- 2 months ago
For educational purposes
From the day of its inception, the Martin B-26 Marauder was a controversial aircraft, ordered into production from the drawing board, an unprecedented step in 1939.
The B-26's high wing loading and unusual handling characteristics led to an alarmingly high accident rate early in its operational life.
But the aircraft survived constant criticism, and saw service in many war theatres throughout America's involvement in World War II, as a highly successful medium bomber with a very impressive war record.
The B-26 Marauder is one of the GREAT PLANES.
From the day of its inception, the Martin B-26 Marauder was a controversial aircraft, ordered into production from the drawing board, an unprecedented step in 1939.
The B-26's high wing loading and unusual handling characteristics led to an alarmingly high accident rate early in its operational life.
But the aircraft survived constant criticism, and saw service in many war theatres throughout America's involvement in World War II, as a highly successful medium bomber with a very impressive war record.
The B-26 Marauder is one of the GREAT PLANES.
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LearningTranscript
00:00The End
00:30There was a time when it was popularly believed that to sit here, at these controls, you had to be sick of life.
00:44This plane was known as the Widowmaker, and the expression, one a day in Tampa Bay, gained currency.
00:51Despite being widely regarded as a killer of its violence, and despite four official inquiries to consider scrapping the project,
00:58the plane outlived that reputation, and went on to have a safety record second to none.
01:03The End
01:10Despite that early reputation, the Martin B-26 should be remembered as what it proved itself.
01:16The state-of-the-art medium bomber of its day, the Marauder.
01:23Despite that early reputation, the Martin B-26 should be remembered as what it proved itself.
01:29The state-of-the-art medium bomber of its day, the Marauder.
01:33The End
01:34The End
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02:32flight on November the 25th, 1940. A sleek, modern-looking aeroplane. Just over nine years
02:39before, April the 29th, 1931, the United States' first monowing bomber had had its first flight.
02:47The Boeing B-9, with a crew of four sitting in open cockpits, could carry around 2,000 pounds
02:53of bombs over a range of 495 miles. It had a cruising speed of 130 miles an hour and a top
03:00speed of 165. Later versions pushed the speed up, but even 165 was a 50 mile an hour improvement
03:08on the biplanes it was replacing. Boeing's metal monoplane was the parent of World War II's
03:14bombers, but it was never to be built in quantity.
03:30In 1932, the United States, supported by a majority of the nations represented, was suggesting
03:41to the world's disarmament conference that the bombing plane should be abolished. Even
03:46while such earnest wishes were being expressed, the Martin Company was producing a new bomber
03:51that was to eclipse the B-9. Elsewhere, Nazism was gaining support in Germany. Mussolini
03:57had been in power for eight years, and the Japanese were casting their eyes about for an empire.
04:03The new Martin plane, the B-10, enclosed its crew, deployed a rotating turret, flaps, brake
04:10main wheels, and variable pitch air screw. It housed its bombs internally, and flat out could
04:16carry 2,200 pounds of bombs at 213 miles an hour, faster than fighters of the day could fly.
04:23The B-10 today looks recognizably modern, where the B-9 seems to belong to an earlier
04:48era, yet little over a year separated their first flights. The B-10s were capable of operating
04:54under extreme conditions, a reflection of the growing understanding of the need for constant
04:59ready use of the aeroplane's power in total war.
05:18When the first B-10s appeared, they were a startling combination of the state of the art, including
05:27all the latest ideas from reduction of drag in the shape, to the plane's embodiment of
05:31the strategic use of bombing might. They produced the result that all such breakthroughs achieve,
05:37which is to send the rest of the world's designers scuttling back to their drawing boards. For
05:43a time, it was the most advanced bomber in the world, and the Martin Company was justifiably
05:48proud of it. Martin Build Bombers had long been a company motto, and building the world's
05:53best bomber felt quite a comfortable role.
06:13A variety of engines powered different models, and mutations of the basic shape abounded. It
06:22even appeared on floats to lure the Navy's interest. Yet the mighty Martin plane, which broke so
06:28much new ground than it first appeared, was to be outdated by the time war broke out. Though
06:36the later B-10s unloaded had a speed of 260 and a range over 2,000 miles, they were appearing
06:43in 1938, when the Boeing B-17 was capable of doing that, carrying 4,000 pounds of bombs. The
06:50B-10 was lightly armed and carried a moderate load, and it seems fairer to compare Martin's
06:55plane to the twin-engine bomber that replaced it, and was in use of the outbreak of the war. The
07:01Douglas Company's B-18 had been the runner-up in the competition with the B-17. Yet, due to
07:07economic considerations, it had ended up with the lion's share of the orders in the couple
07:11of years that followed. Its performance figures are not more impressive than those of the B-10.
07:17Top speed had, after modifications to increase armour and range, fallen to only 215 miles an
07:23hour, with bomb load and range smaller than the replaced plane. Neither would have coped with
07:29second world war combat, they lacked the performance, bomb load and defensive armament of European
07:34contemporaries. In effect, the United States have no effective William bomber available.
07:40one of the failed submissions in the Army's 1938 search for a 20-year
08:08his 1938 search for a twin-engined attack bomber had been the Martin Maryland which after sales to
08:15the French and British had mutated in 1940 under British specifications to the Baltimore it was
08:22to stay in production until 1944 seeing action in the Mediterranean designed six years after
08:29the B-18 with the war already teaching lessons the Baltimore like the original Maryland had a speed
08:35over 300 miles per hour carried around a thousand pounds of bombs and had formidable forward-firing
08:41guns it was an excellent light attack bomber but it never gained much favor with the United States Army
08:48while the Maryland and later the Baltimore were being accepted in Europe the US planners had issued a
09:10specification in January 1939 for a new medium bomber with emphasis given to high speed long
09:16range and a bomb load of 2,000 pounds omitted from the specifications was any mention of wing loading
09:23and implied in the target set by the paper was that the plane would have a high wing load and
09:29high takeoff and landing speeds in essence the quest was for a plane that while sharing many
09:35desirable performance and dimensional similarities to the Baltimore would carry twice the bombs and double
09:41the crew further with war threatening illustrating the urgency and with conflicts around the world
09:47illustrating the needs the parameters were extreme what was needed were planes to push the limits
09:53forward radically to overtake not to catch up to regain the lead once held by the B-10 and complement the
10:01excellent heavy bombers in use and on the drawing board Martin's Peyton Magruder designed an aircraft
10:09that took a streamlined cigar shape and added the smallest practical wings and suitably powerful engines
10:16and had a plane that immediately looked right with a crew of five navigator pilot bomb aimer and two
10:23gunners it carried 3,000 pounds of bombs at 315 mile an hour in carrying three times the Baltimore's
10:31load it had only marginally larger dimensions and its performance projections were such that it was
10:36clearly the winner in the competition with the urgency of the international situation pressing and Martin's
10:42reputation as a reassurance the army ordered the plane from the drawing board there would be no
10:47prototypes the first plane produced would be the first one deployed and 201 were ordered in September 1939
11:01the company had been established since 1909 and had built up not only a reputation but a highly skilled
11:09workforce but the degree of hand construction normally expected with a prototype was not appropriate the job
11:16needed more urgency as production processes were sorted out from mass manufacture
11:20the new planes were the first flown on the 25th of November 1940 and received the
11:42The new planes were to be first flown on the 25th of November 1940 and received into use in February 1941.
11:53Like the B-10, they were to represent the state of the art, and there are over 20 facets of the Marauder's design that are innovations.
12:01But they were not as originally designed.
12:04Weight had already been added to the design, giving a gross weight of 27,000 pounds,
12:08meaning that the plane's wing was loaded at a very high 53.2 pounds per square foot.
12:15These critical figures were, as we shall see, to keep climbing.
12:39The Marauder was a robust aeroplane, with a semi-monocoque fuselage constructed in three sections.
12:46Though there were to be problems with some of the components, like the Curtiss electrically operated variable pitch propellers,
12:53the quality of construction at Martin was of the highest standard.
12:56As construction of the first B-26s continued, the engineers and designers swarmed over them,
13:12working alongside the factory hands assembling the plane.
13:14The crew had grown, with a second pilot and a radio operator, to seven men,
13:20and orders for the plane were continuing to come in.
13:23With the British still having Baltimore's constructed,
13:26and with the Navy buying flying boats from the company,
13:29new factory space was needed, and a plant was built in Omaha to increase production capacity.
13:33The Marauder was to be armed with two .50 calibre guns in the first power-operated dorsal turret on an American bomber,
13:56and had a hand-operated gun in the tail.
13:59Up front was a .3 calibre gun, socket-mounted into the Bombardier's transparent nosecone.
14:05But as was the painful experience of all bomber designs in combat,
14:09the guns were, though effective in shooting down enemies, not effective as defence.
14:14The hard lessons about bombers needing protection or clear skies lay ahead.
14:20Additional guns were added to the plane fairly regularly,
14:23and later, standard Marauders carried 11 .50s.
14:29The interior, crowded with equipment, was starkly functional.
14:47It may have been home to seven men for long periods, but it was anything but homely.
14:51The plane was an advanced weapon of war, free of embellishment.
14:56FRONT GLASSAN91
14:57...
14:58...
15:06Without the benefit of prototypes and test aircraft to exhaustively assess, Martin went
15:29into full production and marauders started to roll from the factory in increasing numbers.
15:34Despite seemingly insurmountable obstacles, this flow of production was to continue without
15:39interruption until the last B-26 was built in 1945.
16:04So, I'm going to get rid of the first B-26.
16:09I'm going to get rid of the first B-26.
16:14I'm going to get rid of the first B-26.
16:19I'm going to get rid of the first B-26.
16:26I'm going to get rid of the first B-26.
16:32I'm going to get rid of the first B-26.
16:38I'm going to get rid of the first B-26.
16:45I'm going to get rid of the first B-26.
16:51I'm going to get rid of the first B-26.
16:57I'm going to get rid of the first B-26.
17:22The first planes produced were assigned directly to the 22nd Bomb Group, an experienced formation
17:28which had been together for two years.
17:30With almost no fuss, the marauder went into service use with the outfit and was soon deployed
17:35to the Pacific after Pearl Harbor, operating initially from Australia in the New Guinea
17:39campaign.
17:40With the planes flying unescorted long-range missions, they received a lot of punishment
17:45and proved that they could take it.
17:47Among the planes flying into combat with the 22nd was the third marauder ever produced,
17:51and this was how its last flight ended.
17:54And there, which was runaway during the German plane which was the first which wand remained
18:01in the winter.
18:02It's just about the beautiful world before, and it was made from a triangle which became
18:03the first passenger move to the German plane.
18:04The other belonged they went about, a little old utterly and ever went about,
18:06theapanne and the vous- asynchronous though was determined,
18:07the best position of which wandered away being alive at its level
18:09and the gas columns of major and then yüzden...
18:11...so, you should get rid of the first order
18:22The 22nd, with experienced pilots and highly developed group morale, was a very effective unit.
18:41They had accepted their marauders with enthusiasm, and as they flew them in combat, they became more and more effusive in their praise of the plane.
18:48They quickly reached the conclusion that their planes were the best of their type available, and they were not reticent about saying so.
19:18The support of the combat crews using the plane was to be very important in the coming months, as the marauder, back in the States, was starting to gain a different reputation.
19:30Pilots in training were dying in their B-26s.
19:45The training school at MacDillfield in Florida was losing planes into the sea at a rate which spurred the rhyme about one a day in Tampa Bay.
19:53To be fair, the figures averaged nearer to one a week, but evidently something or a combination of things had gone severely wrong.
20:01The obvious conclusion, leapt to with alacrity by many, was that the project should be abandoned.
20:07It was a hot ship, and it needed well-trained pilots.
20:10But it was in training pilots to fly it that the plane became known as the Flying Coffin.
20:15The Army was carefully selecting men after exhaustive physical and aptitude testing, and then was unable to prepare them for the weapon they were supposed to use.
20:24The crashes continued, and the small wing saw the WAGs calling the B-26 the Baltimore Whore, implying that the aircraft had no visible means of support.
20:34But though the Marauder was in truth heavily loaded, in the hands of an experienced pilot it flew impeccably.
20:40It had arrived in service concurrent with the expansion of the Air Force to undreamed of size, and many of the pilots, and trainers, had little to no knowledge of flying twin-engined planes.
20:50To have your first hands-on experience after a docile and well-behaved trainer, in something as restive and potent as the Marauder, was simply asking too much of the recruits.
21:00If it had not been for the enthusiasm of the crews flying the plane in combat, the first board of inquiry into the plane might have scrapped the project in 1942.
21:09But to add to the praise from the Pacific, came the experience with the Marauder in the North African campaigns.
21:15The British had taken delivery of some of the new bomber, had assessed them as suitable for tactical use, and had deployed them to the desert,
21:23where the crews, once again experienced, had been delighted with them, and lost no time in advertising the fact.
21:29As the fighting went on, and the German counter-attacks lost their strength, more B-26s arrived in the theatre and began operations.
21:37They were not only used as bombers, but as fighters, intercepting the lumbering German gigant transports over the sea,
21:44and dispatching them and their cargoes to the water below.
21:47The Marauders harried the enemy front lines, and disrupted their supplies, both being brought up to the front, and being shipped and flown across the Mediterranean.
22:02It was the strangulation of material that was to finally spell the end of Axis resistance.
22:08Some German units fought to the bitter end, but once the Allies had rested control of the air, the Africa Corps was unable to sustain a defence.
22:16The marauders harried the moon as well as the
22:38The marauders have been dead in the U.S.
22:42Music
23:10The jubilant French population welcomed its liberators and there were parades and dancing celebrations to mark the exit of the Axis powers from the African continent.
23:19Music
23:34The German airfields had become graveyards for many of the Luftwaffe's planes.
23:38The wreckage standing as eloquent testimony to the effectiveness of tactical bombing.
23:44Music
23:48In the US meanwhile, inquiries into the accident rate and training continued and new changes were made to the plane, including giving it a larger wing in an attempt to lower the landing speed and wing loading.
24:12This was obviously needed, but what was just as obviously not needed was for the margin gained by this to be immediately sacrificed in adding more weight to the plane.
24:22However, the big wing was accompanied by another slug in weight, which swallowed the new area and left the plane with no improvement in wing loading.
24:30The figure now stood at 58 pounds per square foot, with the plane weighing over 37,000 pounds.
24:38With the big wing had come external gun nacelles and other innovations, and with each of these changes it fell to the test pilots to assess the effect on the plane.
24:46Logically, particular attention was given to take off and landing behaviour in this testing series.
25:04The testing of the plane tended to produce a repetitive result.
25:07In the hands of an experienced pilot, the B-26 behaved.
25:11Even flying 10,000 pounds more weight than the designer had targeted, the marauders still made devotees of their crews, a powerful vindication of the design.
25:20The test pilots were, by nature of their profession, very experienced aviators, and they appreciated what a B-26 had been designed to do.
25:45This was no buggy, it was a hot rod.
25:48This was the test我在 the neurone.
25:54So far one could anywhere else go.
26:14After a double chapter, we saw each fly inside the car.
26:16The test pilots came to know the B-26s very well, and significantly, a couple were retained
26:43of Wright-Patterson for general testing and for use as chase planes.
26:54While the furor had continued in America about the safety of the bomber, examples had been
26:59efficiently flowing from the Martin plant, and more groups of B-26s had been deployed.
27:04In the Pacific, longer-range planes took over, and the center of marauder operations shifted
27:09to Europe.
27:31Serious doubts were expressed again when the second mission flown from Britain turned into
27:35a disaster, with the entire raid being lost to flak, fighters and a collision.
27:40But, as whenever these doubts were raised, cool heads pointed to the plane's obvious success
27:45in its place, and the marauders were persisted with, though they were not to be used at low
27:50level for some time after that, being used more conventionally.
27:54Europe was to be the theatre where the B-26 proved itself in the long term.
28:16After the initial shocking loss, the crew settled into the hard routines of work, and the marauders'
28:21reputation grew more balanced.
28:31That it was vindicating itself in combat is not, in retrospect, surprising.
28:36Martin had put a lot of time and expertise into the plane, despite the rush to get it into
28:41production and use.
28:43Among other effects, the weight increases had led to a spate of accidents caused by landing
28:47gear failure, and the wheel struts were strengthened.
28:51The Hoodale bomber, trailing its loaded B-26 strut, put in many hours, and all the components
28:56were subjected to the same thorough evaluation, though not always as bizarrely as this.
29:05These tests evaluated different angles for the wheels.
29:12The infamous wings were not gambles, they were calculated to satisfy the need, and with margin
29:16for safety.
29:17If there had been any initial inadequacy, the plane would never even have lifted into the
29:23air with the hugely increased loads that the Army subsequently expected of it.
29:27The initial calculations were proven.
29:28The plane, though demanding, was safe and reliable.
29:34A testing program is of little use if it tests the most favourable conditions.
29:41The test series on aircraft are often pursued until a part is destroyed.
29:48These tests can be seen to be buckling the wing surface.
29:55The treatment devised for the components in these laboratory environments was, to say
30:01the least, extreme.
30:30There was no part of the plane that did not represent a deliberate and logical choice,
30:35sometimes with some compromise, but the designer's aim for excellent performance is evident from
30:40the choices made.
30:41With a small wing, demands were placed on the pilot, or more particularly, on his training.
30:51Where the company could, it had done all possible to protect the crew, experimenting with many
30:56combinations of armoured glass, for example, seeking the ability to withstand the blows of bullets.
31:01Let's hear it.
31:12Let's hear it.
31:20Let's hear it.
31:21But no amount of company design could protect the crew from the disastrous combination of
31:43the rapidly expanding air force and the intolerance of the Martin to mishandling. Not only trainee
31:49pilots but trainee ground crew and mechanics contributed to the crashes.
31:59Once units had been shaken down and prepared to take up their place in the line, accidents
32:04diminished rapidly and the universal acclimation for the B-26 from its combat users continued.
32:09In addition, in the hands of the newly formed 9th Air Force it had found a role as the ravager
32:16of communications. With fighter cover, the eight B-26 groups of the 9th assumed the role
32:22of medium altitude, high precision attack.
32:30The increasingly paralysed Luftwaffe could do little to stop the process of surgically precise
32:35cuts made in communications all over the occupied countries.
32:42of the
33:09The momentum of Allied air dominance grew, and the effect on the Nazis' ability to resist
33:22invasion and defeat was critical to the war's outcome.
33:30The stable that produced the Marauder had also been responsible for the first production
33:34bomber designed in the United States in 1918.
33:39Women were a company with a long tradition and a lot of pride, and the criticism of the
33:43B26 had hurt them.
33:45Their workforce, highly skilled and highly valued, produced planes that were second to
33:50none, and the company's history of breaking new ground in planes that were practical, efficient
33:55and well built was a valuable asset.
34:05With petrol rationing, the company organised transport for the workforce, with car sharing
34:10arrangements and public transport.
34:17The war was felt at home, not only in the car pools and reliance on public transport.
34:40The large numbers of women who came into the workforce reflected the fact that the country
34:44had placed so many of its young men at risk.
34:51Even in the company's security force, skirts were introduced to the uniform as a large percentage
34:52of the positions were filled by women.
34:56Looking no less well organised than any bunch of recruits, they were trained by army drill instructors.
35:01They were trained by army drill instructors.
35:08They were trained by army drill instructors.
35:09They were trained by army drill instructors.
35:13Even in the company's security force, skirts were introduced to the uniform as a large percentage
35:18of the positions were filled by women.
35:21Looking no less well organised than any bunch of recruits, they were trained by army drill instructors.
35:26They were trained by army drill instructors.
35:48Elaborate systems of recognition were established to reward productivity and effort.
35:53As incentive and as a massage for collective morale, such company policy was well directed.
35:58The
36:05be
36:08The
36:12the
36:15the
36:17the
36:21the
36:24the
36:26Each year at the factory, the gates were thrown open for the company family day, and the crowds
36:52that formed give some idea of the size of the company.
36:55Here, in 1943, as Glen Martin addresses the crowd, the worst of the marauders in fame
37:01was behind.
37:03In a final move to lower the landing speed, the incidence of the wing had been adjusted,
37:08and though this had shaved the speed of the plane back to 270 miles per hour, it had at
37:12last made the plane safer for the unwary.
37:16This F and G model started to go into service at the year's end.
37:23The employees and their families had a party in the fairground atmosphere of the day, with
37:37the constant reminder of their work in the form of the bombers parked on display around
37:56them.
38:08The F and G.
38:09The F and G.
38:10The F and G.
38:15The F and G.
38:16The F and G.
38:17The F and G.
38:18The F and G.
38:22The F and G.
38:23The F and G.
38:24The F and G.
38:25Oh, my God.
38:55In Europe, the B-26ers went on with their task in a manner that became more and more efficient with growing experience.
39:09In the European theatre, they would fly 129,943 operational sorties by war's end, dropping 169,382 tonnes of bombs.
39:22The loss of only 911 aircraft in combat represented a loss rate of less than 1%.
39:28To offset this, B-26 gunners were credited with 402 aircraft shot down.
39:51Together with other allied attack and medium bombers, the marauders reduced Hitler's empire to isolated centres with communications in shreds.
40:20Often flying in a sky crowded with different allied planes, the marauders pounded the Germans in the lead-up to the invasion and then in the inexorable pressure and subsequent allied blitzkrieg as the allies fought their way toward Berlin.
40:33Samson.
40:35Samson.
40:38I don't know.
41:08I don't know.
41:38I don't know.
42:08I don't know.
42:38I don't know.
43:08I don't know.
43:10The graphic variants, target tows, and trainers appeared as the model matured, and it became
43:15the first Army Air Force plane to operate at night in the European theater.
43:19With wide acceptance, the marauders basked in a good reputation, but it had been a long
43:25time coming, with a lot of hard and dangerous work along the way.
43:28I don't know.
43:30I don't know.
43:34I don't know.
43:36I don't know.
43:40I don't know.
43:48I don't know.
44:18I don't know.
44:48The last parts of the Marauder story were written as production ceased on the 30th of March 1945.
45:18Before a small group, Mr. Martin made a short speech and, anticlimactically, a few photographs later, a chapter in aviation production had closed.
45:30Tail-end Charlie, the last plane, was a model TB-26G-25MA, which gives some idea of the proliferation of types and subtypes since the original, simply titled B-26, had flown three and a half years before.
45:46Tail-end Charlie was fitted out as a target tow and trainer plane.
45:50I don't know.
46:30The second-last marauder, named Middle River Stunt Jump and given an additional re-identification
46:39as the XB-26H, was, ironically, considering the take-off and landing controversy that
46:45had surrounded the B-26, involved in testing the radical new undercarriage being developed
46:50for the Boeing B-47 Stratajet.
46:54It was modified to have tandem main wheels retracting into the fuselage and outrigger
46:58legs housed in place of the normal main members in the engine nacelles.
47:01The End
47:02The End
47:03The End
47:04The End
47:05The End
47:06The End
47:07The End
47:08The End
47:09The End
47:10The End
47:11The End
47:12The End
47:13The End
47:14The End
47:15The End
47:16The End
47:17The End
47:18The End
47:19The End
47:20The End
47:21The End
47:22The End
47:23The End
47:24The End
47:25The End
47:26The End
47:27The End
47:28The End
47:54The End
47:56The End
47:58Occasionally, the tests would be interrupted as the violence of some of the manoeuvres saw
48:03gear failure in the cobbled together assembly, which was made up with bits from B-26s and B-17s.
48:09The End
48:10The End
48:11The End
48:12The End
48:13The End
48:14The End
48:15The End
48:16The End
48:17The End
48:21Middle River Stump Jump was involved in the preparation for the next generation of planes,
48:48and this next generation were to represent another great leap forward,
48:52as the jet engine was to make the entire World War II inventory instantly outdated.
48:57For some World War II bombers there was a life after the war as commercial planes,
49:03but the Marauder, though rehabilitated in the minds of the Flyers, was still touched with lingering odium
49:09and, given that it was more expensive to build than, for example, the North American Mitchell,
49:14the B-26 disappeared with astonishing suddenness.
49:18One day there were thousands of planes, and it seemed that the next day there were millions of aluminium ingots in their place.
49:25They were scrapped even faster than they had appeared.
49:28The French used them until 1947, and that was that.
49:32Abruptly, the B-26 Marauder was gone from the sky.
49:39The Marauders, ruggedly designed and capable of absorbing damage unshaken, played a relatively unsung part in the war, but a part that was of the highest importance.
49:54The losses in planes were the lowest for any US type employed in numbers in the European theatre, but there was a price to pay for victory, and some of it was paid with the lives of B-26 crew.
50:07With the war's end, there were many airmen who could thank the Marauder for their survival, and there are still many B-26 men who will argue loudly that their plane was the best of its kind in the war.
50:22And there are still those who will look at the B-26 man as he says this, and assess him as palpably mad.
50:43But with adequate training of crew, both flight personnel and maintenance, and with better quality control over some of the subcontractors, the plane emerged from its infamous infancy to establish a record that, with due respect to those who remember the Widowmaker, tends to support the veterans, who remember the B-26 as the Marauder.
51:04Even allowing for the controversy, there is no denying the B-26 an honourable place, as one of World War II's best planes.
51:34We have a quick note, call to tell us, who is the Mt. P.S.
51:42It is known to have been isot paths, because we carefully quartile and vectrine, and we will try to fix it and tell
51:46them how to activate function with their ego forces and may not be able to take action with the GPS of the different places.
51:50hh!
51:55You do co-fventure and what you do?
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