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The Great Rift Valley in northern Kenya is one of the world’s most important scientific landscapes. On the shores of Lake Turkana – the world’s largest permanent desert lake – the region preserves an unparalleled record of early human evolution, with fossil evidence spanning several million years.

Shaped by ancient river systems and layers of volcanic ash, the region allows archaeologists to date discoveries with exceptional precision, creating a rare, continuous archive of evolutionary change across time.

During the visit, the team met archaeologists and researchers at the Turkana Basin Institute (TBI), founded in 2005 by renowned paleoanthropologist Dr Richard Leakey in partnership with Stony Brook University (New York). With permanent research centres on both sides of Lake Turkana, the institute is internationally recognised for its long-term scientific work focused on understanding the origins and evolution of humankind.

Beyond the scientific sites, the expedition explored a number of striking landscapes and communities across the Turkana region. These included the palm-lined oasis of Eliye Springs on the western shores of Lake Turkana; the dramatic rock formations known as the Waddach Pyramids; and the vast Natong'obong sand dunes, where the team drove to the summit for sweeping views across the lake towards Central Island – a volcanic outcrop that serves as a breeding ground for the world’s largest population of Nile crocodiles.

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00:03The Skoda Enyaq. 100% electric. A name inspired by origins. For a world where EVs are always evolving, just
00:19like us.
00:30The East African Rift Valley is often described as the cradle of humankind, and the Turkana Basin sits right at
00:36the center of it.
00:38No matter where you come from in the world today, our story ultimately begins here.
00:45My name is Carrie Mongul. I'm a professor at Stony Brook University, and I'm also an affiliated researcher at the
00:51Turkana Basin Institute.
00:53The Turkana Basin Institute was founded by Richard Leakey, who's a famous paleoanthropologist.
00:58Together with Stony Brook University in 2005.
01:01He had this vision to create a globally recognized center of excellence for human evolution.
01:07So for much of its history, this region has been shaped by lakes, rivers, and floodplains that regularly bury bones
01:14in these very fine sediments.
01:16And that rapid burial means that those bones are protected from things like hyenas spreading all of the bones around.
01:22In addition to our incredible preservation, we have layers of volcanic ash we can date very precisely, and that means
01:30that those bones are effectively sealed in time.
01:34And with time comes progress, reminding us how far we've come.
01:40We can follow human evolution over an extraordinarily long period of time, tracking changes in anatomy, behavior, and the environment
01:48within a single region.
01:50So instead of a single simple line, the fossil record shows a much more complex picture with multiple species living
01:56at the same time in the same environment and experimenting with different ways of moving, feeding, and surviving on this
02:03landscape.
02:03Very few places in the world give us that kind of continuous window into the deep past.
02:09Just a short distance from here, archaeologists were able to find the world's oldest known stone tools at 3.3
02:15million years.
02:16This pushes the origins of technology much further back than we once thought.
02:21From those first tools to electric driving, humans have always found new ways forward.
02:29Also found just up the road from here, the Turkana Boy skeleton is one of the most important fossils ever
02:35discovered in the study of human evolution.
02:37It's a nearly complete skeleton that for the first time in the fossil record showed us a 1.6 million
02:44year old hominin with body proportions that looked very similar to our own.
02:48This single discovery transformed our understanding of when our bodies began to look and move the way they do today,
02:55as well as our understanding of human childhood.
02:58The local communities are the custodians of this incredible history.
03:01They have an understanding of this landscape that science alone can't provide.
03:05They know the terrain, they know how it changes with the seasons, where erosion is going to expose new ground
03:11and new fossils, and importantly, they know how to move safely through this landscape.
03:16A landscape that demands composure and adaptability, even on the toughest terrain.
03:25This is also one of the very few places in the world where communities have maintained a pastoralist way of
03:31life for generations.
03:32Adapting to an environment that's one of the hottest in the world.
03:35I think there are really valuable lessons to be learned from how these people are living in this landscape.
03:41Looking at some of these fossils of early humans, one of the things that feels the most familiar is how
03:46much their lives would have been shaped by some of the same basic concerns that we have today.
03:51These early humans were focused on finding enough food, finding enough water in this landscape, and ultimately keeping their children
03:58safe.
04:08Being surrounded by this record of deep time, I think it really puts our own place in history into perspective.
04:15Modern humans emerged only around 300,000 years ago.
04:20When you study fossils that are millions of years old, you realize just how briefly our species has existed compared
04:26to some of our fossil relatives.
04:28And I think it's a reminder that being human is part of a much longer evolutionary story.
04:33Every generation shapes what comes next.
04:37The Skoda Enyaq.
04:39Electric driving evolved.
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