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00:00Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
00:30« Si je devais vivre 1000 ans, je n'aurais pas du tout le même rapport à mes amitiés, à mes amours, le même rapport au monde, le même rapport à l'écologie.
00:39Je vais mourir, quelle chance ! Je vais mourir, quelle chance ! »
00:42Ça veut dire que j'ai des responsabilités dans la passation des connaissances et de la grandeur d'âme que je dois faire aux générations suivantes.
01:00« Sous-titrage Société Radio-Canada »
01:30« Sous-titrage Société Radio-Canada »
01:59« But the older we get, the faster it seems to go.
02:05« Actually, each year is the same length, whether we are five years old or fifty.
02:11« In fact, it is age that makes all the difference.
02:14« Ladies and gentlemen, we owe the explanation for this phenomenon to a French philosopher, Paul Jeunet.
02:24« Let us begin. Our topic today concerns time. Any questions on that ? »
02:29« Paris, 1897.
02:31« Oh, that's what I thought. »
02:34Paradoxes are Jeunet's passion, and this includes time, as he proves mathematically.
02:40« The most boring topic in the world. »
02:43« When he writes, one equals one hundred percent, this actually means that everything is new to us in the first year of life.
02:51« So, ladies and gentlemen.
02:55« As you can see here, we perceive our time differently. »
03:01« Wenn wir etwas zum ersten Mal erleben, dann gräbt sich das direkt ins Gehirn ein
03:05und hinterlässt dort tatsächlich spürbare Auswirkungen oder Spuren.
03:09Und die führen dazu, dass uns ein solcher Zeitraum als lange erscheint.
03:12Und deshalb haben Menschen das Gefühl, jedes Jahr vergeht schneller, weil wir eigentlich weniger neue Dinge tun.
03:18Wir tun immer das Gleiche und haben später keine Erinnerungen mehr daran.
03:21und deshalb ist tatsächlich Zeitwahrnehmung im Blick auf das Alter aus einer ganzen Reihe von Gründen relativ.
03:27Je älter wir werden, umso schneller scheint Zeit zu vergeben.
03:30Time is relative, Albert Einstein would later say.
03:35As I noticed, you all seem very busy, though not with this equation.
03:40It passes much faster in the presence of a beautiful woman than at the dentist's or even in a lecture.
03:46Time, in other words, passes differently for each of us.
03:51Tell me, would you like to go for a walk with me?
04:16Time begins slowly, it accelerates in the active life, and with the oldness, it ralenties again.
04:24Which may sound like a paradox at first, because time can be measured more accurately today than ever before.
04:31Like here, at the Paris Observatory.
04:35The astrophysicist Pacom Delva works with cesium fountain atomic clocks,
04:41kept secure in rooms that are not accessible to everyone.
04:44Every clock needs a pacemaker.
04:49In atomic clocks, this is the transition frequency between two states of the chemical element cesium.
04:57These transitions are triggered by irradiation with microwaves.
05:01Only at a very specific frequency does the atom change its energy state.
05:05In the case of cesium, this happens at a frequency of 9,192,631,770 oscillations in a single second.
05:18In 300 million years, these clocks should only lose or gain a maximum of one second.
05:24There are not so many atomic clocks like that, in any case, there are atomic clocks.
05:29There are between 10 and 15 in the world, and they are really active.
05:34There are maybe 5, 6, which really provide a lot of information every month.
05:38So here, at the Paris Observatory, there are 3.
05:42And there are not so many clocks in the world, but there are other types of clocks that are less precise.
05:49And these clocks are used to have a continuity of the time scales.
05:55Atomic timekeeping also helps establish world time, by synchronizing all atomic clocks on Earth in an ongoing process.
06:07This is how the time is created that keeps the world running, to the same beat, everywhere.
06:17But this rhythm does not correspond to the one that drives us humans.
06:21This is demonstrated as far back as 1962, by the French speleologist Michel Cifre.
06:29He and his companions plan to spend almost a month in a glacier cave.
06:34130 meters underground, in complete isolation, without clocks or daylight.
06:42J'allais, sans le savoir, montrer que l'homme avait une horloge interne qui était plus longue que 24 heures.
06:51Dans la vie normale, on a toujours 24 heures entre deux réveils ou deux couchers, à quelques minutes près.
06:59Mais sous terre, c'est différent.
07:01Quand vous n'avez pas de...
07:02Sous terre ou dans un bunker, quand vous n'avez pas de référence horaire,
07:06c'est votre horloge humaine, c'est votre horloge interne qui prend le pass sur l'alternance du jour et de la nuit.
07:17Cifre estimates the passing time solely by recording the periods spent asleep and awake.
07:23When the team is brought out of the cave after 58 days,
07:29they think they've only been underground for 25 days.
07:35For Sifre and his team, time has passed much more slowly than clocks and calendars indicate.
07:40I'm going to be saturated now, and I'm going to calm myself for a few months.
07:44This was a groundbreaking discovery for the new science of chronobiology,
08:04then in its infancy, which deals with the temporal organization of our biological system.
08:14In a sleep laboratory in Geneva, a test subject is prepared for the night.
08:26Sleep disorders are a widespread phenomenon of our time, which is hardly surprising.
08:32The naturally alternating sequence of day and night allows our inner circadian rhythm,
08:45our internal clock, to synchronize itself anew every day.
08:50But the process can be disrupted.
08:52In our modern world, illuminated by artificial light,
08:59we often literally turn night into day, and vice versa.
09:02When we go to sleep, there's a pressure of sleep that happens.
09:11The more we have a long time, the more we want to sleep.
09:13But there's also an internal clock, what we call the circadian rhythm.
09:16And this rhythm circadian rhythm, this horloge,
09:19is synchronized by all the outside signals.
09:22The signals, it can be our social life, the hour of breakfast, but also the light.
09:28The problem with these portable phones, it's that often, we take them in our bed,
09:32we have the phone close to us, and they directly send the light.
09:35So the phone will be able to adjust this internal clock,
09:39which is normally synchronized with the light.
09:43But that's not all.
09:44When we sleep, we go through different phases
09:47that can be measured by brain activity.
09:52The REM phase is particularly important.
09:56It ensures that memory content is anchored.
10:00But signals from a cell phone can disrupt these phases,
10:04with far-reaching effects that include our perception of time.
10:08La perception du temps dépend fortement de notre mémoire.
10:11Si on veut s'imaginer dans le temps, si on veut imaginer le futur,
10:16eh bien, on se base sur nos connaissances du passé,
10:19c'est-à-dire, en fait, sur notre mémoire.
10:21Et c'est là qu'il y a un lien entre le temps et le sommeil.
10:25Le sommeil nous aide à consolider la mémoire,
10:27et cette mémoire nous aide à nous situer dans le temps,
10:30entre le futur et le passé.
10:32Just like our own lives,
10:36our planet is subjected to a process of change
10:39which is constant but seems infinitely slow.
10:42The lives of early humans are shaped by natural cycles,
10:50by the change from day to night,
10:52or from the cold season to the warm.
11:02Inextricably linked to this,
11:03sowing and harvesting are the determining factors
11:06in everyday life for the first agricultural societies.
11:14This was also the case in ancient Egypt,
11:17one of the first advanced civilizations in human history.
11:23The depictions in the tombs of the ancient Egyptians
11:26were intended to capture time, so to speak,
11:29to preserve the eternal cycle of the seasons.
11:32Unlike us today,
11:39they only know three seasons.
11:42Their year begins with flooding,
11:44followed by sowing and harvesting.
11:51From an early stage,
11:52the Egyptians start observing the sky,
11:55because the times for festivals
11:56are determined by the lunar calendar.
12:00In this depiction,
12:01each circle represents one month.
12:07But this is not the only calendar
12:09in the empire of the pharaohs.
12:13In Egypt gab es im frühen dritten Jahrtausend vor Christus
12:16den sogenannten bürgerlichen Kalender.
12:20Da hat ein Jahr 360 Tage,
12:24also wir haben zwölf Monate zu 30 Tagen,
12:27und dann noch fünf zusätzliche Tage,
12:30die ein bisschen außerhalb des Jahres laufen,
12:35um möglichst nah an die Länge
12:37des tropischen Sonnenjahres heranzukommen.
12:39Es gab keine Schalttage.
12:48Das heißt, das ägyptische Jahr hat sich laufend verschoben
12:53in Relation zur Natur.
12:56Die Ägypter haben das natürlich bemerkt,
12:59aber nicht korrigiert.
13:00Es gibt keine Schalttage auf ihren Systeme
13:04von Datingen,
13:04denn das ist based
13:06auf die Jahre der Pharaohs' reign.
13:08In dieser liste der Pharaohs,
13:10die Kartouche betreffen eine andere eine.
13:14His reign beginnt mit Jahr 1
13:15und enden mit dem Jahr,
13:17wenn er dies.
13:18After das,
13:20der Count beginnt wieder.
13:21The ceilings of some temples
13:27demonstrate the advanced astronomical knowledge
13:30possessed by the ancient Egyptians.
13:32However,
13:33their calendar only counts full days.
13:36That's why the Egyptians
13:37introduced leap years
13:38in the 3rd century BC.
13:46This is because of full solar year,
13:48the time it takes for the Earth
13:50to completely orbit the Sun once
13:52is a little longer than 365 days.
13:57To be more precise,
13:58it is 5 hours,
14:0048 minutes
14:01and 46 seconds longer,
14:03about a quarter of a day.
14:10In ancient China,
14:11the cosmic order is regarded
14:13as a divine mystery.
14:15But here, too,
14:16people attempt to gain knowledge
14:18about the cyclical changes
14:19of nature.
14:21A particularly impressive example
14:23of early celestial observation
14:25could be found
14:26in the Chinese province
14:27of Shanxi.
14:35In around 2100 BC,
14:39priests used this huge device.
14:41to be found
14:42in the Chinese Empire.
14:42They measured time
14:45through a carefully arranged array
14:47of column structures,
14:48using the gaps between the columns
14:50to observe the sunrise.
14:57Archaeologists believed
14:58that the site,
14:58called Taosif,
15:00could be part of the oldest capital
15:01of the Chinese Empire.
15:05Initially,
15:06the purpose of these structures
15:07remained a puzzle,
15:08till the archaeologists
15:10discovered
15:10that the extended lines
15:11formed by the fan-shaped arrangement
15:13converge at a specific point.
15:15depending on the season
15:35and month,
15:36the sun would appear
15:37between the different stelae
15:384,100 years ago.
15:41At the outermost edges,
15:43the days of the winter
15:44and summer solstice
15:45were observed.
15:45In the intervening months,
15:48the sunrise moves regularly
15:50between the gaps in between.
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22:55δηλαδή υπάρχει ένα σύστημα,
22:58ένας σύστημα,
22:58ένας σύστημα για όλοι πόλοι και τις κοκριτές.
23:02Η δεύτερη λόγια,
23:04διευθυνόμενα,
23:05είναι διόδι εμπιστικό,
23:07διόγια,
23:08γιατί μισορήθεια το τεμπο,
23:10ουσία να διευθυνόν να πληθυνάει
23:14τις ώρες για τους δουλειές, για τους δουλειές.
23:25με το λόγω, το πρόβλημα είναι πολύ καλύτερο,
23:30το μέρος δεν θα γίνει μέρος από το 355, 377 και 378.
23:36Στον ημείο αρχιστεύεις.
23:38Μερθάτε το σημείο μόνο για να μην κάνει κανένα.
23:45Κάθε η σημεία η σημεία η σημεία είναι πολύ σημαντικά σημεία
23:49για, όπως όλοι αρχικά,
23:51υπάρχει υποσιασμό παρακολουθήματα και υπόλοιπημένα Ιαύτου,
23:54μέχρι να χρειάζεται μόνο μέχρι μόνο αρκετά λόγω.
24:01Και πρόβλημα σοδερά.
24:03Αν τόσο δημοσιογράφη, πρέπει να αφορά τα πάντα.
24:11Σε το νάτι, όταν διαχειριμένται οι καρδιζόμοι μόνοι,
24:15το πάντα του τέλος χρόνος του δήλου ώρας και δημοσιογράφης
24:18πάντα από τα λόγωσια στάδια.
24:19There' 뭐 fastest Σ apps in the morning, 3 before noon, 3 in the afternoon, and 3 in the evening.
24:26Markets usually held in the morning.
24:30The hours countdown from 1 to 12.
24:33Meals are usually eaten around the nineh hour, that is about 3 o'clock in the afternoon according to our clocks today,
24:40at least somewhere around that time.
24:42Because hours as indicated by sundials vary greatly throughout the year.
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25:18May the gods damn the man who first discovered the hours
25:24and who first set up a sundial here
25:26to cut and hack my day so wretchedly into small pieces.
25:32He went on to say,
25:33Look, when I was a boy, my stomach was the best sundial.
25:38It was more sure than any of these.
25:40And it used to tell me when to eat,
25:42but now I can't eat until the sundial allows me to.
25:47And he said that Rome is now stuffed with sundials
25:51and most people crawl along shriveled up with hunger.
25:55The famous conservative senator Cato
25:58also despises modern timepieces.
26:01He thinks a nation of soldiers and farmers
26:03merely has to consult the sun in order to determine the time.
26:07Today, modern measurement of time
26:13has become an integral part of agriculture.
26:17Satellites, which constantly transmit not only their exact position,
26:21but also the precise time, thanks to atomic clocks,
26:24facilitate GPS-controlled crop supervision.
26:27And we have made ourselves more independent of the seasons as well.
26:35What is known as vertical farming
26:37allows much higher yields to be achieved
26:40than in conventional greenhouses.
26:43But our attempts to outwit nature and cyclical time
26:47are not without consequences.
26:48Humans are unique in our ability
26:52to transmit information across generations.
26:57And that's one of our strongest tricks
27:01that we can either, through transmission of information,
27:06by writing books, transmit information
27:08throughout history, from Galileo in the 1600s
27:13to scientists today.
27:16But we're still not very good at acting in the present,
27:22particularly if it involves making short-term sacrifices
27:25in order to address those long-term consequences
27:29that take place over decades or even centuries.
27:34This is apparent with what is probably
27:36the most pressing problem of our time,
27:39the heating of the planet
27:41caused by burning fossil fuels, among other things.
27:46The role that we humans have played here
27:49has been accepted for decades.
27:52And yet, we act slowly,
27:54as if time were no object.
28:00We humans are temporal beings,
28:03and it's hard for us to think outside of our lifetimes,
28:06to connect past and future.
28:08Aligning the past with the future harmoniously.
28:16That was also the aim of the monk Dionysius Exiguus.
28:20In the 6th century, he was commissioned by the Pope
28:23to calculate a universally valid time for Easter.
28:29Move, you are truly a wise mentor to me.
28:31Its most important reference point
28:35is the first full moon in spring.
28:39According to Jewish tradition,
28:41this is when Jesus was crucified.
28:43It is his resurrection that Christians celebrate at Easter.
28:47The monk spends endless nights
28:49comparing calendars with phases of the moon.
28:51It is accomplished.
28:53And finally stipulates that Easter must fall on the Sunday,
28:57after the spring full moon.
29:00And that's not all.
29:02After studying many sources,
29:03Dionysius presents his conclusion to the church.
29:07The birth of Jesus took place 525 years ago,
29:11in the year 1.
29:13His work establishes the beginning of the Christian era.
29:17I sincerely thank you.
29:19Very well done.
29:21The desire to measure time,
29:31to understand it,
29:32is probably as old as humanity itself.
29:35But the way this is handled
29:37varies from culture to culture.
29:41The most important difference between Chinese time and Western time,
29:45is the most important difference in the world.
29:47The most important difference is
29:49the most important difference between Chinese time and Western time.
29:51are considered to know the most important difference between Chinese time and Western time.
29:54And in the past,
29:54it is a bit of a religious view.
29:56It is a religious view.
29:58It is a religious view.
29:58It is a religious view.
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30:29If living in the present is the most important purpose of life, then it must be ordered on earth, as in the 11th century, during the Song Dynasty, an extremely successful period in Chinese history.
30:43The court entrusts this task to Su Song, an imperial minister and all-round scholar.
30:50In 1087, he begins to construct a water clock, and to this day it is revered as a marvel.
30:57It was only possible to build a replica, because Su Song left behind another work that is second to none, the Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao,
31:07a collection of 63 drawings revealing all the secrets of his original clock, which stood 12 meters high.
31:14The first time the ship was called the train station, which was the ship.
31:20The train station was called the train station, which was in the air.
31:24Today the train station was still a system.
31:27Of course, there is a system that was previously mentioned.
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34:33Τα είδε, Χωγλανδε ένιωτα, είναι βρισκολογητικά στο τερόλο του κύπτο.
34:41Δεν είναι όλο. Τα συμβαίνει διαφορετικά για μας, επίσης από το οποίο ανθρώπουμε με το πόνο.
34:50Αυτή είναι δημιουργείται από από νεα διευθυνά, που παίρνουν τρόπος χρόνια χρόνια δεν υπολίξει ούτε οξύγοντα.
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