- 1 week ago
1. Methods to Approximate Earth Surface
2. Coordinate Reference System
3. Geographic Coordinate System
4. Map Projection and Their Types
2. Coordinate Reference System
3. Geographic Coordinate System
4. Map Projection and Their Types
Category
📚
LearningTranscript
00:00:01The second question is that in geometric objects, we have different features like ABCD type of polygons.
00:00:11Here I have a concept of different features which exist in ground as a point line or polygon.
00:00:20The roads will be made by lines, but lines are made by points and then lines are made by a
00:00:27polygon.
00:00:27If we talk about a feature, we have two polygons or two buildings.
00:00:36The property is connected plots.
00:00:39The portion is left and the right portion is left.
00:00:45The points above three lines are made by two polygons.
00:00:54If we look at a plot, we have two overlapping objects.
00:01:03Here we have three overlapping objects.
00:01:12You can also choose the upper objects?
00:01:14Here is a part of our own objects.
00:01:16The next two objects are left.
00:01:25And the one two objects is a part of our system.
00:01:27The other objects in view, we have different objects.
00:01:33If the big buildings are left and the other objects, we can work in the building.
00:01:39Like the existing objects are right.
00:01:41so you can understand that overlapping buildings are
00:01:44and D is a hollow boundary.
00:01:47Is this clear?
00:01:51Yes sir, thank you very much.
00:01:54Okay, do you have a question from last lecture?
00:02:05Is this not a question?
00:02:07Sir, it's not a question.
00:02:08Okay, so now we have open our forum and we can answer any questions.
00:02:16I will ask you a few small questions.
00:02:18I will ask you how many last lectures you have
00:02:22or revised it or not.
00:02:24Tell me what is scale?
00:02:29No one can answer this.
00:02:32Scale is what is scale?
00:02:34Yes sir, I have told you that
00:02:36map distance versus round distance
00:02:40which is the ratio of scale.
00:02:43Great, okay.
00:02:46If I show a city
00:02:48from a polygon,
00:02:50then I will show a city from a polygon.
00:02:52It will not show a scale.
00:02:54It will become a dot.
00:03:10I will make an area.
00:03:13She goes to the map.
00:03:13It will also be a map for a future.
00:03:13It will come to the map.
00:03:13And the map is a country to the map.
00:03:16Pakistan is a map.
00:03:18That would be a big area to represent.
00:03:19So if Pakistan was made by
00:03:21a map to do a small scale.
00:03:23Yeah, I'm going to make a small scale.
00:03:30Area wise, let's see.
00:03:33Pakistan's small scale.
00:03:37Pakistan's small scale.
00:03:39Exactly.
00:03:40Exactly.
00:03:40Okay, so I know that if I have an area to calculate the building, I want to create a line,
00:03:52or point, or polygon, or points.
00:03:57Sir, polygon.
00:03:59Polygon.
00:04:01Polygon.
00:04:03Polygon.
00:04:09Polygon.
00:04:10and there are xyz values
00:04:13I mean 5 points
00:04:14A, B, C, D, K
00:04:15or electric poles
00:04:16or whatever
00:04:17so my points
00:04:18are
00:04:19so I will show them
00:04:21what way I will show you
00:04:25lines through
00:04:25or polygons through
00:04:27I have points
00:04:30Sir, lines through
00:04:31points
00:04:33we will represent points
00:04:35if I have roots
00:04:36draw then what will I do
00:04:39then lines
00:04:39lines are good
00:04:39lines are good
00:04:43lines are good
00:04:44roads are good
00:04:47line is good
00:04:48lines are good
00:04:48yes sir
00:04:49I have no question
00:04:52I don't have any questions
00:04:53I mean that I have to
00:04:55see a lecture regularly
00:04:56because you have to
00:04:57see a lecture
00:04:58very much
00:04:58and then clear
00:05:00we cannot do this
00:05:01in the time
00:05:02so I am going to
00:05:03do this lecture
00:05:04I am going to
00:05:06I am going to
00:05:07I am going to
00:05:09do this
00:05:09but I am going to
00:05:13do this
00:05:13I am going to
00:05:16I am going to
00:05:22do this
00:05:26so I am going to
00:05:28learn
00:05:29do this
00:05:29i am going to
00:05:31do this
00:05:31or
00:05:31who have
00:05:32told me
00:05:32this
00:05:33was a student
00:05:36that is
00:05:36to
00:05:37you
00:05:38who have
00:05:38you
00:05:39who have
00:05:56sir hasiib is here
00:05:58hasiib is here
00:06:04no sir
00:06:06hasiib will say that you will have
00:06:09two lectures
00:06:115 5
00:06:11these are recording
00:06:13last recording
00:06:14now we are going to go
00:06:16to class
00:06:18conceptual
00:06:21but we will
00:06:25do
00:06:26practical side
00:06:26we have seen
00:06:29raster
00:06:30and vector data
00:06:31when we are working
00:06:35in the lecture
00:06:36when we are
00:06:38raster
00:06:39or vector
00:06:40after
00:06:42projection
00:06:43or special reference
00:06:44system
00:06:45which we have assigned
00:06:46to do
00:06:47before
00:06:49projection
00:06:55we are
00:06:57projecting
00:06:59projecting
00:07:01we are
00:07:02now we are
00:07:13projecting
00:07:17the
00:07:18square
00:07:18piece of paper
00:07:19on the whole globe
00:07:21transfer
00:07:22we want to work
00:07:23in this process
00:07:25we are
00:07:26projecting
00:07:29coordinate
00:07:30system
00:07:30in the earth
00:07:32circular reference
00:07:34system
00:07:34in the
00:07:35plane
00:07:37or
00:07:38Cartesian
00:07:39coordinate
00:07:39system
00:07:40in the earth
00:07:41we are
00:07:46projecting
00:07:46that we
00:07:46projection
00:07:47in the
00:07:49different methods
00:07:50we are
00:07:50taking
00:07:51the
00:07:53different methods
00:07:54and coordinate
00:08:09systems
00:08:10basically
00:08:10Basically, our lecture will be related to this.
00:08:13Before we start a little bit, I'll ask you a question.
00:08:18What can we do with Earth in which shape we can approximate?
00:08:26What can we do with Earth in which shape we can approximate?
00:08:36We can say circle round or round.
00:08:44Circle, lipsoid.
00:08:47Exactly.
00:08:49Lipsoid is called.
00:08:51Basically, our approximation is our.
00:08:53We have different objects.
00:08:55We have to show vector or raster format.
00:08:58Before we start to show, we need to show earth.
00:09:01What should we do with Earth?
00:09:06So, better approximation is what we do with.
00:09:08So, now we have to look at simplicity.
00:09:11We have options available.
00:09:13We have to look at the edges.
00:09:15To be clear, we can't see the face of the earth.
00:09:17So, the earth is basically perfect sphere.
00:09:19That is not a flat sphere.
00:09:22Now, it's not a flat sphere.
00:09:24We have to look at irregularities.
00:09:26We have to look at the edges.
00:09:39ellipsoid یا سفیروائیڈ سے دکھا دیں
00:09:41یا ہم لوگ کہہ دیتے ہیں
00:09:43کہ ارتھ کو جوائیڈ سے دکھا دیں
00:09:45تو زمین ideal ویسی کے لیے
00:09:47سفیر نہیں ہے
00:09:47idly سفیر نہیں ہے
00:09:49لیکن اپنی آسانی کے لیے
00:09:50ہم کہتے ہیں
00:09:51کہ ارتھ کو سفیریکل سرفیس سے
00:09:53represent کرا دو
00:09:54اب سفیریکل سرفیس سے
00:09:56ارتھ کی جو representation ہے
00:09:58ہم اس کو سفیروائیڈ بھی بولتے ہیں
00:09:59اس کو ellipsوائیڈ بھی بولتے ہیں
00:10:01تو سفیروائیڈ کیا ہے
00:10:03کہ ارتھ کی approximation کے لیے
00:10:05ہم نے ارتھ کو ایک oval
00:10:06سی یا sphere کی shape دے دی
00:10:08اور ہم یہاں پہ فرض یہ کرتے ہیں
00:10:10کہ ارتھ کے اوپر جو equator والی side
00:10:12ہے اس پہ سفیروائیڈ کا
00:10:14major axis ہے اور جو
00:10:16north south کو ایک line ملا رہی ہے
00:10:18ہم لوگ اس کو کہتے ہیں کہ یہ ہمارا
00:10:20minor axis ہے
00:10:21تو سفیروائیڈ میں ایک axis
00:10:24major axis ہوتا ہے اور ایک minor axis
00:10:26ہوتا ہے تو equator والی line کو
00:10:28major axis بولتے ہیں اور جو
00:10:29north south pole کو ملا رہی ہے line اس کو ہم کیا بولتے ہیں
00:10:32کہ یہ minor axis ہے
00:10:35اب ہمیشہ ہم سفیروائیڈ سے بھی
00:10:37ارتھ کو represent نہیں کر سکتے
00:10:38کیونکہ میں نے آپ کو کہا تھا کہ ارتھ کے اوپر
00:10:41ہم لوگ کیا ہے کہ ارتھ کی جو
00:10:43representation ہے وہ جوائیڈ سے
00:10:45زیادہ بہتر طرح سے دکھا سکتے ہیں
00:10:47اب ارتھ reformed shape ہے
00:10:48سفیروائیڈ میں ہم کہہ رہے تھے کہ ارتھ flat ہے
00:10:51لیکن اصل میں تو ارتھ flat نہیں ہے
00:10:52کہیں پہ سمندر ہے اور کہیں پہ پہاڑ
00:10:55ہیں کہیں گہری کھائی ہیں
00:10:56تو ارتھ کے mental یا
00:10:58crust کے وجہ سے زمین کی اوپر
00:11:01irregularities آ رہی ہیں جو gravitational
00:11:03pool کی وجہ سے زمین کی اوپر
00:11:04deformations آ رہی ہیں ان کو
00:11:06consider کرنے کے لیے ہمیں جوائیڈ کی
00:11:08help لینی پڑتی ہے جب ہم جوائیڈ
00:11:10use کرتے ہیں تو یہاں ہمارے لئے آسانی ہوتی ہے
00:11:13کہ ہم features کی
00:11:14height یا depth آسانی سے
00:11:16measure کر سکتے ہیں جبکہ یہ option
00:11:18ہمارے پاس سفیروائیڈ میں نہیں تھا
00:11:20available تو اگر last point پڑھیں
00:11:22تو لکھا ہے کہ جوائیڈ surface
00:11:24is treated as a surface of
00:11:26mean sea level which is important for mirroring
00:11:28the elevations or heights اور یہاں پہ
00:11:30نا سیمھ ہم deformations کو
00:11:31counter کر رہے ہیں بلکہ ہم لوگ heights
00:11:34کو بھی دیکھ رہے ہیں جو ہمیں سفیروائیڈ
00:11:36میں نہیں مل سکتی تھی
00:11:38تو ہوا کیا ہے کہ
00:11:40ارتھ کی approximation
00:11:42کے لیے مختلف agencies نے
00:11:44survey کیے ہوئے ہیں
00:11:46اور ان survey کرنے کے بعد
00:11:48کچھ لوگوں نے اپنے ملکوں کے لیے
00:11:50اپنے اپنے countries کے لیے
00:11:52الگ سے datum بنائے ہوئے ہیں اور کچھ لوگوں
00:11:54نے world کے لیے جو datum بناوا تھا
00:11:56اسی کو ہی اپنے area کے لیے
00:11:58use کیا ہوا ہے
00:11:58تو basically
00:11:59یہ جو datum ہے یہ کیا ہے
00:12:01ایک reference system کا parameter ہے
00:12:04coordinate reference system کا ایک parameter ہے
00:12:06تو datum کیا ہوتا ہے
00:12:08ایک mathematical model ہے
00:12:09ارتھ کا
00:12:10جس کی base پہ ہم لوگ
00:12:12geographic coordinates find کر رہے ہوتے ہیں
00:12:14تو کچھ countries کا
00:12:16اپنا local datum ہے
00:12:18regional datum ہے
00:12:19جیسے Australian geodatic datum ہے
00:12:20Tokyo datum ہے
00:12:21unfortunately ہمارے
00:12:23اپنے country کے لیے کوئی datum نہیں بناوا
00:12:25تو ہم لوگ
00:12:26WGS 1984 کو use کر لیتے ہیں
00:12:29تو US department of defense
00:12:31کی ایک agency ہے
00:12:32ٹھیک ہے US department of defense کی
00:12:34جس کا نام ہے
00:12:35national imagery and mapping agency
00:12:38انہوں نے کیا ہے
00:12:39کہ پورے world کے لیے
00:12:41ایک datum define کر لیا ہے
00:12:42کہ کسی بھی
00:12:43agency کا
00:12:44یا کسی بھی country کا
00:12:45اپنا datum
00:12:46اگر نہیں develop ہوا
00:12:47تو وہ
00:12:48اس WGS کے datum کو
00:12:49use کر کے
00:12:50اپنا کام چلا سکتے ہیں
00:12:51اب اس میں کیا ہے
00:12:52اس datum میں
00:12:53دو پیرامیٹرز ہوتے ہیں
00:12:54ایک primary ہے
00:12:56اور ایک secondary ہے
00:12:57ٹھیک ہے
00:12:57primary parameter میں
00:12:58ہم پہلے یہ دیکھتے ہیں
00:13:00کہ ارتھ کو
00:13:00کس طرح سے define کرنا ہے
00:13:02کس shape سے define کرنا ہے
00:13:04اس کا size کیا رکھنا ہے
00:13:05کیا جوائیڈ سے define کرنا ہے
00:13:07ارتھ کو
00:13:08یا سفیروائیڈ سے
00:13:09ٹھیک ہے
00:13:09اور secondary parameter میں آتا ہے
00:13:11کہ اگر تو
00:13:12local datum بناوا ہے
00:13:13وہ use کر لیں
00:13:14ورنہ آپ
00:13:15اسی datum کو
00:13:16اپنے پورے globe
00:13:17کے لیے ہی use کر لیں
00:13:18تو datum ہوتا کیا ہے
00:13:19basically mathematical model ہے
00:13:21جس کی base پہ
00:13:22ہم لوگ اپنے
00:13:23coordinates کو
00:13:24use کر رہے ہوتے ہیں
00:13:25تو اگر آپ کو
00:13:25یاد ہو
00:13:26WGS 1984 کا datum
00:13:28ہم نے use کیا تھا
00:13:29جب ہم لوگ
00:13:30global positioning system سے
00:13:32مختلف point کے
00:13:32coordinates لے رہے تھے
00:13:34ٹھیک ہے
00:13:34اسی طرح پھر
00:13:35ہمارے جتنے بھی
00:13:36radar ہیں
00:13:37mobile میں جو
00:13:38GPS ہیں
00:13:38وہ بھی
00:13:39by default
00:13:40WGS 1984 کے
00:13:41datum کو
00:13:42use کر رہے ہوتے ہیں
00:13:43تو کیونکہ یہ
00:13:44worldwide standard بناوا ہے
00:13:45اور جو GPS
00:13:46ہم use کر رہے ہیں
00:13:47وہ بھی
00:13:48basically
00:13:48US based positioning system
00:13:50ہی ہے
00:13:50ٹھیک ہے
00:13:51US based positioning system
00:13:52ہے
00:13:52اور یہ جو
00:13:53ہمارا datum ہے
00:13:54WGS 84
00:13:55یہ بھی US based ہے
00:13:57تو ہم لوگ
00:13:57basically
00:13:57GPS کے اندر بھی
00:13:59اسی datum کو ہی
00:14:00incorporate کر رہے ہوتے ہیں
00:14:01لیکن اس کے علاوہ
00:14:02جو موائلز ہیں
00:14:03radar ہیں
00:14:04ٹھیک ہے
00:14:04وہ بھی
00:14:05normally
00:14:05اسی datum کو ہی
00:14:06use کر رہے ہوتے ہیں
00:14:08ٹھیک ہے
00:14:09ویسے GPS سے
00:14:10بنتا کیا تھا
00:14:11آپ نے جو
00:14:12survey میں use کیا ہے
00:14:15GPS کس کا
00:14:16abbreviation
00:14:20exactly
00:14:20GPS
00:14:21global positioning system
00:14:23ٹھیک ہے
00:14:23تو یہ
00:14:24American variant
00:14:24of positioning system
00:14:26ہے
00:14:26اسی کے علاوہ
00:14:27پھر
00:14:27glonars habit
00:14:28مختلف
00:14:29agencies نے
00:14:30اپنے اپنے
00:14:30country کے لیے
00:14:31اپنے اپنے
00:14:32positioning system
00:14:32بنائے ہوئے ہیں
00:14:33لیکن جو
00:14:34ہم use کر رہے تھے
00:14:35وہ US based
00:14:36positioning system
00:14:37ٹھیک ہے
00:14:37اب
00:14:39ایک چیز
00:14:40ہمیں سمجھنے
00:14:41کی ضرورت ہے
00:14:41کہ جب
00:14:41special data
00:14:42کی بات
00:14:43کریں گے
00:14:43نا
00:14:43اس کی
00:14:44worth
00:14:44اور value
00:14:45تب ہی ہے
00:14:46جب وہ
00:14:46specially
00:14:47reference
00:14:47ہو
00:14:47اس کو
00:14:48کوئی
00:14:48coordinate
00:14:49کا reference
00:14:49system
00:14:50assign
00:14:50ہوا
00:14:50ہو
00:14:50اگر وہ
00:14:51assign
00:14:51نہیں
00:14:52ہوا
00:14:52ہوگا
00:14:52اور
00:14:53آپ
00:14:53ArcGIS
00:14:54میں
00:14:54کوئی بھی
00:14:54image
00:14:55add
00:14:55کریں گے
00:14:55کسی
00:14:55ساوٹو میں
00:14:56وہ کہے گا
00:14:56کہ اس کا
00:14:57reference
00:14:57assign
00:14:57ہی نہیں
00:14:58ہوا
00:14:58ہوا
00:14:58اس کو
00:14:59میں
00:14:59کہاں
00:14:59پر دکھاؤ
00:15:00مطلب
00:15:00ایک
00:15:01اسلامباد
00:15:01کا image
00:15:02تھا
00:15:02google map
00:15:03اسلامباد
00:15:03لکھنے سے
00:15:04آپ کو
00:15:04واقعی
00:15:04اسلامباد
00:15:05کی
00:15:05boundary
00:15:05نظر آنا
00:15:06شروع
00:15:06ہو جاتی ہے
00:15:06لیکن
00:15:07اگر
00:15:07راستر
00:15:08جو image
00:15:08ہے
00:15:09میرے پاس
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00:26:35بڑے
00:26:36ہیں
00:26:36کچھ
00:26:36چھوٹے
00:26:36ہیں
00:26:36لیکن
00:26:37ہیں
00:26:37تو
00:26:37باکس
00:26:37تو
00:26:37ان
00:26:38کا
00:26:38یہ
00:26:38جو
00:26:38میش
00:26:38بن
00:26:39رہا
00:26:39ہے
00:26:39اس
00:26:39کو
00:26:40کیا
00:26:40بولتے
00:26:40ہیں
00:26:40گریٹی
00:26:41کیول
00:26:41ٹھیک
00:26:41ہے
00:26:42ان
00:26:42میش
00:26:42کو
00:26:43کیا
00:26:43بولتے
00:26:43ہیں
00:26:44گریٹی
00:26:44کیول
00:26:45سمجھا گئی
00:26:46یہ
00:26:46بات
00:26:46تو
00:26:47لائن
00:26:47آف
00:26:47لائن
00:26:49آف
00:26:50لائن
00:26:50کھڑی
00:26:51ہوئی
00:26:51لائن
00:26:51ہوں
00:26:51گی
00:26:52ٹھیک
00:26:52ورٹیکل
00:26:52لائن
00:26:53کو
00:26:53ہم
00:26:53لائن
00:26:53آف
00:26:53لائن
00:26:54لائن
00:26:54آف
00:26:54لائن
00:26:54لائن
00:26:54آف
00:26:55لائن
00:26:56آف
00:26:56آف
00:26:57آف
00:26:58لائن
00:26:59آف
00:26:59آف
00:27:00آف
00:27:02آف
00:27:05آف
00:27:11آف
00:27:12لائن
00:27:12آف
00:27:12لائن
00:27:12آف
00:27:13لائن
00:27:13آف
00:27:14لائن
00:27:15آف
00:27:17آف
00:27:18سمجھا گئی
00:27:21یہ بات
00:27:21یہ
00:27:26دیکھتے ہیں
00:27:28اگر
00:27:29یہاں پہ
00:27:30یہ
00:27:30میرا
00:27:32آرہا
00:27:33یہ
00:27:37دیکھ
00:27:38یہ
00:27:38یہ
00:27:38یہ
00:27:38میرا
00:27:39ہاتھ
00:27:39آرہ
00:27:40ہے
00:27:40If I have angle find it, one angle will be latitude and one angle will be longitude
00:27:47If I have a vertical angle, I have a vertical angle and a longitude angle will be horizontal
00:27:56So this angle is 45 degree and one angle is 55 degree
00:28:01Equator is 50 degree? North is 55
00:28:06And from prime meridian to westward is 45
00:28:09So I have to tell you how latitude and longitude is longitude
00:28:16Now lines of latitude is not asked, lines of latitude is clear
00:28:20Lines of latitude is horizontal line and longitude is vertical line
00:28:25Latitude and longitude is angle, one angle will be vertical, one angle will be horizontal, one angle will be horizontal,
00:28:31one angle will be horizontal
00:28:34So that you will have to tell me how latitude and longitude will be horizontal
00:28:41And from there, two angle will be horizontal, one angle will be horizontal
00:28:44One angle is 45 and one angle is 55
00:28:45So tell me that it is, which will be latitude and longitude will be horizontal
00:28:51And which will be longitude will be horizontal
00:28:52Thank you very much.
00:29:22Thank you very much.
00:30:21Thank you very much.
00:30:22Thank you very much.
00:31:01Thank you very much.
00:31:23Thank you very much.
00:31:56Thank you very much.
00:32:46Thank you very much.
00:32:52Thank you very much.
00:33:43Thank you very much.
00:34:00Thank you very much.
00:34:28Thank you very much.
00:41:02So,
00:41:07You help me none.
00:41:09You are looking for value for you.
00:41:20For me,
00:41:24my mouse is.
00:41:33sir x value hundred something
00:41:36and y 400 something
00:41:39exactly
00:41:40hundred to be more than one
00:41:42and where you will be more than one
00:41:44so you have this right
00:41:46so we have a map
00:41:48which is on the map grid
00:41:50and there are some maps
00:41:52which is where you can see
00:41:54and this is where you can see
00:41:55simultaneously display
00:41:56and you can see a revision
00:41:57so you have to say
00:42:00projection what is going to be
00:42:02basically earth's curved surface
00:42:05flat piece of paper
00:42:07present on this process
00:42:10or this technique
00:42:11projection
00:42:13this is the way
00:42:14that if I go to a light source
00:42:17then my ground
00:42:18is going to be my projection
00:42:22now for example
00:42:25light source
00:42:54what is the way
00:42:56is a hundred of projections.
00:42:59It has been a lot of projections.
00:43:01And there are some problems.
00:43:05And why are they?
00:43:07It is a way to say that
00:43:09if you can see the light source of light,
00:43:10you can see the light source of light source.
00:43:14And the light source of light source of light source
00:43:16will create a different features.
00:43:19It is a way to create a projection.
00:43:50video.
00:43:52So one thing can be easy to define, but the other thing can be distorted.
00:43:59At that time, we can see the projections of the features of the projections.
00:44:06Let's say, my work is that I want to see the navigation of the sea.
00:44:11I want to navigate the ocean.
00:44:13The projection is different.
00:44:18If I want to land navigation, there will be different projections.
00:44:24It depends on what type and purpose you are using.
00:44:29Now, these are different types of projections.
00:44:33We can group them either on the property or on the projection surface.
00:44:38Do you understand?
00:44:40Basically, the projections are two different categories of the map.
00:44:47The property, which is preserved, is defined.
00:44:53Or, there will be a projection surface, which will be a projection.
00:44:57So, the preserved property of the base, which is defined.
00:45:01There are four sections of projections.
00:45:05One is a conformal, equal area, or equidistance.
00:45:09Equivalent, then equidistance.
00:45:11Then equidistance is an azimuthal projection.
00:45:13Azimuthal or true direction is an azimuthal projection.
00:45:17Now, let's see.
00:45:19Conformal projection is a conformal projection.
00:45:21Conformal projection is an angle and shape preserve.
00:45:26Equal area is an area.
00:45:30So, this is the exact area.
00:45:33If you talk about equidistance,
00:45:35then you have a consistency along certain lines.
00:45:41So, if you talk about azimuthal projection,
00:45:44then accurately, you have to preserve the directions.
00:45:49So, now, in 4, we can preserve one.
00:45:53So, if you want to preserve the area,
00:45:56we can maintain the direction.
00:45:58This depends on how our objective is.
00:46:01Now, if we have to say that,
00:46:03if we have to see navigation,
00:46:06then we can see which projections
00:46:07where we need to go.
00:46:09So, if we have to navigate the ocean,
00:46:11then we can navigate the direction.
00:46:14So, do you think this projection system
00:46:18will be helpful to see navigation
00:46:19or ocean?
00:46:21So, how do we navigate the direction?
00:46:23Sir, this is azimuthal.
00:46:29Yeah.
00:46:29Azimuthal,
00:46:30because we have directions
00:46:31are more accurate.
00:46:33So, this property
00:46:34or this projection system
00:46:35is more helpful.
00:46:37Okay?
00:46:37Okay?
00:46:39Now, we have to see that
00:46:40we have preserved property
00:46:42based on projections
00:46:43defined.
00:46:44Now, if we have projection surface
00:46:46based on projections
00:46:47defined.
00:46:48Okay?
00:46:49So, we have basically
00:46:50two basic elements
00:46:51to see.
00:46:51One geometric object
00:46:53and one reference globe.
00:46:55Right?
00:46:55here.
00:46:56Now, we have to see that
00:46:57we have to see.
00:46:58Now, let's see.
00:47:02Let's see.
00:47:03Let's see.
00:47:24Let's see.
00:47:30Let's see.
00:47:36Let's see.
00:47:49Let's see.
00:48:00Let's see.
00:48:02Let's see.
00:48:03Let's see.
00:48:04sequence case
00:48:04to be a second case
00:48:07to be a second case
00:48:07in reference globe
00:48:08which you have two points
00:48:11intersect.
00:48:12You can see here?
00:48:18You can see here.
00:48:20You can see here.
00:48:22If you have to see.
00:48:23Let's see.
00:48:24Let's see.
00:48:25Let's see.
00:48:25Let's see.
00:48:26Let's see.
00:48:26Let's see.
00:48:27Let's see.
00:48:29Go.
00:48:30Go.
00:48:34map projection की दो basic categories है या तो preserved property की based
00:48:38map projections बनाएं ठीक है अगर preserved property की based
00:48:42map projection बनाते हैं तो चार मैंने एक projection बताएं थी
00:48:45conformal, equal area, equidistant और azimethal लेकिन अगर आप map
00:48:50projection based on reference surface बना रहे हैं तो आपको दो
00:48:54चीज़ें चाहिए होती है एक होता है आपको reference
00:48:56surface ठीक है और एक geometric object अब यहां पर मैंने आपको
00:49:01यह समझाया है कि तीन तरह के reference surfaces है एक तो
00:49:04हो गया cone cylinder और आपका plane सही है अब अगर यह तीनों
00:49:10surfaces अर्थ को एक जगह पर touch करें एक point के उपर touch करें तो
00:49:14क्या चीज़ बन जाती हमारे पास tangent case बन जाता है जैसे
00:49:18को देखें तो एक point पर touch कर रहा है और cone को देखें तो इस reference
00:49:23globe को दो side से एक-एक point पर touch कर रहा है लेकिन cylinder को देखें तो
00:49:28भी यही काम कर रहा है कि reference globe को दो-दो points दो sides
00:49:34पर एक-एक point से touch कर रहा है लेकिन यह assume करें कि हम लोग इन surfaces को
00:49:40जमीन के अंदर काटते हुए साथ में से ले चलते हैं सही है जैसे यहां पर है आप अब यह
00:49:46glow जमीन
00:49:47चोटी है बीच में से और यह हमारे पास surfaces बड़े हैं और यह क्या कर रहे हैं उनको काटते
00:49:53हुए
00:49:53गुजर रहे हैं अब azimethal projection system को देखिए यहां पर क्या हो रहा है कि यह जो surface
00:49:59है उपर वाली जिसको हमने plane बोलावा था यह जमीन को काटती हुए गुजर रही है अब इस केस को
00:50:06बोलेंगे
00:50:06सीकेंट केस और सीकेंट केस क्यों बोलेंगे क्योंकि वह surface basically reference globe को दो points पे
00:50:13intersect कर रही है एक यहां पर और एक यहां पर यानि एक से ज्यादा points पर अगर आपका reference
00:50:19surface कट करता हुआ चल रहा है तो हम लोग बोलते हैं कि यह second case है लेकिन अगर वो
00:50:24एक point पर cut कर रहा है जैसे यहां पर एक point पर cut कर रहा है यह भी दोनों
00:50:29side से globe को
00:50:30एक-एक point पर cut कर रहा है यह cylinder भी reference globe को दोनों side से
00:50:33एक-एक point पर cut कर रहा है हम लोग इसको बोलते हैं कि यह tangent case है
00:50:38समझा गया तो second case और tangent case में फर्क क्या है कि वो आपकी जो reference surface है वो
00:50:44globe को
00:50:45तो यह तो एक point पर cut कर रही होगी यह एक से ज्यादा point पर cut कर रही होगी
00:50:49अगर वो reference globe को
00:50:51दो point से intersect करता है reference surface आपका तो हम कहते हैं second case है लेकिन अगर वो
00:50:56दो point से cut नहीं करता आपका reference surface आपकी reference globe को और एक point पर cut कर रहा
00:51:01होता है तो हम कहते हैं कि
00:51:02a point
00:51:03because you touch
00:51:04your surface
00:51:05so we say
00:51:06that this tangent
00:51:07side
00:51:08tangent case
00:51:10sorry
00:51:11okay
00:51:14okay
00:51:15okay
00:51:16okay
00:51:16okay
00:51:16now
00:51:16I have to
00:51:20theoretically define
00:51:21that
00:51:22if the surface
00:51:23that is chosen
00:51:24is to be
00:51:25secant
00:51:25intersect the
00:51:27horizontal reference
00:51:27surface
00:51:28then we say
00:51:28that secant
00:51:29case
00:51:29is
00:51:31intersected
00:51:32along
00:51:32one close
00:51:33line
00:51:33on the plane
00:51:34or two close
00:51:35line
00:51:35on the
00:51:35corner
00:51:36cylinder
00:51:36here
00:51:37here
00:51:38here
00:51:38here
00:51:38close
00:51:39line
00:51:39here
00:51:39because
00:51:40this
00:51:41surface
00:51:42reference
00:51:42globe
00:51:42is cut
00:51:43so
00:51:44one
00:51:44close
00:51:45line
00:51:45here
00:51:46here
00:51:47here
00:51:49two
00:51:49close
00:51:50line
00:51:50here
00:51:50if you
00:51:51see
00:51:51one
00:51:52above
00:51:53and one
00:51:54lower
00:51:54and one
00:51:54side
00:51:54here
00:51:57and
00:51:58in
00:51:58cylindrical
00:51:59case
00:52:13here
00:52:18is
00:52:19in
00:52:22case
00:52:23case
00:52:25along two close line case of cone and cylinder.
00:52:28So, here is a close line.
00:52:30If we talk about azimuthal projection and cone side, sorry plane,
00:52:35and if we talk about cone or cylinder,
00:52:39these two close lines along your Earth.
00:52:43Second case.
00:52:44Is it correct?
00:52:48Okay, it's okay.
00:52:50Okay, let's hold one second.
00:52:59Okay.
00:53:01Basically, what is the sequence of surfaces?
00:53:03What is the accuracy of our data set?
00:53:08Right.
00:53:09If we look at this,
00:53:12if we look at this,
00:53:14if we look at this,
00:53:14if we look at this,
00:53:15if we look at this,
00:53:17if we look at this,
00:53:22we look at this,
00:53:28this is the same thing.
00:53:32We look at this.
00:53:47can surfaces کی case میں کیا ہے کہ ہمارے پاس جو errors
00:53:52آ رہے ہوتے ہیں جو ہمارے پاس differences آ رہے ہوتے ہیں
00:53:55ہماری actual location میں اور جو projection کی base پہ
00:53:59ہماری location بن رہی ہے وہ basically reduce out ہو جاتی ہے
00:54:03distorted اتنی نہیں ہوتی کن جگہوں پہ line of intersection
00:54:07کے اوپر صحیح ہے line of intersection کے اوپر ہماری
00:54:12accuracy آ جاتی ہے تو اگر ہمیں certain line یا point
00:54:16پہ accuracy چاہیے تو وہ کیا use کریں گے ہم secant
00:54:20projection کو use کریں گے اس سے فائدہ کیا ہوگا کہ اگر
00:54:23ہماری required property ایک specific line پہ preserve کرنی ہے
00:54:26تو وہ preserve ہو جائے گی اور میں نے آپ کو اس طرح سے
00:54:29سمجھایا کہ جیسے آپ کی اور sun کی relative movement کی
00:54:34وجہ سے کہیں سایہ بڑا ہو جاتا ہے اور کہیں چھوٹا ہو
00:54:36جاتا ہے اب ایک direction تو کم از کم ایسی ہوگی نا جس کے
00:54:40اوپر میرا سایہ میری exact height کے برابر بنے گا اور light
00:54:44source کے قریب یا دور ہونے سے یہ سایہ اتنا چھوٹا یا
00:54:47زیادہ آ جائے گا تو وہ ایک ایسی certain line ہوتی ہے وہ
00:54:51کونسی line ہوتی ہے وہ line of intersection ہوتی ہے جو
00:54:54ہماری secant case میں آ رہی ہوتی ہے اس جگہ کے اوپر ہماری
00:54:58accuracy location کی زیادہ آ جاتی ہے as compared to tangent case تو
00:55:04second case ہمارے لئے زیادہ beneficial ہے along certain lines
00:55:08جہاں پہ ہمیں اپنی accuracy چاہیے ہوتی ہے ٹھیک ہے اب جو ہم نے
00:55:13geometric objects دیکھے تھے وہ team تھے ایک cylinder تھا ایک
00:55:17kون تھا اور ایک plane تھا ان کی جو placement ہوتی ہے ہم اس کو
00:55:22کہتے ہیں کہ aspect ہے ٹھیک ہے اس کو اگر میں یہاں پہ دکھاؤ نا
00:55:26sorry اس جگہ کے اوپر اس slide کے اوپر تو آپ کو زیادہ clear ہوگا میں
00:55:33He has said that geometric object can be placed horizontally, vertical, or oblique way.
00:55:39This is the aspect.
00:55:42If we have a pole on our object, then this is a polar case.
00:55:50But if we have a equator on a point on our plane, then equatorial is our case.
00:56:12The polar aspect is the plane, which is a polar case.
00:56:16It's the depth of our object.
00:56:16The aspect of the object I chose.
00:56:20On the opposite direction, the equatorial aspect is the plane,
00:56:25plane
00:56:26which is blue color
00:56:28which is a plane
00:56:29I have said that equator
00:56:32equator
00:56:33tangent wise
00:56:35if we place the plane
00:56:37then equatorial aspect
00:56:39and here is cylindrical aspect
00:56:42now this is normal
00:56:44this is the transverse
00:56:46and this oblique
00:56:48on top of the plane
00:56:50then we see who did it
00:56:52and now we use the cylinder
00:56:53this is normal case
00:56:56then transverse
00:56:57and then oblique
00:57:00we see the objects
00:57:03basically orientation
00:57:05which is the placement of objects
00:57:09which is the aspect
00:57:11when we see the projections
00:57:15there are different parameters
00:57:17like standard line
00:57:20then central line
00:57:21principle scale
00:57:23scale factor
00:57:24then false
00:57:25so we discuss them
00:57:26one by one
00:57:27I will explain
00:57:29a general summary
00:57:31that tangent line
00:57:33which is basically
00:57:35your projection surface
00:57:37and reference globe
00:57:41which is a tangent line
00:57:48that is formed by projection surface
00:57:52over the reference globe
00:58:20which is the
00:58:24globe can be made.
00:58:26I will show you here.
00:58:30One second.
00:58:31Here.
00:58:32What I have done here?
00:58:37Earth will wrap one.
00:58:40Earth will wrap one.
00:58:43Earth will wrap one.
00:58:46The geometric object is
00:58:48and the reference globe.
00:58:50The perfect globe is
00:58:50the same page of the globe.
00:58:52That is the same page.
00:58:54The same page that will show you here.
00:58:59We will explain
00:59:00if it is a line
00:59:02which is the same page.
00:59:04It is a tangent line.
00:59:09This is a tight line
00:59:10between the globe wherever it is.
00:59:14Earth will cross the globe.
00:59:15So in the second case
00:59:17Earth will cut out
00:59:18is a tangent line formed by projection surface over the reference globe.
00:59:29Projection surface koon sī ho gõhi?
00:59:31Kone.
00:59:32Reference globe koon sā ho gõhi?
00:59:33Earth.
00:59:34Kone or earth ke bīc jow tangent line binde raha ہے,
00:59:38usko haom log standard line bola te hain.
00:59:40Thik hai?
00:59:41Standard line ab 2 tarda ki ho sakti hai.
00:59:43Cone ke kes mein ek standard line ho ga ga.
00:59:45Thik hai?
00:59:46and in secant case, there will be two standard lines here.
00:59:50Secant case, there will be two standard lines.
00:59:52One up and one down.
00:59:55But in tangent case, tangent what happens?
00:59:58Because it touches one point on earth.
01:00:01So here in tangent case,
01:00:05there will be one standard line
01:00:07and secant case,
01:00:09there will be two standard lines.
01:00:11Is this clear?
01:00:16Yes sir.
01:00:17Okay.
01:00:18Tangent line is a line formed by projection surface over the reference globe.
01:00:23For the case of cone,
01:00:25for the case of cone for tangent,
01:00:28we will have one standard line
01:00:30and for the case of cone for secant,
01:00:32we will have two basically standard lines.
01:00:36That's right.
01:00:37I have explained this here.
01:00:41Standard line refers to line of tangency between the projection surface
01:00:45or reference globe.
01:00:47For cylindrical or conic projections,
01:00:50the tangent case will have one standard line.
01:00:53Whereas in case of secant case,
01:00:55we will have two standard lines.
01:01:19So if the standard line is following the parallel,
01:01:23then it will be the parallel.
01:01:25So if the standard line is following the parallel,
01:01:27then we will follow the parallel.
01:01:28Then we will have two standard meridian.
01:01:31Then we will have two standard meridian.
01:01:31And parallel and meridian here,
01:01:33you can see here.
01:01:35So parallel is line of latitude
01:01:38And meridian is line of longitude.
01:01:55They will have two sólo dots.
01:01:58The other letters of horizontal largest
01:02:00so line defining the center of map projection is called central line.
01:02:23principle scale
01:02:24principle scale
01:02:26conventional scale
01:02:27conventional scale
01:02:29map distance
01:02:30to ground distance
01:02:31ratio
01:02:32but
01:02:33if we
01:02:35globe
01:02:36represent
01:02:37the
01:02:38globe
01:02:39impossible
01:02:41so we
01:02:41can do a ratio
01:02:42and we
01:02:44ratio
01:02:44what do
01:02:45basically
01:02:45earth
01:02:46radius
01:02:47and globe
01:02:48radius
01:02:48which
01:02:49we
01:02:49represent
01:02:50scale
01:02:50to represent
01:02:51to
01:02:51earth
01:02:52radius
01:02:536378
01:02:54and
01:02:566378
01:02:57kilometer
01:02:57is
01:02:59this
01:03:00earth
01:03:00to present
01:03:01to
01:03:02you
01:03:02can do
01:03:03how big
01:03:03globe
01:03:03you
01:03:04can do
01:03:0512 inches
01:03:06or 10 inches
01:03:07or 10 inches
01:03:07of globe
01:03:08you
01:03:08can do
01:03:09ratio
01:03:09what do
01:03:12say
01:03:13principle
01:03:13scale
01:03:14principle
01:03:15scale
01:03:15defines
01:03:16the ratio
01:03:17between
01:03:17the earth
01:03:18surface
01:03:18and the
01:03:19globe
01:03:19surface
01:03:20earth
01:03:21jitni
01:03:21surface
01:03:22dkhanne
01:03:23ke liye
01:03:23hemne
01:03:23kitna
01:03:24bada
01:03:24globe
01:03:24rakhna
01:03:25hai
01:03:2512 inch
01:03:26ka
01:03:266 inch
01:03:27ka
01:03:27dkye
01:03:27na globe
01:03:28aapne
01:03:28aapne
01:03:28aapne
01:03:29me
01:03:29kuhin
01:03:29dkye
01:03:29ho
01:03:29kuch
01:03:30bade
01:03:30ho
01:03:30tain
01:03:30kuch
01:03:30chot
01:03:31ho
01:03:31tain
01:03:31ab
01:03:32earth
01:03:33ki
01:03:33radius
01:03:34or
01:03:34us
01:03:35globe
01:03:35ki
01:03:35radius
01:03:35ki
01:03:36ratio
01:03:36ho
01:03:36gye
01:03:37na
01:03:37wu
01:03:37kya
01:03:37bolet
01:03:38ge
01:03:38em
01:03:38loge
01:03:38us
01:03:38ko
01:03:38principle
01:03:39scale
01:03:40bolet
01:03:43aapne
01:03:43yahaan
01:03:44pere
01:03:44likha
01:03:44aapne
01:03:44ki
01:03:44ager
01:03:45globe
01:03:46ka
01:03:46radius
01:03:4612 inch
01:03:47ka
01:03:47globe
01:03:48ka
01:03:49radius
01:03:4912 inch
01:03:50ka
01:03:50to
01:03:50humare
01:03:51calculation
01:03:52ke
01:03:52mtabik
01:03:53principle
01:03:54scale
01:03:54kya
01:03:54bane
01:03:55gha
01:03:55one
01:03:55ratio
01:03:56seventeen
01:03:56thousand
01:03:57forty
01:03:58three
01:03:58hundred
01:03:58thirty
01:03:59seven
01:03:59once
01:04:00one
01:04:00ratio
01:04:01seventeen
01:04:02four
01:04:02three
01:04:02seven
01:04:03sixty
01:04:03six
01:04:04km
01:04:04sahih
01:04:05ager
01:04:0612 inch
01:04:07ka
01:04:07humare
01:04:07globe
01:04:08huwa
01:04:08to
01:04:09principle
01:04:09scale
01:04:09basically
01:04:10ye
01:04:10bantah
01:04:11or
01:04:11ye
01:04:11kaise
01:04:12bantah
01:04:12is
01:04:13kya
01:04:14calculation
01:04:15lick
01:04:16sa
01:04:16lick
01:04:17bode
01:04:17to
01:04:17nai
01:04:18hai
01:04:18to
01:04:18us
01:04:19ke
01:04:19liye
01:04:19pher
01:04:19may
01:04:19apko
01:04:20ya
01:04:20ha
01:04:20pher
01:04:20sa
01:04:22detail
01:04:22may
01:04:23apko
01:04:23ye
01:04:23excel
01:04:24kuch
01:04:24nazara
01:04:24raha
01:04:26abhi
01:04:28jie
01:04:28sir
01:04:29ha
01:04:29ye
01:04:30kuch
01:04:30calculation
01:04:30c
01:04:31me
01:04:31nai
01:04:31lkhi
01:04:32ho
01:04:32he
01:04:32to
01:04:33is
01:04:33ko
01:04:34dhe
01:04:34kya
01:04:36hai
01:04:36me
01:04:36kya
01:04:37hai
01:04:37six
01:04:37thousand
01:04:38thirty
01:04:38seven
01:04:39six
01:04:39three
01:04:40seven
01:04:40eight
01:04:40kilometer
01:04:41so
01:04:41ye
01:04:41ye
01:04:42to
01:04:42o
01:04:42gya
01:04:42earth
01:04:42ka radius
01:04:44ab
01:04:45globe
01:04:45ka radius
01:04:45kitna
01:04:46tha
01:04:46us
01:04:47question
01:04:47me
01:04:47آپ
01:04:48ko
01:04:48bata
01:04:48ta
01:04:48globe
01:04:48ka
01:04:49radius
01:04:49hai
01:04:49amare
01:04:49paas
01:04:5112 inch
01:04:52صحیح
01:04:52hai
01:04:5212 inch
01:04:53ager
01:04:54aap
01:04:54nai ratio
01:04:55nikali
01:04:55hai
01:04:55to unit
01:04:56consistent
01:04:56karne
01:04:57pardengue
01:04:57so
01:04:58is
01:04:58ka
01:04:58mtlb
01:04:58ye
01:04:59huwa
01:04:59kya
01:05:00globe
01:05:00ka
01:05:01radius
01:05:01hai
01:05:01is
01:05:01kylometer
01:05:02me
01:05:02convert
01:05:03kya
01:05:03so
01:05:321 inch
01:05:34So, my value has been.
01:05:35So, basically, I have to convert globe radius into the square.
01:05:42Then I have to say that.
01:05:44Now, I have to say that.
01:05:45Earth is also a radius.
01:05:48Kilometer.
01:05:48And globe is also a radius.
01:05:51Kilometer.
01:05:52Now, principle scale is what was called.
01:05:53Earth is divided by globe radius.
01:05:56So, I have to say that.
01:05:57Earth is divided by globe radius.
01:05:59Now, what is the radius?
01:06:00Earth is what was called.
01:06:03Earth radius is what was called.
01:06:046, 3, 7, 8.
01:06:06So, globe radius kilometer in the square.
01:06:10This is the value.
01:06:11Kilometer in the square.
01:06:13So, I have to divide this.
01:06:15So, I have to divide this.
01:06:166, 3, 6, 3, 7, 8.
01:06:21Divide by.
01:06:22So, I have to divide this.
01:06:26So, I have to divide this.
01:06:29So, I have to divide this.
01:06:30So, this is the value.
01:06:32This value here.
01:06:33Which basically.
01:06:34Which is the blue cell.準備
01:06:36divided by red.del.
01:06:37Earth radius
01:06:38divided by globe radius. Minion
01:06:40would say not. What is
01:06:42the value here. What the
01:06:42seven, four, three. Seven,
01:06:44double, six. यहां.
01:06:45show you una SS fortla.
01:06:48Four, three, seven, double
01:06:49six. State 4. And 76. DAY
01:06:5417, 4,
01:06:5637. And
01:06:5766. 28. So, with the
01:06:58same value.
01:06:59That also.
01:07:00summary.
01:07:00Now we have a little exercise that we have to calculate the principle scale for the globe radius of 10
01:07:10inches.
01:07:11I have to calculate 12 inches here.
01:07:15So we have to follow the same technique.
01:07:18So we have to follow me.
01:07:19And I have to tell you that the principle scale is 1 ratio, 1, 7, 4, 3, 7, 6, 6.
01:07:28Okay.
01:07:29Now we have to calculate the globe radius of 12 inches.
01:07:35Do you understand the question?
01:07:43Yes sir.
01:07:44Yes sir.
01:07:44Yes sir.
01:07:45Yes sir.
01:07:47Then tell me what you have to tell me.
01:07:49What value is that?
01:07:52If we have 10 inches in the globe radius of 10 inches,
01:07:57what value is that?
01:07:58What value is that?
01:07:58What value is that?
01:08:00Yes sir.
01:08:38Sir 2094581.
01:08:432 0 9 4 5 8 9 4 5 5 8 1 1 1 ratio 2 0 9 4 5
01:08:598 1
01:09:00यह बता रहे है आप ठेक है यह पिचे कर लेते हैं जी सर मेरी पीस क्या स्पास ही आ
01:09:06रही है
01:09:072 0 9 25 इसना करके आ रही है सर मेरी जी सर मेरी भी हाँ तो तकरीब अट करीबन
01:09:15चुए मैंने साथ dacimal places के साथ value ली थी यानि के
01:09:19point के बाद 7 decimal places तक value लीनी है तो इस वजह से
01:09:23यहाँ पे थोड़ा सा मेरे पास यह figure बन रहा है और
01:09:28आपके पास स्याइद यह बन रहा है लेकिन फिर भी अगर
01:09:30कोशिश की ज़िए साथ decimal places तक अगर लेकर चलें तो
01:09:34आपके पास यहाँ पे तो इसका तरीका क्या है कि
01:09:37Excel की sheet बना लें simple आप यहाँ पे value plugin करते जाएं
01:09:40और आपको वो total change होता जाएगा तो एक यह जनरल से
01:09:43exercise थी simply आपने क्या किया था आपने simply 10
01:09:46inch को पहले convert कर लिया होगा kilometer में फिर आपने
01:09:50इस same value को divide किया था जो earth का radius था और उससे
01:09:54आपके पास principle scale मिल गया तो principle scale
01:09:57बताता क्या है कि आपने अर्थ के globe का size कितना रखना है ठीक है और
01:10:01उसकी ratio क्या होगे अब चलते है scale factor की तरफ तो scale
01:10:06factor और भी आसान है यह क्या कहता है कि आपने local scale और principle
01:10:11scale के बीच क्या ratio रखनी है ठीक है अगर हम लोग basically
01:10:15standard line के करीब होना तो हमारी क्या होती है accuracy
01:10:18आजाती है लेकिन standard line से दूर या करीब आने से सेंटर
01:10:23line के exactly उपर आने पर हमारे पास accuracy होती है और ट्रावल
01:10:27over the standard line हमारे पास location की accuracy मिलेगे लेकिन
01:10:31अगर हम लोग standard line से दूर हो जाएं या करीब आ जाएं तो आपकी
01:10:36accuracy में compromise आना शुरू हो जाता है तो scale factor आपको बताया यह क्या है
01:10:41it is the ratio between the local scale and principal scale और principal scale क्या होता था
01:10:47earth radius divided by globe radius सही है तो scale factor one होता है standard
01:10:53line के उपर लेकिन standard line से करीब या दूर जाते हुए scale factor कम या
01:10:58ज्यादा हो जाता है और हम कहते हैं कि अभी scale factor आपका scale factor
01:11:04one से कम होने से या one से बढ़ जाने से आपकी location की accuracy
01:11:10compromise हो जाती है फिर हम चलते हैं false listing और northern की तरफ इसको भी
01:11:16इस figure से ज़रा देखना आसान है basically जब हमने Cartesian coordinate system
01:11:20पढ़ा था तो उस वक्त कितने quadrant थे हमारे पास चार सही है चार coordinate system
01:11:26लेकिन अगर हम यह चाहते हैं कि हमारे पास सारे के सारे values x और y की positive आशिक हो
01:11:32जाए तो origin से हम लोग
01:11:34basically जो original coordinate system का origin था उससे अपनी तरफ से खुद ही x और y value मजीद बढ़ा
01:11:40देते हैं
01:11:52मैं मजीद x और y में बढ़ा के अपना origin यहां पे रख लूँ तो मेरे पास तो सारी value
01:11:57पे positive यह आना शुरू हो जाएंगे
01:11:59तो हमने जब utm या universal transfer marketer system देखना होता है
01:12:03तो हम original coordinate system को basically उसके अंदर कुछ x और y value बढ़ा देते हैं
01:12:10x में easting आता है y में northern आता है
01:12:13चुकि हम लोग अपनी तरफ से बढ़ा रहे होते हैं ताकि हमारे पर सारे coordinates positive आ जाएं तो हम
01:12:18लोग इसको बोलते हैं कि यह false इस्टिंग या false northern है
01:12:22ठीक है अब चलते है projection की different commonly types की तरफ और वो कौन कौन सी हैं
01:12:27यहां पर यह शोई ही है ठीक है एक transverse marketer system है
01:12:32लेंबर्ट कन्फॉर्मल, अलबर्ट एरिया, इक्विडिस्टेंट, यूनिवर्सल ट्रांस्वर्मर्केट, यह different projection system बेस करता है कि आपने किस तरह का analysis
01:12:41करना है
01:12:42जो worldwide use होता है वो UTM coordinate system होता है और हमने GPS जब use किया था तो हमने
01:12:48UTM 43 देखा भी था
01:12:50तो basically क्या है कि अर्थ 360 डिगरी की है तो हम लोग उसके 6 डिगरी के interval से 60
01:12:59zone define कर देते हैं जिनको 1 से 60 तक की numbering दे देते हैं
01:13:03तो यह चे 6 डिगरी की strips बनेंगी ठीक है वो इतनी चोटी हो जाती है कि उसमें अगर कोई
01:13:09inaccuracy आ भी रही है तो वो भी negligible हो जाती है
01:13:12तो universal transverse marketer system में basically cylinder use हो रहा होता है, second को follow कर रहे होते हैं
01:13:19और horizontal reference system की base पर यह चीज़ें डिफाइन होती है
01:13:23और यह worldwide accepted है कि अगर किसी country का अपना projection system नहीं use हुआ वा जैसे पाकिस्तान के
01:13:29लिए
01:13:29तो हम लोग फिर इसी UTM zone को ही follow कर लेते हैं अगर इसको मजीद zoom करके देखिए तो
01:13:35यह हमारे पास different zones हैं इसी की एक presentation में आपको यहाँ पर दिखा देता हूँ
01:13:40तो मेरे पास यहाँ पर देखिए administrative boundaries हैं ठीक है जैसे मैंने यह red में बलके मैं यहाँ पर
01:13:48दिखा देता हूँ
01:13:59कर रहा हूं सही है तो यह मैंने क्या किया कि मेरे पास basically मैं अगर इन की follow कर
01:14:05देता हूँ अब मेरे पास देखिए यह मेरे पास कितने zones आ गये हैं मेरे पास UTM के 4 zones
01:14:13आ गये हैं ठीक है कितने zone जा गये है चार zone जा गये है
01:14:161 41 is
01:14:18If I want to add this label
01:14:20What do I want to do
01:14:22Here I want to add this label
01:14:24I want to add this label
01:14:25And I want to add this label
01:14:27So I want to tell you
01:14:28Pakistan to cover for
01:14:30How many zones define
01:14:32How many zones are
01:14:344 zones
01:14:3741, 42, 43
01:14:39And 44
01:14:40Let's say I want to do this area
01:14:42I want to do this area
01:14:43And I want to do this area
01:14:46Like this area
01:14:49This area
01:14:50This area is where I want to show
01:14:52This area is where I want to do it
01:14:54Where do I want to do it
01:14:5541, 42, 43
01:14:57This is the dash portion
01:14:5943
01:15:00If I want to do it
01:15:03This area is right click
01:15:05Properties
01:15:06Right click
01:15:07Properties
01:15:08Source
01:15:09Here is a geographic coordinate system
01:15:12GCS
01:15:16And I want to do this area
01:15:26And I want to do this area
01:15:29And I want to do this area
01:15:43And I want to do this area
01:15:49And I want to do this area
01:15:53And I want to do this area
01:16:13I want to do this area
01:16:19And I want to do this area
01:16:34Which is the vertical area
01:16:43is let's say I have to write down UTM 43 or 7 selected districts selected districts
01:16:53or it's going to save it out put this coordinate system
01:16:56I want to see here I have to define this option to look at my area where
01:17:03it is for 43rd zone I have 43rd zone define and ok
01:17:08I have to do this process complete after this I have to add to it
01:17:15I have to do this project system which I have to add to it
01:17:21it is projected coordinate system which is what I have to do
01:17:27transverse marketer
01:17:28WGS 19
01:17:31UTM 43rd zone
01:17:32So I have to say
01:17:34My analysis
01:17:35I have to do that
01:17:35I have to do that
01:17:37I have to do that
01:17:38I have to do that
01:17:38Area total
01:17:38So I have to do that
01:17:39So I have to right click
01:17:41Properties
01:17:42Area calculate
01:17:43I have to do that
01:17:44Column I have to add
01:17:45Right click
01:17:46Calculate geometry
01:17:48Yes
01:17:49Now look at
01:17:50Area disable
01:17:51Why do I have to do that
01:17:52Why do I have to do that
01:17:53Because it was geographic coordinate system
01:17:54I have to do that
01:17:55Project system
01:17:55Calculate
01:17:56To do that
01:17:57Area
01:17:57Area
01:17:57Now go to the unit
01:17:59Calculate
01:18:00Let's say
01:18:01Analyse
01:18:03Square
01:18:04Km
01:18:04Square
01:18:07Km
01:18:08Okay
01:18:08Yes
01:18:09Direct
01:18:11Area
01:18:12Calculate
01:18:12Now go to the next
01:18:15And let's say
01:18:16My job is like
01:18:19Area
01:18:20Wives
01:18:20Colors
01:18:21That
01:18:21The big area
01:18:23Area
01:18:23Area
01:18:24Area
01:18:24Different
01:18:26Color
01:18:26Is
01:18:27Different
01:18:29Color
01:18:30So I have to do that
01:18:31In terms of square km
01:18:33And here
01:18:35Area
01:18:36Area
01:18:38Display
01:18:39To
01:18:39Display
01:18:40To
01:18:40Click
01:18:43Label
01:18:44Name
01:18:44Area
01:18:46Square
01:18:46To
01:18:47Do
01:18:47To
01:18:49To
01:18:49To
01:18:49To
01:18:49Where
01:18:58To
01:19:17To
01:19:17To
01:19:17To
01:19:18To
01:19:18Now look at this coordinate system, so layer, right click, property, now this coordinate system is basically equal distance cylindrical
01:19:28coordinate system.
01:19:29Let's say, Equal Area Conic, Apply and OK, now look at this shape, because it has preserved area.
01:19:41If you look at this coordinate system, if you look at this coordinate system, then look at this phase.
01:19:48Let's say, 43 North, U-T-M coordinate system, Apply, OK.
01:19:54If you look at this coordinate system, then look at this.
01:19:57So, these are different projections.
01:19:59Earth, because it is 3D coordinate system, you have all maps to do,
01:20:04so you have to locate the features in different places.
01:20:08So, what do you want to present?
01:20:11So, this is a projection system.
01:20:14If you look at this question or something, then practically, I have to try to understand it.
01:20:20And then, if you look at this question, you have to ask me,
01:20:27and I think this is the most difficult topic.
01:20:29And the things that we have to do, it is easy to find this.
01:20:32If this is difficult, it is natural, it is not a problem.
01:20:39If you look at this question, we will clear it.
01:20:41Let's get started.