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00:00This is a story about the people who came sailing across the ocean.
00:19It's a story about a long and perilous journey of upheaval,
00:24which came to change populations and influence politics, trade, culture, religion, and entire societies.
00:35It's a story about the Vikings and how they transformed the world.
00:42For most people, the Vikings are seen only as plunders and pirates.
00:49But is that the whole truth?
00:51The process of conversion of Scandinavia to Christianism is a long story.
00:58They were very wise workers, mainly because they could fly.
01:03They're going abroad to take what they seek.
01:07In this series, we dig deeper and gain more insight into who the Vikings really were.
01:15And the truth turns out to be surprising.
01:21The Vikings
01:23The Vikings
01:28The Vikings
01:46The story of the people who came sailing across the sea is not over yet.
02:13The Vikings, who in the late 8th century sailed their longships from Scandinavia down to Francia, will once again cross the waters.
02:27This time, in the year 1066, it's a power struggle for the throne of England.
02:34The battle for the throne is a brutal and bloody story involving many participants from several different countries.
02:42In Normandy, it's Duke William who decides to conquer the throne.
02:47This will be a historic and revolutionary event. It will also be known as the Vikings' last battle.
02:55But why was it the Normans who finally managed to conquer England once and for all?
03:07To answer this, we must find out why William, a Norman, was relevant as a possible successor to the King of England, Edward the Confessor.
03:16The King of England
03:29The King of England
03:30After ruling England for 24 years, Edward the Confessor dies on January 5th in the year 1066.
04:00Edward's death will start a new power struggle for the English throne.
04:16In Normandy, Duke William is making plans to become king, but it will not be easy.
04:28Well, there had been previously existing relationships between the royal families of Normandy and of England,
04:36and through this, William had a familial connection to Edward the Confessor.
04:44Edouard and Guillaume had two common Normandy origins,
04:56since Edouard was the son of Emma from Normandy, who was the sister of Richard, the father of Guillaume.
05:07William was a rakt nedstigande ledsläkt med Rollo of Normandiet,
05:21and was beautiful of Normandy.
05:25So, when Edward the Confessor died, William was expected to be a new king,
05:31and that he would be king over England, which he fought quite harshly.
05:37But I think perhaps the more strong aspect of his claim was that there was an indication
05:51that Edward actually promised William the throne at some point in the 1050s.
05:57The problem with all of this is that the throne was also claimed by Harold Godwinson,
06:09the son of Earl Godwin of Wessex, who was purportedly also given stewardship or control
06:19over the throne of England by Edward near to the time of his death.
06:24And in fact, l'un comme l'autre,
06:27ils étaient des membres de la famille éloignée d'Edouard,
06:32qui n'avaient pas d'enfants.
06:34Donc l'un comme l'autre, ils avaient des prétentions au trône
06:39qui n'étaient pas entièrement illégitimes.
06:42So what we have here are two competing claims, but also made more difficult by the suggestion,
07:00again, that Harold had actually sworn an oath of fealty to William when he had been made a hostage in France.
07:10So I guess in William's mind, all of these things together may actually, you know,
07:16give him a fairly good claim to the throne of England, especially over someone like Harold Godwinson.
07:24Nu blev det inte så, utan när Edward dog så utnämnde han Harold istället.
07:31CHAMENT
07:35I love you, I love you.
08:05in Normandy a couple of times. They had a relationship, but it went quickly
08:10now, when Harold created a new king over England.
08:25To the death of Edward, it was Harold who was chosen,
08:28also by the Anglo-Saxon elite, excluding Guillaume.
08:35With the accession to Harold's throne,
08:46there was a period of political instability,
08:50where different actors try to use this bridge
08:56in the succession to take control of England.
09:05There were also other crowns, such as Harold Hardrode, in Norway,
09:10who had also been promised by the throne, not by Edward the Confessor,
09:14but by the previous king.
09:16There were also several crowns.
09:19So when Harold was crowned, he understood that now
09:23there will be others to try to take over the throne,
09:27and he started to prepare for an invasion of England.
09:31The details of the conflicts that follow have actually been preserved.
09:43La tapisserie de Bailleux, c'est un ouvrage textile brodé,
09:48qui mesure plus de 60 mètres de long,
09:51qui a été réalisé sans doute à partir de 1066,
09:55jusqu'à dans les années 1080.
09:57.
09:59The bone that is brodered is over 70 meters long, about 70 centimeters wide.
10:07And in the middle is the picture of the picture, which is a picture of a picture.
10:29Here and there are also texts that describe what you see written in Latin.
10:41For example, here is Harold.
10:47What we see in this is, for example, the supposed swearing of an oath by Harold Godwinson to William on royal relics,
10:57which gives William, of course, his legitimate claim to the throne of England.
11:03We see the death of Edward the Confessor, and very soon afterwards, Harold's coronation as King of England.
11:12And in response to this, William's preparation for invasion.
11:17We see him constructing his ships, bringing all of his forces together,
11:22a very large invasion force of cavalry, archers, and infantry.
11:26We see them crossing the sea to England, and then meeting Harold's force at Hastings.
11:37And in its depiction of the battle, the tapestry does prioritize certain features of the action over others,
11:44especially it gives preference to William's use of cavalry,
11:48and the pivotal role that this is supposed to have played in the battle.
11:51It does seem that William is introducing some cavalry tactics that are not being used in England at this time,
11:59which may have given him an edge during the battle itself.
12:02But I think the actual course of events on that day at Hastings,
12:09they must be much more complex than what we see there on the tapestry itself.
12:15There are so many details on this, so you can see clothes, frisyrers,
12:28how many of them go near each other, how many of them go near each other, how the boats look at.
12:34It's an incredible detail and a very important tool for archaeological research
12:40to understand the history of Hastings and this time.
12:44The
13:04It's very fun to look at, because there are tiny figures and monsters, and there is always
13:23something new to discover when you look at the Bajot-tapet.
13:27Although there is a new king in England, Harald Goodwinson, it's a time of worry and uncertainty.
13:44This is the calm before the storm.
13:57When Edward had died and Harald had been killed, there were also many signs.
14:24In England, they were worried about what would happen right now.
14:39So in the months following Harald's coronation, events start to spiral quite rapidly.
14:44Of course, we already know that in Normandy, William is intending to pursue his claim to the throne,
14:51and he begins to construct his fleet and gather his invasion force.
14:58Harald Goodwinson knows about this, and he has encamped his army in southern England, waiting for the invasion to take place.
15:07But if we head north, we find that William isn't the only person seeking help.
15:12to claim the throne of England in 1066.
15:19But if we head north, we find that William isn't the only person seeking to claim the
15:37throne of England in 1066.
15:40In Norway, we come across a man, a king, named Harold Sigurdsson, also commonly known
15:45as Harold Hardrada, who himself has a fairly tenuous claim to the English throne, and he
15:51intends to assert that right.
15:55So just as William is constructing his own fleet and invasion force, Harold Sigurdsson
16:00is doing the same.
16:01And he's actually assisted and in alliance with Harold Godwinson's brother, an earl by
16:07the name of Tostig, who had previously been exiled from England.
16:12So while Harold Godwinson and his army are sitting in the south, in late September, Harold
16:18Sigurdsson and Tostig's invasion force lands in Yorkshire.
16:35They head towards York, which is the major city in that region, to receive its submission.
16:42And this would give them a firm foothold for their later movements into the English countryside.
16:50But on their way there, on the 20th of September, a few miles outside of the city, at a place
16:54called Fulford, they run into two Anglo-Saxon earls and their forces who have mobilized to
17:02come and attempt to stop the invasion.
17:10The battle results in a Norwegian victory, and Harold Hardrada goes on to receive a submission
17:17of York, and he prepares his fortress forces to march south.
17:22During this time, Harold Godwinson has actually got word of the Norwegian force and their presence
17:30in Yorkshire, and what he does is he basically gathers all of his troops and force marches
17:36them to the north.
17:37And a few days later, on the 25th of September, they come into contact with the Norwegians
17:43at a place called Stamford Bridge.
17:50Stamford Bridge where he then connects the roster forces to join
17:54and live and react to the chestes of the heroes of AuradUN.
17:59So, after this start, he defeated the soldiers of the army.
18:01And his army of the army is making sure he is dead!
18:03The army of the army is getting rid of the sea, and he walks back home, and shouts
18:06around him!
18:07And the army of the army is fighting at a point where he's fighting with the army.
18:08The army of the army is faced by his army on Earth, and his army is fighting and yet
18:13the army of the army is fighting against Aralds and a man in our army.
18:14So, I'm still fighting him a second.
18:16So, when the army is fighting for the army of the army, so he is fighting to the army of the army, so they fight.
18:17which he confronts on the battlefield at Stamford Bridge.
18:21And that's where Ahold comes from.
18:26It says that the bridge was held by a very strong and strong German fighter.
18:33They held the bridge and fought 40 men
18:36before a Englishman was left off
18:39and came in a boat or something, it's not really clear.
18:43And they took him down from there.
18:46He died, and they could take the bridge and win this battle.
18:52The battle of Stamford Bridge was decisive for a number of reasons.
18:56First, it resulted in a Norwegian defeat.
18:58Harold Hardrada was slain
19:01in what is often described in the anglo-centric perspective
19:06on the Viking Age as the last Viking invasion of England.
19:11So this initially seems positive
19:14because Harold Godwinson, his army, have seen off one invasion force.
19:20But unfortunately, it's while he is in the north
19:22that Harold learns that William has brought his forces across the channel
19:26and landed in the south.
19:27So having just fought a major engagement,
19:29Harold has no choice but to turn his army around again and head south.
19:33And over the course of several weeks,
19:35he makes his way towards the southern coast.
19:38In order to conquer England,
19:48William has to make a huge amount of preparation.
19:51Everything must be perfectly planned and executed.
19:53There is no room for error.
19:57It goes without saying that Harold Godwinson's army would have been under strength
20:01and tired after Stamford Bridge,
20:03but he still had to head south to meet William's force on the southern coast.
20:07But I think that if Harold Hadrader and his, uh, Norwegian force had not landed, uh,
20:21in Yorkshire and forced that engagement with the English that, that, well, the outcome at Hastings might well have been very different.
20:27As it was, we know that Hastings was a, a long and drawn out battle, um, it certainly wasn't over quickly.
20:33Um, and if Harold and his forces had been fresher, if Harold had had had more troops, um, maybe the, the course of history would have been changed there.
20:53Um, maybe the, the course of history would have been changed there.
20:57At that time they hadn't changed their north 따라 prices to have been直ed in thiship.
21:04We have been very stable.
21:06A ways to conduct this relationship with have been changed,
21:07as long as floating so far, they take advantage.
21:08Hungry their heads would have been wrong with them.
21:09And Penguin wrapping was more of the like,
21:10Hungry their heads may not كل years before and many years spoke.
21:13Hungry their heads were barely speechless.
21:15Hungry ship shows over Quebec accused her.
21:17I read that.
21:20I had hardly unmuted.
21:23A invasion like Guillaume is not an invasion that will prepare for a few weeks.
21:41Even if Guillaume could not be sure to have access to the throne immediately after Edward's death,
21:49or what was the reaction of Harold, it had to be plans that he had prepared for quite a long time.
21:57And we can see that in his use of ships to drive this invasion,
22:03the construction of a ship like this, is not something that is done in a few weeks.
22:09So even if he was not sure of his accession to the throne,
22:14he had to know that in any case, the maintenance of his royal authority in Angleterre
22:21would need to have a maritime military presence.
22:27So, in the midst of the Stamford Bridge events,
22:34he had to be pretty close to the invasion.
22:39He had to be pretty close to the invasion.
22:42He was also able to take advantage of the invasion of Stamford Bridge.
22:46So, in the midst of the events of Stamford Bridge,
22:51he had to be pretty close to the invasion.
22:56He also may have sought papal consent in order to launch his campaign,
23:00which would have again strengthened the legitimacy of his actions.
23:04And in trying to understand exactly how William brought his invasion force together,
23:11the bio-tapestry is actually quite informative.
23:13It shows stacks of armor and weapons being loaded onto his ships,
23:18and also their use to transport infantry, archers, and cavalry.
23:23This is clearly a very large and powerful invasion force.
23:34William's troops must now be loaded onto the many ships
23:38that will carry them across the sea, towards the coast of England.
23:42The boats were very low. They were very near the sea and near the sea.
23:58So, for that to get to get to get rid of the ships,
24:02the ships, looters, and ships on board,
24:04they needed to have a plank to go on.
24:07They needed to lift the ships. They needed to go on.
24:12They needed to go on themselves.
24:15And it was probably in the boat where they could stand,
24:18be able to drink water and drink water in a quiet room.
24:25Williams cavalry will be of vital importance at the Battle of Hastings
24:31because William has decided to employ a novel tactic.
24:34Norman battle tactics are seen to prioritize the use of heavy cavalry formations.
24:49In this, their tactics markedly differ from those of Harold Godwinson's force.
24:55In England at the time, armies arrived on the battlefield as mounted infantry.
24:59They rode to battle, but generally dismounted to fight on foot.
25:04And this isn't what we see the Normans doing at Hastings.
25:07It's possible that they're here using some tactics that they've refined
25:12and learned from the Carolingians.
25:14And it's clear that the cavalry play a pivotal role in the battle.
25:19It's been suggested that one of the tactics used by the Norman cavalry
25:23was the feigned retreat in which horsemen would approach the enemy,
25:27pretend to wheel in panic and run away.
25:31And with the hope of basically drawing out the enemy formations to chase them.
25:37And this is what we see on the bio tapestry.
25:46Elements of the English force.
25:47Elements of the Norman force and being cut down when they do so.
25:57And this seems to be how the English are worn down throughout the day.
26:01And if this is the case, if the priority that the tapestry gives to the cavalry
26:16actually reflects the historical reality of the battle,
26:21then what we see here is cavalry being used in quite an innovative and sophisticated way.
26:25Um, and simply in ways that the English had not used them before.
26:37I think as in all these discussions, there's no single factor to explain
26:52why the Normans won, uh, at the Battle of Hastings.
26:56As always, there's many different, uh, issues that we need to consider.
27:00If we're to believe the accounts of the battle, then the use of cavalry and cavalry tactics
27:05certainly seems to have played a role.
27:07The English, uh, did not fight on horseback.
27:10They were not necessarily used to encountering cavalry in the field.
27:14And so the Normans' novel and innovative use of cavalry
27:19may have certainly contributed, uh, to their victory,
27:22especially if there was indiscipline among the English ranks,
27:25which led to them pursuing, um, any feigned retreat, uh, by the cavalry itself.
27:46But I don't think it's really fair to say that, um, these cavalry tactics automatically gave,
27:51uh, the Norman force an edge, um, over the English one.
27:55Simply as we see in the fact that the battle
27:58wore on for a very long time, it was not a quick affair.
28:02Um, it was towards the end of the day that the English force, uh, was finally routed.
28:07But I think certainly that, um, the use of cavalry had a role to play there,
28:12especially if there was, um, indiscipline among the English ranks.
28:16And they did indeed, um, um, fall for the tactic of a feigned retreat.
28:22Uh, that would have probably played quite, uh, an important role, um, um, in their defeat.
28:27On plan mark, so can a cavalry be very effective when you, in principle,
28:33run down the opponent's side, uh, which is very difficult to set up when there are big horses.
28:39Uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh
29:09It was probably what William had planned.
29:29It wasn't like that when it came to the game itself.
29:39It wasn't like that when it came to the game itself.
29:49It was like the game itself.
29:54It was like the game itself.
29:59It was like the game itself.
30:04I think to really understand the events of Hastings, we do have to look back at the events immediately preceding it.
30:32We need to remember that just a couple of weeks before Hastings, Harold Godwinson had fought off another invasion force, this time in the north of England at Stamford Bridge.
30:42So to have force marched his army north, to fight a very drawn out and vicious battle, to then force march his army south again would have had a huge impact on the ability of the English to bring a healthy and rested army into the field.
31:01Harold's forces would have been depleted, they would have been tired, and I think he certainly would have lacked reinforcements that he would have otherwise have desperately needed.
31:10Round 1.
31:22Round 2.
31:23Round 2.
31:27It says that before the war, the Englishmen were up and drank and sang visor and held moral up the night.
31:57while the Normandians were from, and they could think that the one who has gone through a slag and has been out and marshered for a long time
32:08and doesn't sleep on the whole night and drinking öl, maybe not in the best way when they started to slås.
32:16While the Normans were quite exhausted,
32:20and the exhaustion is almost a devastating factor in itself.
32:27The opponents don't can't fight anymore, they become beaten.
32:31So a combination of many bad circumstances for England and good circumstances for the Normans
32:38led to that they actually won the battle and thus England.
32:42But all these things considered, I think it's important still to remember that the Battle of Hastings was not a quick affair.
32:49It was actually quite a protracted engagement that lasted throughout most of the day.
32:55And so in all of these things, I think that luck certainly played a role.
33:00If any one of these factors had combined in a different way,
33:04then the course of events may have turned out very differently.
33:07It's also possible that there was some kind of ideological factor in the Norman victory at Hastings.
33:16No matter whether we believe the histories given to us by the biotapestry and later commentators or not,
33:24it seems that William clearly believed that he had a right to pursue his claim to the throne of England.
33:30And I think that this really psychologically would give him the edge in motivating himself and his forces to carry the victory on that day.
33:42When the battle is finally over, William stands victorious.
34:00From now on he will be known as William the Conqueror.
34:05There were many thousand who died in this battle.
34:11It's said that Harold's love was looking after his body on the battle.
34:18And he could identify him due to a birth certificate, because his body was so hurt.
34:24Even if the real name would be known until he did there, he could communicate with him.
34:31Theinder of 양tovoo.
34:33He never doesn't care enough at all, that he would Nelson came.
34:36And he or her babies knew that his wife had occurred.
34:39And he would have life for them, he could say the two years.
34:42They would have thought about it, he would have been linked to Salem blackburns,
34:45and grizzled into the battle for herкр import.
34:47Theinder of Ann Arre stacking of the battle in the battle led to an earlyhänguns.
34:49He apparently could have found him on the rock that made relieving him while he expected his face.
34:54It's a clear witness to how it looks after these types of deaths.
35:03There have been bodies to the right and left.
35:07They have been killed.
35:09They have been killed.
35:11They have been killed.
35:13There are blood everywhere.
35:15Some have died and died, but they have been killed.
35:19And others have been killed.
35:23It's terrifying that you see.
35:26They have been killed.
35:29They have been killed.
35:31They have been killed.
35:33They have been killed.
35:34They have been killed.
35:36They have been killed.
35:51But you still don't have exactly located where the slag was.
35:56When you have a slag-field place, you can often find a place on the place.
36:04For example, here you should find a lot of piles,
36:08some parts of the rust that have gone down,
36:11even if you were able to collect the dead dead and bury them.
36:18But there should still be a lot of piles left.
36:23If you search there, you should be able to localize it,
36:26but you don't know exactly where it was, just about where it was.
36:37Sometime after the Battle of Hastings, the Bayeux tapestry is made,
36:44which depicts the events surrounding the Great Battle.
36:48The Bayeux tapestry is made in the land such as the thing.
36:51The Bayeux tapestry is made in the land of the Bayeux tapestry.
36:54It is also called Segrin's story.
36:55The Bayeux tapestry is made in the land such as the Bayeux tapestry.
36:59After the Battle of Hastings, the Bayeux tapestry has been on the land of the Bayeux tapestry.
37:05Apparently, the the Bayeux tapestry was proven from the praises.
37:11Bayeux-tapeten is brodered a few years after the slag of Hastings.
37:16It's probably William's family or family, at least on the segrant side,
37:21that stands behind the form and the contents of the living room.
37:29It's also important to keep in mind that it's a novel
37:33that represents historical events from the point of view of Normand.
37:38He seeks to put in value the role of Guillaume
37:43and he seeks to legitimize the conquest of Angleterre by Guillaume.
38:08We still have a lot of questions about the origins of Bayeux's tapestry,
38:17who made it, in which context,
38:20and in which way it was used at the beginning.
38:27Of course, it's someone or a group of people who were very well informed
38:31about the events that led to the conquest of Angleterre,
38:35because it's very detailed.
38:37It's also someone or people who have very precise knowledge
38:42about naval construction techniques
38:45and also about military techniques,
38:47about the battlefield,
38:49about the cavalry, the archers, etc.
38:52The terminal part of the tapestry is missing.
39:08The tapestry has been rolled for a long time,
39:12so it's possible that the final part of the tapestry
39:15is used or been removed.
39:17So we don't know what the last scene was represented on the tapestry.
39:24It's possible that it's the accession to the throne of Guillaume
39:28and his crown.
39:30William is crowned at Westminster Abbey in London
39:43on Christmas Day in the year 1066.
39:47He is now the ruler of England and Normandy.
40:00William took with several Normans from Normandy
40:12and offered them high titles in the new country of England
40:17to be able to keep the power of the power.
40:19He used quite a lot of violence to be able to keep the power of the power.
40:24Many Englishmen were very disappointed
40:28so that the Normans became king in England instead of an Englishman.
40:43One of the first steps of the Normans' conquest in England
40:47was to reorganize the territories and change the elites.
40:53In this way, he distributed the territories
40:57among the Normans' elites who accompanied him in England.
41:01So it allows him to distribute his control
41:05on the territories in a fairly effective way.
41:08One of the first things he did was pass all land out to his barons.
41:24In that sense, he brought the Norman aristocracy over to England
41:27and installed them essentially within the system of government.
41:30One of the first things he did was pass all land out to his barons.
41:34In that sense, he brought the Norman aristocracy over to England
41:38and installed them essentially within the system of government.
41:41It was translated into the possession of the lands
41:47and also simply by the death of a certain number of important people
41:54in the Anglo-Saxon elite.
41:57But despite this, he did face rebellions,
42:00quite a number of them, and these had to be put down.
42:03And this culminated in a campaign into Northern England
42:07in what is known historically as the harrying of the North.
42:10While the brutality of this campaign is debated by historians,
42:17it certainly shows that William was not afraid
42:19to crush any political opposition with overwhelming force.
42:25The
42:33It was a part of the church's meaning.
42:36Even if William had gotten a shield of power
42:39before he invaded England,
42:41there were always conflicts in the church both in the church
42:45and in the first of the different countries,
42:48and also between the members and those who invaded.
42:52He came and left to krönas, but he fought for a long time to have control over the whole of England.
43:02He managed to hold the power and the normandist was strong in a few hundred years later.
43:22To win the battle for the English crown, William used his multicultural heritage.
43:35For instance, he landed soldiers directly onto the shore from shallow draft ships.
43:42A tactic that his ancestors used for centuries.
43:47Perhaps the knowledge of how to ship horses across the seas was also something that the Vikings had brought to Normandy.
43:58Furthermore, William used his Frankish heritage, cavalry and archers to great effect.
44:05In addition, his timing was good, as he arrived not long after the Battle of Stamford Bridge.
44:11And finally, he had luck on his side.
44:16William the Conqueror ruled England and Normandy as two separate countries until his death in the year 1087.
44:26After his death, the kingdom was divided between his sons.
44:31His son Robert became Duke of Normandy, and William became the new king of England.
44:38According to the history books, the Battle of Hastings marks the end of the Viking Age.
44:44The Vikings have now become kings.
44:48From the end of the 8th century, when the first raids began, to the 11th century, the Vikings made an astonishing journey.
44:57They began by attacking and looting monasteries.
45:01Went on to become colonizers.
45:04And finally, they seized the supreme power.
45:09The Vikings came on.
45:10The Vikings ran into the 11th century.
45:16By the end of the 19th century, the Vikings became the ones who were murdered.
45:18The Vikings came on to become the 1st century, in this country.
45:23It was people from several countries that had been established under several years in Europe, England, and in northern Europe.
45:34In and with the christianity of Scandinavia, you also go to an ideal in the society that doesn't base itself on
45:43that you're going to kill and kill your friends, but rather you're going to deal with peace.
45:52I don't necessarily think it's right to talk about an end to the Viking Age.
45:58This is an arbitrary historical period that we have constructed.
46:03I think that what we see at this moment, and why we don't see any Viking attacks as we saw in the 9th and 10th century,
46:14it's a change in a more general way on the forms of power.
46:20We have now some well established kings, strong political entities,
46:26who have other interests and other sources of income.
46:30Also, when the Vikings have integrated so much into Europe as they have done with this law,
46:37they are christians, they are part of the political society,
46:41sociopolitics are the important ones,
46:44power, alliances, relations,
46:46they are part of the politics and power factors in the whole of Europe.
46:51So, in the whole, we see an evolution that follows a certain form of opportunism,
46:58where the strategies adapt to what is the most profitable in a given context.
47:04So, when we start from the 9th century,
47:08where we have quite weak political entities,
47:13or who are not able to defend themselves,
47:16we have this phenomenon of anarchic pillage,
47:21which evolve towards more organized forms of exploitation of riches.
47:28They became too big to continue to have the traditional Viking times of the society.
47:34Instead, they started building villages,
47:36more concentrated power,
47:38people became more dependent on a larger context,
47:42and then they can't stand up and fight against the left,
47:46but they have to adapt to these relationships.
47:49When we think about the events of this time that we call the Viking Age,
47:53we really need to appreciate the impact that they've had
47:56on the social and political development of Europe over the past millennium.
48:02It was the events of 793,
48:07the events of the mid-9th century,
48:10and eventually of 1066 that shaped the political landscape of Europe.
48:14And I think it's important to appreciate the continuities
48:17between the Viking Age and the modern day.
48:20It was these processes of raiding, trade, warfare and colonization
48:25that effectively shaped the social and political landscape of Europe today.
48:31And therefore, you know, without the Viking Age,
48:34I don't think we'd have the modern world as we know it today at all.
48:44The Japanese Age and the modern world is based.
48:46And that's the most important thing that we've had by the world.
48:48We've got a great way from a world,
48:49The American Age and the modern world has a long-term life,
48:51The universe has a long-term life,
48:52and you know it,
48:53and you know it.
48:54And I think that you have the people that are trying to create,
48:55and it's just really great in the world.
48:57That's the people that we've had the world and do not do it.
48:59You know it's really nice.
49:01And you've got the people that we've had the world that we could,
49:03Truly, the vikings transformed the world around them.
49:28We have only just scratched the surface when it comes to history of the people who perform
49:32these feats.
49:34There is much more to be told and investigated.
50:02There is much more to be told.
50:08There is much more to be told.
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