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Video sulla componentistica di Xbox One X, la nuova console Microsoft.
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00:00Hi, Slyra here from Xbox Live's Major Nelson. I'm really excited about this next segment. Joining me is Leo Del
00:06Castillo. He is the GM of Xbox Hardware. Now, Leo, we're here in your cool secret lab, but we're going
00:13to talk about Project Scorpio, obviously, right?
00:15That's right.
00:15Now, your team builds the hardware.
00:17That's right.
00:17And I'm really excited because earlier this year, you met with Digital Foundry and a few other publications to release
00:23details, and you kind of talked about some of the components, but today we're going to assemble them.
00:28That's right.
00:28So let's go.
00:29We spent a lot of time talking about the Scorpio engine. The Scorpio engine, right, is the piece of silicon,
00:35right? It is an SOC, a system on the chip.
00:38Okay.
00:38It is the most powerful game console SOC made to date.
00:41And that's all right here. I mean, there's millions of transistors, right?
00:44There are 7 billion transistors.
00:46Wow. Okay.
00:47This piece of silicon, 360 square millimeters of silicon on this.
00:52There are 15,000 signals coming in and out or connections for signals coming in and out of this piece
00:57of silicon.
00:57So the piece of silicon actually has all the circuitry in silicon, right?
01:01But we can't make a device out of that just by itself.
01:05Sure.
01:05We have to break those signals out.
01:06We have to provide power and clocking.
01:08I think that is what I really want to show you is that you start with a piece of silicon
01:12that forms like the heart of your product.
01:14Okay.
01:14But really to make it a product takes a lot of other pieces to come together.
01:17Okay.
01:18So first off, we take that piece of silicon and first we have to mount it what we call a
01:21package.
01:21And that package takes those 15,000 signals, interconnects, and breaks it out to something we can manage.
01:27So that's 2,400 signals on the back of this package.
01:30Wow.
01:31Now this is the largest package we've ever used.
01:33It's a 50 by 50 millimeter package.
01:35Okay.
01:35And this then is the core component for the motherboard.
01:38Okay.
01:39All by itself, it really can't do anything because it needs power and clocks.
01:43This is the brain.
01:45That's right.
01:45This is the brain.
01:46And much like me or you or anybody else, you need the rest of the body to make it happen.
01:50Right.
01:50We need a body.
01:51We need a recirculatory system.
01:52We need all of those things.
01:53Yep.
01:53So that's why I'm going to start walking you through it.
01:54Okay.
01:54So we're going to start with that.
01:56So the main thing is called the motherboard.
01:58Okay.
01:58So that's kind of the skeleton.
01:59That's the skeleton.
02:00So we have the SOC, the Scorpio engine, sitting here.
02:04Yep.
02:05And around it, we've organized the main part of the memory.
02:08So the memory subsystem is 12 gigabytes of memory.
02:11We realize that this is the most powerful console ever made.
02:15It's going to require a fair bit of memory in order to make it work.
02:19The buses are incredible.
02:20I mean, you think about it.
02:21The signals that go from this chip to this chip travel at the speed of light.
02:25Right.
02:25But they're switching so fast that in the time it takes a bit of information to get from one place
02:30to the other,
02:30two other bits are already on their way.
02:32Right.
02:33And so there's three things on that same signal.
02:35I mean, we're not even talking milliseconds.
02:37We're talking below that.
02:38So we're talking picoseconds.
02:39Yeah, picoseconds.
02:41Another key thing that we have to do with the SOC is provide it power.
02:45Okay.
02:45So this SOC can consume a lot of power in order to do its work.
02:50We have 15 different voltage regulators that provide different voltages for different parts of the circuit.
02:55Sure.
02:56One of the things that we do is we actually specifically tailor the environment for each specific module.
03:04And that's a new approach in your discipline.
03:06Is that correct?
03:07Yes, absolutely.
03:08What we found is we're trying to drive as much efficiency into the system as possible.
03:11One, because we want to use as little energy as possible.
03:14Sure.
03:14But two, it also minimizes the amount of heat we have to dissipate.
03:18And so if you don't burn it, then you don't have to dissipate it.
03:21Right.
03:21So driving that efficiency really helps in those two regards.
03:24So it's, for instance, if you only need a gallon of water instead of walking up and going, well, I'll
03:28just take five gallons.
03:29You only take exactly what you need.
03:31That's right.
03:32And so one of the techniques that we've done, we call it the Hovis method.
03:35And one of the things that that does is in traditional design methodologies, you would know that each part required
03:42a certain voltage range.
03:44And you would target that voltage range.
03:45But what's built into that is a lot of unknowns around what it's going to look like in the system.
03:51Sure.
03:51So what we do is once it's in the system, we then tailor it to exactly what it is.
03:55So you measure it.
03:56Okay, this is what you said you need, but what do you really need?
03:58That's right.
03:58And we measure it, and that actually gets us additional margin that we can then see in efficiencies.
04:04And that's one thing I want to point out is that, you know, people look at something like this, like,
04:07oh, I've put together a PC before.
04:09This is similar to that.
04:10And sure, maybe the components are simple, but those are generic off-the-shelf parts.
04:14You have customized every part of this for efficiency, for performance, for the console, correct?
04:20Right, exactly.
04:21Do exactly what it needs to basically be reliable.
04:24And wring out as much power as possible while not wasting any energy.
04:29That's right.
04:30So let's start building up the chassis.
04:31All right.
04:32So we use a two-piece steel chassis.
04:36Okay.
04:36And this is, I'm showing here the motherboard.
04:39Which we just saw.
04:40Which we just saw.
04:40So we just didn't hear.
04:41And added to it is the heat sinker.
04:43We're going to come back to that.
04:44Okay.
04:44But this metal pan here is half of the metal chassis.
04:49Now, we use a fairly traditional approach that we started using a few designs back.
04:54These are drawn out of solid sheets of steel.
04:58And it's a one-piece drawn design with no seams.
05:02So if you flip it over, this entire tray is one piece of metal that you create.
05:07This started as a flat piece of metal.
05:09And every console gets one created for it.
05:11That's right.
05:12And we form it in a series of punches so that we have a piece that has very precise edges
05:19for sealing and has no seams.
05:21One of the things that we want to do with this chassis is we want to provide a backbone for
05:24the design for one.
05:26But it has to provide a lot of other things.
05:28For instance, it has to shield electromagnetic interference.
05:31Because, again, there's a lot of electricity in here.
05:33And there's bits and atoms floating around.
05:35And everything's happening.
05:36And you need to keep that all inside.
05:38That's right.
05:38There's a lot of energy going on inside of here that if we were to let it go out, it
05:42would jam your radios on all your wireless stuff.
05:44And, you know, so that has to be contained.
05:45It's got to behave.
05:46It's got to behave.
05:47We also have to, you know, provide shielding for the radios.
05:50For the radios, you actually have to be working as well.
05:52So it's interesting.
05:53The problem you have is, like, okay, we have all of the energy in here which can cause interference.
05:57But, yeah, we need wireless.
05:58And we need our controllers to be able to talk to the controllers.
06:00So you actually have, I noticed, you mount that outside the container so it's isolated.
06:06That's right.
06:07And we're actually able to utilize the same level of technology that we'd already use in Xbox One S for
06:12our Wi-Fi and our accessories radio protocols.
06:16And so we have two separate radio modules, one for the Wi-Fi, one for the Xbox wireless accessories.
06:21I want to talk a little bit about the hard drive.
06:23Yeah.
06:23So one of the things about 4K gaming that we realize is that 4K games are going to require a
06:28lot more data.
06:29Yes, they are.
06:30Higher resolution textures, more of them.
06:33And so in order to keep the game loads and game install times reasonable, we knew we needed more performance
06:39out of the hard drive.
06:40And so we end up, so we start off with first we have to have the right component.
06:44But then we can't just throw that component into the system because, you know, how the performer behaves in the
06:49system can be influenced by a lot of different things.
06:52For hard drives, particularly vibration.
06:54Sure.
06:54Vibration is the enemy of performance for hard drives.
06:56Yeah.
06:57And so if you look at the chassis, the mounting system that we use for the hard drive, we have
07:02these little rubber dampers that isolate the hard drive itself from the mechanical chassis.
07:07And so that provides isolation from anything that might be vibrating, whether it's in the chassis or outside of the
07:14chassis.
07:14Right.
07:15Another thing that we do, if you look at the way we do these wires.
07:18You're actually wiring it in here.
07:19I'm actually wiring it in.
07:21And you look at the cable system and you say, you know, here's this plastic cover right here that says
07:25hard drive on it.
07:26Right.
07:26It's not there to tell you it's a hard drive cable.
07:28Right.
07:28Actually, the reason for that assembly is to keep the cable itself from touching anything else on the chassis.
07:34Right.
07:34Because vibrations could be coming through that cable through the hard drive itself.
07:38And so that's the kind of care that we take so we know that when this thing goes all together,
07:43that it's going to perform in the way that we want it to perform.
07:45Right.
07:46So now, talk a little bit about the heat sink.
07:48Yeah.
07:48This is this little guy right here.
07:50Big guy right here.
07:51This not too small thing that we added to the motherboard.
07:54Right.
07:55As I told you, this is a very high power process for the Scorpio engine.
07:58Matter of fact, it has the highest heat density of any SoC that we've used in previous designs.
08:04So this really taxed the thermal system design.
08:08We had to basically go to a different level of technology.
08:11This is what we went to is we used a technology called a vapor chamber.
08:15Okay.
08:15So vapor chambers are not new.
08:17They've been used in things like servers.
08:20Sure.
08:20High-end systems.
08:21But this is the first time we believe that's ever been using a consumer-level product.
08:24Okay.
08:25And we're using this technology because that's what it takes to deliver this kind of performance in a consumer-level
08:30product.
08:30So one of the challenges you have here, we've talked about all the energy in here and energy equals heat
08:34and so on and so forth.
08:35But underneath here is where the chip is.
08:38And the chip is doing all the heavy lifting.
08:40It's doing the thinking.
08:41And it's making heat.
08:42And you've got to get rid of that heat.
08:43That's right.
08:44That's very important.
08:45As a matter of fact, it's not just the Scorpio engine but the memory system as well.
08:49Right.
08:49And so what we do, this vapor chamber is actually a copper base.
08:55It's hollow inside but it's filled with deionized water.
08:58Okay.
08:58And then we pull a vacuum on that chamber.
09:01So that lowers the boiling point for the water.
09:03So now as the water heats up from those electrical components dissipating heat, that turns into steam inside of the
09:09assembly.
09:10And that steam then migrates out and transfers the heat to the base.
09:13So you guys take care of all.
09:14It's not like I have to go, oh, I've got to add water to my radiator.
09:16It's all an enclosed system.
09:18Exactly.
09:19This is all engineered to last the life of the product.
09:22Right.
09:22That's our goal is to basically give you a product that you don't have to worry about.
09:26You press power and you start playing games.
09:28That's amazing.
09:29Now, in order to get that heat then out of the system, we have to motivate that air.
09:34Okay.
09:34So we have a fan.
09:36We have a fan.
09:37But it's not just a fan.
09:38It's a ducted centrifugal fan.
09:41So we start with modeling the system as a system as early as we possibly can and seeing where the
09:47air is going to flow.
09:47And we can start working on these designs.
09:49So if you look at the ducts and the shrouds and the impellers.
09:53So we start with the computational fluid dynamics analysis.
09:57And then we start building models.
09:58Okay.
09:59And then those models, we start refining them.
10:01And we start measuring and see how they work.
10:03And then that finally iterates to the final design that we end up using.
10:07So now you snap this in here.
10:09And the goal is that it's going to move air across the vapor chamber and the warm air is going
10:16to exhaust out here.
10:17Right.
10:17So we're drawing air through the sides, through the centrifugal fan, then blows it out the back and exhausts the
10:23hot air out the back of the chassis.
10:26So the next part that we're going to talk about is the source of all that power that we're dissipating.
10:30Yeah.
10:31So obviously we're pulling that power from the wall.
10:33One of the things that we did with Xbox One S is we went to an internal power supply, which
10:37our customers told us that they loved.
10:39Yes.
10:40They're delighted.
10:40We agreed.
10:41And so we made sure that we kept that going in future design.
10:44But to be clear, everybody loves it, but the reason it's difficult is because now you're taking something that was
10:50outside that may have created power or energy, which is heat, and you moved it inside.
10:56That's right.
10:56So that's a challenge.
10:57You just made the challenge a little harder.
10:59Yeah.
11:00So not only did we add another piece that we needed to put inside the box, but another part that
11:04generates heat, as you said, and impedes airflow.
11:07So it does all these things.
11:08But how did we react to that?
11:10Well, the first thing that we did is we actually built the most efficient power supply we ever made.
11:13Okay.
11:14This level of efficiency we were able to build into this system is much higher because we actually don't have
11:19the extra cabling of the external power supply.
11:22And we have shorter connections.
11:24And so we put all that thought and energy into this, and it drives the overall efficiency of the system
11:29even further.
11:30And one of the things that we see here is that we actually take some of the air that comes
11:34out of the duct is routed through the power supply itself.
11:36It says, hey, you're on your way.
11:37Go cool off the power supply while you're at it.
11:40That's right.
11:40So it's multi-use.
11:41Right.
11:42It just snaps right in there.
11:43And that snaps right in there.
11:44And so now, let's go to the optical drive.
11:47Yep.
11:48So Xbox One S today is the only game console that is capable of ultra-high-def Blu-ray playback.
11:554K HDR.
11:56Until Scorpion.
11:57Beautiful.
11:57And Scorpion will now be the second.
11:58Yep.
11:59And we just dropped that part right in there.
12:01So we're able to utilize that technology.
12:03So you kind of see it coming together in front of your eyes right here.
12:06That's right.
12:06We're starting to fill up that space.
12:07And you can see there's not a lot of extra space left over.
12:09No, there's not.
12:10I mean, it is packed in there.
12:12That's right.
12:12Now, let's cap it off.
12:13So here's the other half of that chassis.
12:15Ah.
12:16I want to spend a little bit of time because in this part, you can see it a little bit
12:18more closely.
12:19Yeah, look at that.
12:20One would say that, you know, forming metal is something that we've been doing for centuries.
12:24Yeah.
12:25Right?
12:25Yeah.
12:25And in fact, I would say, you know, punching metal and drawing forms like this and steel punches probably, you
12:30know, probably dates back to the Industrial Revolution.
12:32Sure.
12:33But we found places to innovate here as well.
12:35One of the things that the chassis needs to do is shield from EMI.
12:40So that means you want your holes to be split.
12:42Electromagnetic interference.
12:43That's right.
12:44Electromagnetic interference.
12:45Okay.
12:45So that means these frequencies that we generate with these high-performance parts are very high.
12:49And so the holes need to be as small as possible.
12:52And then at the same time, we're trying to move a lot of air through the system to be able
12:55to cool it.
12:55So we want the holes as big as possible.
12:57Right.
12:58So those two things conflict with each other.
12:59So one of the areas where that really came really into conflict was in the exhaust area.
13:04Okay.
13:05So we look at this area of the fan.
13:06This is where all of the air from the inducted fan has to blow out.
13:09It's got to go out.
13:10We want to maximize the amount of open area there, but we want to keep the hole small enough to
13:14be able to shield the system.
13:15Okay.
13:15One of the ways that we did that is we wanted to punch the holes very, very close together.
13:20Okay.
13:20We decided, in fact, to punch them so close together that the material between the holes is thinner than the
13:26thickness of the material.
13:27So let me just say, so that little space you see in between the holes is thinner than...
13:32That's right.
13:32Wow.
13:33If you looked at it, it looks like a knife edge this way.
13:34Wow.
13:35And if you, you know, basically all of the tooling engineers, the mechanical engineers that we talked to before we
13:41did this said that we shouldn't even try to do this.
13:44Yeah.
13:44It was that hard.
13:45But you guys did it.
13:45But we worked at it.
13:47Yeah.
13:47We have some fantastic tooling engineers, and they love a challenge.
13:51And now we have punched holes.
13:53These are punched holes, not laser-cut holes.
13:55Right.
13:55If you laser-cut these would be easy.
13:56Sure.
13:56But you can't do that in production very easily.
13:58Sure.
13:58But we actually punched these holes mechanically, and they are perfectly flat and aligned.
14:03So that will go right on top of your...
14:05Again, notice how there's just not a lot of space in there.
14:08And every single millimeter is optimized, and the engineers have to go through here and figure out where to put
14:16things, how to put things, how they sit next to each other, how much energy they're creating, any interference.
14:21This is extraordinary.
14:22You're never going to look at a piece of electronics the same way ever again.
14:26That's right.
14:26So now I'll turn it a little bit, and we'll start...
14:28And we can now see that this is actually the completed structure.
14:32Yep.
14:33And that's the rear.
14:35That's the rear.
14:35And you see...
14:36I actually have it...
14:36I have it right now.
14:37I have it upside down.
14:38Yep.
14:38For a reason.
14:39Because I'm now going to start snapping on the...
14:40You're going to put the plastic.
14:41The parts that you actually see.
14:42Yep.
14:43So the first step is to put in the bottom.
14:46Snap it in place.
14:49And I will just flip it over here.
14:55And we have our top.
15:00Kind of goes down there.
15:01And there you have it.
15:02Slides in.
15:03So this is it.
15:04This is what people will see.
15:05This is what people will see.
15:06Well, this is...
15:06Leo, I really appreciate you walking us through.
15:08And this is the first look at Scorpio and what it looks like inside and how great it looks outside.
15:14And hopefully you'll appreciate a little bit of what Leo and his team have gone through,
15:17which has been an extraordinary effort to create the most powerful gaming console ever.
15:21Leo, thanks for your time.
15:22Thank you.
15:23Thank you for watching.
15:26That was actually one of the most favorite videos.
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