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00:01You know, when you think of the Ottoman Empire's beginnings, one name probably pops into your head, right?

00:07Osman.

00:08But what if I told you the guy who really designed this 600-year empire was actually his son?

00:13Today, we're going to dive into the absolutely incredible story of Orhan Ghazi.

00:18This is a ruler who, get this, never lost a single battle and literally laid the foundation for one of

00:24the most powerful states in all of history.

00:26So, conqueror of Byzantine castles and founder of the first regular army, that's not just some fancy title.

00:34It's basically his whole life story in a nutshell.

00:36He was way more than just a warrior.

00:39Orhan was an innovator, a brilliant strategist, and a state builder.

00:42And the stuff he did, it would echo across three continents for centuries to come.

00:47So yeah, let's get right into it from the very beginning.

00:50Okay, so let's set the scene.

00:52It's 1281. We're in this small town in Anatolia called Sud.

00:56This is where Orhan is born, son of the legendary Osman I and Malhun Hattun.

01:02And right from the get-go, it was obvious this kid was different.

01:05He was a natural-born warrior, brave, super skilled, and just completely in his element on the battlefield.

01:12But what's really fascinating here is his relationship with his older brother, Aladuddin.

01:17You see, if Orhan was the sword, the man of action, then Aladuddin was the brains of the operation,

01:23a scholar, a master of law and how to run things.

01:26And their father, Osman, he was smart. He saw this perfectly.

01:30He didn't see them as rivals at all.

01:32He saw them as two sides of the same coin, both absolutely essential for building a real state.

01:37Now get this. At just 20 years old, 20, an age when most of us are just figuring things out,

01:43Orhan was made Baylor Bay, which means commander of the armies.

01:46The entire army. Just think about that for a second.

01:50That's not just a promotion. It's a massive show of trust from his father.

01:53It shows you just how much faith Osman had in his son's military genius.

01:57A genius that was sharpened in, you know, countless raids against the Byzantines from the time he was a kid.

02:02All right, so the ultimate test, the big one, was the siege of Bursa.

02:07And this wasn't some quick battle. We're talking a decade-long grind.

02:11His father, Osman, kicked it off, but his health started to fail, so the whole thing landed right in Orhan's

02:17lap.

02:18It was up to him to finish the job. And he did it strategically. He didn't just smash against the

02:23walls.

02:24He systematically choked the city off, capturing its key port, Mudanya, until Bursa literally had no other option but to

02:32surrender peacefully.

02:33And as Osman was on his deathbed, he heard the news that Bursa had finally fallen.

02:37Imagine that moment. He turns to Orhan and gives him this incredibly powerful advice.

02:42He tells him to rule with justice, to listen to the scholars, and to remember that they live and die

02:48for their faith.

02:49This, this right here, became the moral and political blueprint for the entire Ottoman Empire.

02:55It was a clear instruction. Build a state on justice and faith, not just on conquest.

03:00So, Orhan makes Bursa his new capital, and everything changes.

03:04His job description that's a major upgrade. He's not just a general anymore. He's the sultan.

03:09And now his focus has to shift from just winning battles to something way, way harder.

03:14Actually building a nation from the ground up.

03:17And this next part just shows you how smart Orhan really was.

03:21He knew what he was good at. But more importantly, he knew what his brother was good at.

03:25He actually offered the throne to Aladin first.

03:28But his brother, just as wisely, said no.

03:31Instead, he chose to become the first Grand Vizier.

03:34Basically, Orhan's right-hand man and chief advisor.

03:36This partnership, man, it became the engine that powered this new state.

03:41So, working together, these two brothers started putting up the pillars of a real, functioning state.

03:47First, they minted their own money.

03:49The Akce. That's a huge deal.

03:51It's like planting a flag and saying, we are our own power.

03:55Then, they set up the first Ottoman university.

03:57This showed everyone that they valued knowledge just as much as military power.

04:01They also created a military court system to make sure there was justice and discipline in the army.

04:06And then, well, then came their most revolutionary idea of all.

04:10Okay, so here was the problem.

04:12The army was basically made up of volunteers.

04:14They'd fight a campaign and then they'd just go home.

04:17Orhan needed a permanent professional force.

04:20The solution they came up with was, frankly, genius.

04:22The idea was to take young, non-Muslim boys who'd been displaced by the wars, raise them in the Islamic

04:27faith, and train them from childhood to be elite soldiers.

04:30The key part?

04:31They were loyal only to the sultan.

04:34In an age of part-time soldiers and feudal lords, this was a total game-changer.

04:38And the result?

04:38The Yenichari, or the new army, better known as the Janissaries.

04:42They would become, arguably, the most disciplined and feared fighting force in the world.

04:46So Orhan's state is organized, he's got this killer new army, and his ambitions start to grow.

04:52Big time.

04:53It got to the point where his banners could literally be seen from the emperor's palace in Constantinople.

04:59Imagine being that emperor, looking out your window and seeing that.

05:02A constant, terrifying reminder of this new power rising just across the water.

05:06In fact, the emperor's own historian wrote that his boss was having actual nightmares about the Ottomans storming the palace.

05:12So, the Byzantine emperor, Andronikos III, he decides enough is enough.

05:17He has to do something.

05:19He puts together this huge army, packed with thousands of his best, heavily armored knights.

05:24The plan?

05:25Crush Orhan once and for all.

05:27And honestly, on paper, Orhan's 8,000 light infantry didn't stand a chance against this force.

05:32So the big question is, how on earth did he win?

05:35It was pure military genius.

05:37Orhan was smart.

05:39He picked the battlefield at a place called Pelikonon.

05:41He knew he couldn't fight these heavy knights on an open field.

05:45That'd be suicide.

05:45So he didn't.

05:47Instead, he sent out a small force of about 300 of his best archers to basically annoy the Byzantines.

05:52They'd attack, then pretend to run away, luring the big, clumsy, heavy cavalry deeper into these rough, narrow mountain passes.

06:00And once the Byzantine army was all stretched out, totally disorganized, and right where he wanted them, snap.

06:06Orhan sprung the trap.

06:07And it was an absolute slaughter.

06:09The Byzantine army wasn't just defeated, it was annihilated.

06:13The emperor himself was wounded and had to flee for his life, barely making it back to Constantinople.

06:19With this one single battle, Orhan completely shattered Byzantine power in Anatolia.

06:25Forever.

06:26And just like that, the path to Europe was wide open.

06:29So, with Anatolia pretty much locked down, Orhan looks across the sea.

06:34To Europe.

06:36But he wasn't just going to charge in with his army.

06:38Nope.

06:39His next move was a total masterclass in politics.

06:42He was about to exploit the one weakness that brings down almost every great empire.

06:47Fighting amongst themselves.

06:49And right on cue, a civil war breaks out inside the Byzantine empire.

06:54Perfect timing.

06:56One of the guys trying to seize the throne, John Kanta Kozenos, was getting desperate for allies.

07:01Orhan saw his opening.

07:03He goes, hey, I'll lend you my elite troops, but we need an alliance.

07:06And to seal the deal, Orhan marries the guy's daughter, Theodora.

07:11Just like that, Orhan isn't an outsider anymore.

07:13He's a major player in Byzantine politics.

07:16So, when it came time to get his reward for all this help, Orhan didn't ask for a pile of

07:22gold.

07:22He was playing the long game.

07:24He asked for something much more valuable.

07:27Land.

07:28Specifically, a single fortress called Simpe, on the European side of the Dardanelles.

07:34Kanta Kozenos was so grateful, he just said yes.

07:36He had no idea what he'd just done.

07:39He had just handed Orhan the key to Europe.

07:42And then, something completely unexpected happens.

07:46Call it fate.

07:47Call it luck.

07:48In 1354, a huge earthquake hits the area.

07:51And it completely destroys the walls of the super strategic city of Gallipoli.

07:56Orhan's son, Suleyman Pasha, sees this happen and doesn't waste a second.

08:00He marches his troops right into the ruined city, takes it without a single fight,

08:03and immediately starts moving Turkish families in.

08:06That tiny little foothold they had, it just became a major permanent base of operations in Europe.

08:12So as we get to Orhan's final years, you can just imagine him looking out at this empire that he

08:17had,

08:17for all intents and purposes, built from scratch.

08:20He'd created its laws, its army, its economy, its schools, the whole shebang.

08:28That son, Suleyman Pasha, the one who had just opened the door to Europe, the brilliant general who was supposed

08:35to be the heir, died.

08:38He fell from his horse during a hunt.

08:41For Orhan, this was just a devastating blow.

08:45I mean, he didn't just lose his son.

08:47He lost the future of the empire he had been so carefully building.

08:52Orhan himself passed away about five years later.

08:55He was 79 years old.

08:56And he was buried right where he wanted to be, next to his father in Bersia.

08:59And, you know, his legacy wasn't about treasure chests or fancy palaces.

09:04He left behind something so much more important.

09:06A powerful, incredibly well-organized, and tough state that was perfectly set up for centuries of growth.

09:12And the results of all that work?

09:13Well, it comes down to this one number.

09:16Over 600 years.

09:17The things Orhan built, the army, the courts, the government, they were so solid, so well-designed, that the empire

09:24built on top of them lasted for more than six centuries.

09:27And it didn't just last.

09:28It shaped the entire course of world history.

09:31So that really leaves us with the big question, doesn't it?

09:34We all know Osman lit the spark.

09:36But was it Orhan, this military innovator, this clever diplomat, this careful state builder who never, ever lost a battle?

09:44Was he the true architect?

09:46Was he the one who actually drew up the blueprints for an empire that would go on to change the

09:50entire world?

09:51It's something to think about.

Orhan Gazi - Architect of the Ottoman Empire

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