one here.
30:56That's horrific.
30:57The baby is literally
30:59having its brains
31:00bashed out
31:01by the insurgents
31:03and the mother
31:04is being taken off
31:06either to be raped
31:07or murdered.
31:09It's from a long time ago
31:10but that's still
31:11a shocking
31:11a really shocking image.
31:13And that's the intention
31:14to shock.
31:16So this sort of image
31:17this is
31:19fuel on the fire?
31:20Fuel on the fire.
31:21This becomes part
31:23of the parliamentarian
31:24propaganda machine
31:25against Charles I
31:27the royalist English king.
31:30Because that's
31:30the bigger picture.
31:31This rebellion
31:31is taking place
31:32as England
31:33is slipping
31:34into civil war.
31:35We're going to get
31:35the wars in Ireland
31:36Scotland and England.
31:38Yeah.
31:38So this anti-Catholic
31:40propaganda
31:42is emerging
31:43at such a dangerous moment.
31:44Exactly.
31:45And you need to see it
31:46in that wider context.
31:47These guys
31:47who are publishing this
31:48know exactly
31:49what they're doing.
31:50would the army
31:52that Cromwell
31:53brought to Ireland
31:54have been familiar
31:55with these stories
31:56and these images?
31:57Without a shadow
31:58of a doubt.
32:00The invasion
32:01of Ireland
32:02by Oliver Cromwell
32:03and his new
32:04model army
32:05nine years
32:06after the 1641
32:08rebellion
32:08was one
32:09in a series
32:10of wars
32:11and invasions
32:12that devastated
32:13Ireland
32:14in the 17th century.
32:19Those conflicts
32:21deepened
32:22the old
32:23religious divisions
32:24and left behind
32:25a legacy
32:26that still shapes
32:27beliefs
32:28and tensions
32:29on the island
32:30of Ireland
32:31today.
32:39But the last
32:40of those wars
32:41in Ireland
32:42which took place
32:43between 1688
32:44and 1691
32:46was sparked
32:47by the arrival
32:48of new monarchs
32:49in England.
32:51This is the
32:53painted hall
32:53at Greenwich
32:54and up there
32:56is Queen Mary II
32:57and her Dutch
32:58husband
32:59King William III
33:00William of Orange
33:03and they
33:04jointly
33:05came to the
33:06thrones
33:06of England
33:07and Scotland
33:07in 1688
33:09in what
33:10is called
33:11in England
33:12the Glorious
33:13Revolution
33:14and it is
33:15remembered
33:15as a bloodless
33:17revolution
33:18however
33:18it was anything
33:20but bloodless
33:21in Ireland
33:22and yet
33:23the wars
33:24that swept
33:25across Ireland
33:26in the 1680s
33:27terrible though
33:28they were
33:28have to be
33:29regarded
33:30as one part
33:31of a much
33:32bigger conflict
33:33fought between
33:34King William
33:35and his allies
33:36and what was then
33:37Europe's
33:38Catholic superpower
33:39the France
33:40of Louis XIV.
33:42to fight
33:44his wars
33:45against Louis
33:46and against
33:47France
33:47King William
33:48needed to
33:49mobilise
33:50all of the
33:51military potential
33:52of all
33:53of his kingdoms
33:54and this
33:54building
33:55is part
33:56of that
33:57mobilisation
33:57this was
33:58a hospital
33:59for injured
34:00sailors
34:01it was a
34:01military
34:02installation
34:04and to pay
34:05for all
34:05of this
34:06the buildings
34:06and the weapons
34:07and the ships
34:08that required
34:10enormous amounts
34:11of money
34:12money that William
34:13had to persuade
34:14Parliament
34:14to raise
34:19and so
34:20in 1694
34:21a new
34:22institution
34:23one
34:24that still
34:24exists
34:25today
34:25was established
34:28the Bank
34:29of England
34:32the Bank
34:33was to
34:34finance
34:34the expansion
34:35of the Royal Navy
34:36and
34:37transform
34:38England's economy
34:41and one
34:42of the founders
34:42of the Bank
34:43was also
34:44to play a key role
34:45in the story
34:46of union
34:47between England
34:48and Scotland
34:51these are the minutes
34:52of the early meetings
34:53of the Bank
34:54on the first page
34:56of this book
34:57are a list
34:58of the first directors
34:59of the Bank
35:00and among them
35:01is one
35:01William Patterson
35:04in the language
35:05of the late 17th century
35:07Patterson was
35:08a projector
35:09a man
35:10who could
35:10conjure into existence
35:12these financial visions
35:14and institutions
35:14and he is also
35:16arguably
35:16the most important figure
35:18pushing
35:19for the formation
35:20of the Bank
35:21of England
35:21he produced
35:22and published
35:22this pamphlet
35:24a brief account
35:25on the intended
35:26Bank of England
35:27and in it
35:28he lists
35:28all the many
35:29advantages
35:30that will
35:31come to the English
35:32if they found
35:33this institution
35:34and yet
35:35William Patterson
35:37the financial
35:38visionary
35:39behind the Bank
35:40of England
35:40was a man
35:41who was proud
35:42who was patriotic
35:43and he was also
35:44Scottish
35:50Seven months
35:51after attending
35:52the first meetings
35:53of the Bank
35:54William Patterson
35:55resigned as director
36:06he returned home
36:07to Scotland
36:08a nation then
36:10in the midst
36:11of an economic
36:12disaster
36:14a series
36:15of poor
36:16harvests
36:16had led to
36:17rises
36:18in the cost
36:19of grain
36:19and widespread
36:20hunger
36:21and economically
36:23Scotland
36:23was being left
36:24left behind
36:25by England
36:26in the English
36:27empire
36:27in North America
36:29and the Caribbean
36:29enslaved Africans
36:31were being forced
36:32to generate
36:33enormous profits
36:34growing sugar
36:35and tobacco
36:38although Scotland
36:40and England
36:41shared a monarch
36:42there was no
36:43common market
36:43and the Scots
36:44had no access
36:45to the English colonies
36:50the idea
36:52that William
36:52Patterson promoted
36:53was that Scotland
36:54should forge
36:55an empire
36:56of its own
36:59and in 1695
37:01he helped found
37:02another institution
37:04the Company
37:05of Scotland
37:06trading to Africa
37:08and the Indies
37:10to raise funds
37:12to build
37:13the new
37:13Scottish Empire
37:14the Company
37:15appealed
37:16to the people
37:17of Scotland
37:19this book
37:21is the actual
37:22subscription book
37:23that was opened
37:24by the Company
37:25of Scotland
37:25in Edinburgh
37:27in February
37:291696
37:29and on these pages
37:31for page
37:32after page
37:33are the names
37:34of the hundreds
37:35of people
37:36who came
37:37to Edinburgh
37:38to invest
37:39in the company
37:40the very first
37:42subscriber
37:42is listed here
37:43as Anne
37:44Duchess
37:45of Hamilton
37:45and she
37:46invests
37:47£3,000
37:48now there are
37:50lots of people
37:51here who
37:51are well off
37:53certainly
37:53but they're not
37:54the super rich
37:56here is
37:58an entry
37:59for Andrew
38:00Brown
38:01who's listed
38:02as a watchmaker
38:03and he invests
38:05just £100
38:06now that is
38:07the minimum
38:08amount of money
38:09that any investor
38:10could put into
38:11the Company
38:12of Scotland
38:12but there are
38:13also people
38:14who are further
38:15down the social
38:16scale in the
38:17Scotland of the
38:171690s
38:18whose money
38:19is listed
38:19in this ledger
38:20but whose names
38:21don't appear
38:22because people
38:24who couldn't dream
38:25of affording
38:25even the minimum
38:26investment
38:27of £100
38:27what they do
38:28is they club
38:29together
38:30they pool
38:31their money
38:31and they form
38:32syndicates
38:34this book
38:36in some ways
38:37describes
38:38a quite astonishing
38:40moment
38:41of patriotism
38:43of belief
38:44in country
38:45because these
38:45are people
38:46who are inspired
38:48by this vision
38:49of Scotland's future
38:50to take a risk
38:52with their futures
38:54and their finances
38:54and throw their lot
38:56in with this company
38:57and with
38:58William Patterson's
38:59great vision
39:03William Patterson's
39:05great vision
39:06became increasingly
39:07focused
39:07on a single
39:09venture
39:09in the summer
39:11of 1698
39:12five ships
39:13were loaded
39:14with supplies
39:15and around
39:161200
39:16colonists
39:17took their place
39:19on board
39:20William Patterson
39:22and his family
39:23among them
39:25with over 40%
39:27of Scotland's
39:28liquid wealth
39:29invested
39:30in this one
39:31venture
39:31it was
39:32an extraordinary
39:33gamble
39:41and at the centre
39:42of that gamble
39:43was an unlikely
39:45part of the world
39:49the Darien Peninsula
39:51in the Gulf
39:52of Panama
39:58this dangerous
39:59disease-ridden coastline
40:01over 8,000 kilometers
40:03from Scotland
40:04was to play
40:05a key role
40:06in the histories
40:07of Britain
40:08and the union
40:09of the nations
40:12in November
40:141698
40:15after 110 days
40:17at sea
40:17the five
40:18Scottish ships
40:19arrived
40:22the colonists
40:23began unloading
40:25their supplies
40:25and building
40:26the defences
40:27of their new colony
40:28which they called
40:29New Caledonia
40:31New Scotland
40:34these are scans
40:36of the cargo lists
40:37of the five ships
40:38that set sail
40:39for Darien
40:40there's a huge supply
40:42of axes
40:44for clearing the woods
40:45and a vast supply
40:47of nails
40:48to build
40:48their new homes
40:49and the fortress
40:50that they're going to create
40:51there's nine months
40:54worth of food
40:55presuming of course
40:55that food doesn't spoil
40:57when it's in the hold
40:58and there is
40:59there has to be said
41:00a rather large amount
41:02of alcohol
41:03but then
41:03this is
41:04the late 17th century
41:05and life without booze
41:06was unimaginable
41:07for most people
41:08in northern Europe
41:10and because this is going
41:11to be a trading colony
41:12there's also lots
41:14and lots of goods
41:14designed to be traded
41:15to the local
41:16Cunha Indians
41:17and other Europeans
41:18in other colonies
41:20around Central America
41:22and the Caribbean
41:25but the Scottish colonists
41:27dreamed of a trading colony
41:29like no other
41:30their extraordinary ambition
41:33was to place Scotland
41:35at the centre
41:36of global trade
41:37by linking
41:38the Atlantic
41:39and Pacific oceans
41:43that pathway
41:44between the oceans
41:46was created
41:47but 200 years later
41:49in the 20th century
41:51when the Americans
41:52built the Panama Canal
41:58that project
41:59was made possible
42:01by vast industrial power
42:03and modern medicine
42:05that could defend
42:06against tropical disease
42:12the Scottish colonists
42:14came to Panama
42:15with hand tools
42:17and the medical knowledge
42:19of the 17th century
42:23the consequences
42:24for them
42:25and for Scotland
42:27were disastrous
42:31and Robert Pennycook
42:33who was the lead captain
42:34went ashore
42:35to survey the site chosen
42:37for the new settlement
42:38and he is extremely optimistic
42:41he describes
42:42the land of the peninsula
42:43as being extraordinarily good
42:45he says that there's fresh water
42:47and he describes
42:48the harbour
42:49as being capable
42:50of containing
42:51a thousand ships
42:52of the best sail
42:54on the same day
42:56another member
42:57of the expedition
42:57writes about the same events
42:59in his diary
43:00this is Colin Campbell
43:02and he tells us
43:03that
43:03that day
43:04some of our men
43:05were sent ashore
43:06to clear ground
43:11and then
43:12really quite suddenly
43:14Colin Campbell's diary
43:16stops being a description
43:18of the arrival
43:19of the expedition
43:20and starts becoming
43:21a list
43:22of the sick
43:23and the dying
43:29just a few days
43:31after they arrive
43:31he tells us
43:32that one of the printer's
43:34boys
43:34has died
43:35a few days after that
43:36he says
43:37the former servant
43:38of Mr. Patterson
43:39William Patterson's
43:40own clerk
43:41has died
43:41and three days
43:42after that
43:43William Patterson's
43:44wife dies
43:45and the list
43:46of the sick
43:47and the dying
43:48goes on
43:48and on
43:51ravaged by disease
43:52attacked by the Spanish
43:54and refused help
43:55by the English
43:56the colony was abandoned
44:12300 survivors
44:15returned home
44:16William Patterson
44:17among them
44:18over 600
44:19of the colonists
44:21had died
44:24the disaster
44:26at Darien
44:27left the company
44:28of Scotland
44:28bankrupt
44:29this had
44:31a catastrophic
44:32impact
44:33upon Scotland's
44:34economy
44:35which persuaded
44:37some Scots
44:38to return
44:39to an idea
44:39first proposed
44:41a century earlier
44:42by King James
44:44a political union
44:46with England
44:49this was debated
44:50in hundreds
44:51of pamphlets
44:52that were published
44:53and circulated
44:54at the time
44:56what we're seeing here
44:58is the emergence
44:59of a debate
44:59specifically around
45:00an incorporating
45:01union
45:02a complete union
45:03with England
45:04so much more
45:05than just sharing
45:05a monarch
45:06this means
45:06two nations joining
45:08what's at stake
45:09here
45:10to simplify
45:11is the Scottish
45:12Parliament
45:12and if we turn
45:14to the work
45:14of the wonderful
45:15Andrew Fletcher
45:16of Saltoun
45:17we see
45:17one of the concerns
45:19that the Scots have
45:19if they dissolve
45:21their Parliament
45:21London
45:22from the 16th
45:24into the 17th
45:25centuries
45:25is drawing
45:27as Scots see it
45:28their wealth away
45:29drawing their people
45:30away
45:31that London
45:32should draw
45:33the riches
45:33and government
45:33of the three kingdoms
45:34to the south east
45:35corner of this island
45:36is in some degree
45:37as unnatural
45:38as for one city
45:39to possess
45:39the riches
45:40and government
45:41of the world
45:42this is 1706
45:431706
45:44so it's not
45:45a very off-the-mark
45:46prediction
45:47one of the effects
45:48of union
45:49what position
45:50does William Patterson
45:52take in all this
45:52we have a pamphlet
45:54from Patterson
45:54called An Inquiry
45:56and here we have
45:57Patterson's view
45:58of what's in Scotland's
45:59best interests
46:00that nothing less
46:01than a complete union
46:02can effectively secure
46:03the religion
46:04laws
46:04liberties
46:05trade
46:05and in a word
46:06the peace
46:07and happiness
46:08of this island
46:09in England
46:10there had been
46:12opposition
46:13to the idea
46:13of a union
46:14with Scotland
46:15from 1603
46:16when King James
46:18I of England
46:186th of Scotland
46:19had come down
46:20with his dream
46:21of joining
46:21these two nations
46:22together
46:22so the English
46:24are now in favour
46:25of a union
46:26what's changed?
46:27by the early part
46:28of the 18th century
46:29the English have
46:30very compelling
46:31reasons
46:31to secure Scotland
46:33once and for all
46:34Queen Anne
46:36has come to the throne
46:37in 1702
46:38and the death
46:39of William
46:39her brother-in-law
46:40in 1701
46:42the last
46:43of her 17
46:44children
46:44has died
46:45and she has
46:47no heir
46:48so who is going
46:49to succeed her?
46:50One obvious answer
46:52is to look to the
46:53exiled Catholic
46:54male line
46:55for many
46:57many people
46:58in England
46:58and Scotland
46:59this is a horrifying
47:01thought
47:01a Catholic
47:03on the British throne?
47:07If the Scots
47:08negotiators
47:09accept as they do
47:10that it's
47:11full union
47:12or nothing
47:12what are the things
47:14that they want
47:14to get out of
47:15these negotiations
47:16as well?
47:17The first four articles
47:19are the important ones
47:20a single kingdom
47:21called Great Britain
47:23uniting the monarchy
47:24a single parliament
47:26of Great Britain
47:27and free trade
47:35when the articles
47:37of union
47:38the legislation
47:39agreed by the Scottish
47:40and English negotiators
47:42were published
47:43there were riots
47:44in Glasgow
47:45and Edinburgh
47:46those opposed
47:48to the union
47:49burnt copies
47:50of the articles
47:50in the streets
47:53the union
47:54of 1707
47:56and the circumstances
47:57under which it was agreed
47:59were controversial
48:00at the time
48:01and they remain
48:02controversial
48:03and disputed
48:04today
48:06I think I'd have been
48:08on the streets
48:08protesting it
48:09with ordinary Scots
48:10I think the union
48:12as an idea
48:13appealed to the rich
48:14to the wealthy
48:15to the lords
48:18It was a catalyst
48:20that made
48:22things better
48:23for Scotland
48:25England saw
48:26an opportunity
48:27to take over
48:29or merge
48:31It wasn't England
48:33imposing anything
48:34then the Darien scheme
48:35proved that Scotland
48:37couldn't go out
48:38on its own
48:38This was a partnership
48:40of equals
48:41from the beginning
48:48The final step
48:49was for the two parliaments
48:51to vote
48:52and pass
48:53Acts of Union
48:54into law
48:56The Scottish vote
48:57on the Act of Union
48:58was taken
48:59on the 16th of January
49:001707
49:02here in the old
49:03Scottish Parliament
49:04and it passed
49:05by 110 votes
49:07to 67
49:08with 46 members
49:10abstaining
49:11and that vote
49:12plus the passing
49:13of the Act
49:13in the London Parliament
49:15meant that
49:16something approaching
49:17the sort of union
49:19that had been
49:19the dream
49:20of James I of England
49:22and 6th of Scotland
49:22a century earlier
49:24now finally
49:25came into being
49:27and three months later
49:28on the 25th of March
49:30the Scottish Parliament
49:31that had existed
49:32for well over
49:33400 years
49:35gathered here
49:36and adjourned
49:37for the final time
49:42on the 1st of May
49:441707
49:45the Kingdom of Scotland
49:47that had been founded
49:48in the 9th century
49:50and the Kingdom of England
49:51that had existed
49:52since the 10th century
49:54both
49:54ceased
49:56to exist
50:07and a new state
50:09the Kingdom
50:09of Great Britain
50:11was brought
50:12into existence
50:12under
50:13a new flag
50:19next time
50:20in the 18th century
50:22the new nation
50:23of Great Britain
50:24faces immediate threats
50:26to its survival
50:27rebellions in Scotland
50:29revolution in Ireland
50:31and constant war
50:32with France
50:34and the reporter
50:36and triste
50:47or thirty
50:47or two
50:48tanto
50:49and the
50:49and theinin
51:09Legenda Adriana Zanotto
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