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00:00:01May 1940, Germany invades the Netherlands.
00:00:07Five days later, the Dutch surrender.
00:00:10United by their hatred of the Nazis,
00:00:13a struggling artist and an accomplished cellist
00:00:16take on the might of the German army.
00:00:19Using their artistic skills,
00:00:21they save thousands of Jews from the death camps.
00:00:25To me, people like this should be celebrated as heroes.
00:00:31Yet, Willem Arundius and Frieda Bellinfante
00:00:35are barely known in the Netherlands,
00:00:37let alone around the world.
00:00:39I've come to Amsterdam to find out why.
00:00:55First, they came for the socialists,
00:01:07and I didn't speak out because I was not a socialist.
00:01:12Then they came for the trade unionists,
00:01:15and I didn't speak out because I was not a trade unionist.
00:01:20Then they came for the Jews,
00:01:25and I didn't speak out because I was not a Jew.
00:01:30Then they came for me,
00:01:36and there was no one left to speak for me.
00:01:41That poem was written by Martin Niemöller,
00:01:54a Lutheran pastor imprisoned in Dachau
00:01:57for his opposition to Hitler.
00:01:59He urges us all to speak out against injustice.
00:02:04When the Germans occupied the Netherlands in 1940,
00:02:17Jews were forced into hiding all over the country.
00:02:21They were called underdikers, literally underdivers.
00:02:26Here in Artis, Amsterdam's famous zoo,
00:02:30250 Jews spent the war hidden in storage lofts,
00:02:35smuggled in by staff who used animal rations to feed them.
00:02:39Rations, ironically enough, provided by the Nazis,
00:02:43who loved the zoo.
00:02:46It takes real courage to speak out for groups
00:02:50that you don't belong to.
00:02:52Hypothetically, we'd all love to believe
00:02:54that we'd stand up and be counted.
00:02:57But for the Dutch, it was more than hypothetical.
00:03:00Before the war, they opened their arms to thousands of Jews
00:03:03fleeing persecution in Nazi Germany.
00:03:06And as the German grip on Europe tightened,
00:03:09hundreds of thousands of Jews were deported
00:03:12to concentration camps in the East.
00:03:15Members of my own family were taken from their home in Vienna
00:03:19and sent to Riga and Auschwitz,
00:03:22never to be heard of again.
00:03:25But thousands of ordinary people risked their lives
00:03:30to help the Jews, sharing their food,
00:03:33hiding them in cellars and attics.
00:03:36And the question that I often ask myself
00:03:40is would I be brave enough to do as they did?
00:03:44I'd like to think so, I'd hope so, but would I?
00:03:47Would we? Would you?
00:03:53This is the story of people who were brave enough.
00:03:57Brave enough to risk everything.
00:04:00By 1940, there were over 140,000 Jews living in the Netherlands.
00:04:0940,000 survived.
00:04:11That means over 100,000 lives were wiped off the face of the earth
00:04:17with mechanical industrial efficiency by Hitler,
00:04:21the man who called them Untermensch, subhuman.
00:04:30Willem Arendaeus was one of those Untermensch.
00:04:34He was born in 1894.
00:04:36His parents ran a theatrical costumiers.
00:04:39Not that the family business was ever of much interest to Willem.
00:04:42No, all he ever cared about was his art.
00:04:56When he was just 17, Willem announced that he was gay.
00:05:00His father promptly threw him out.
00:05:02Willem never spoke to him again.
00:05:05Here in the Rijksmuseum's Gallery of Honour,
00:05:28the walls are lined with paintings by the great Dutch masters.
00:05:32Vermeer, Hals, Jan Steyn, and of course...
00:05:39The Night Watch.
00:05:55How wonderful, Niels, to be in the presence of some Arundaeus works
00:06:00here in the Rijksmuseum.
00:06:02I don't suppose he ever guessed he would have pieces of his here
00:06:05along with Rembrandt and Vermeer.
00:06:07I can see his signature.
00:06:09There we are.
00:06:10Very homoerotic, isn't it?
00:06:13And it's called Les Amis.
00:06:15The friends.
00:06:17But very much the boyfriends.
00:06:19Definitely boyfriends.
00:06:21Would it have been regarded as pornographic almost by some people?
00:06:25Possibly, yeah.
00:06:26Yeah.
00:06:27I think, like, he drew it after a book, which was called Escalvigur.
00:06:32It's a book by a Flemish author.
00:06:34Right.
00:06:35And that's a book with a homoerotic theme?
00:06:37A very homoerotic...
00:06:38Yeah, a very homoerotic theme.
00:06:40That's quite rare for that period.
00:06:42No, yeah, it's true.
00:06:43It was, like, one of the first novels in which homosexuality was discussed in a very open,
00:06:50positive way.
00:06:51Oh, right, so it didn't end in the usual suicide and all that.
00:06:55I'm sorry to tell you, but, like, the book ends in tragedy.
00:06:58They always did.
00:06:59As usual.
00:07:00Despite the suicide.
00:07:01Despite all that, yeah.
00:07:02Oh, dear, that's ever the way.
00:07:05But he would have read this, and, of course, like that whole generation, he would imagine
00:07:09his life would end miserably as the heroes of the novel.
00:07:12But at least it had its tender moments, and it's a very tender work, isn't it?
00:07:16Yeah, and this is, like, the first moment they declare their love for one each other.
00:07:19Oh.
00:07:20William Blakely has muscles, isn't it?
00:07:21In the book they're not...
00:07:22Do you think he did this from the publishing house?
00:07:35I'm really excited about this.
00:07:36Yeah?
00:07:37This is, like, the newest acquisition of the museum.
00:07:40Oh.
00:07:41Look at this.
00:07:44Oh, that's so Aubrey Beard.
00:07:47Yeah, no, I know that he was a fan of Oscar Wilde.
00:07:50Like, he read most of his books.
00:07:52And, of course, Oscar's most famous illustrator was Aubrey Beardsley.
00:07:56And they have a hint of that sort of style, don't they?
00:08:00The books by Wilde were translated into Dutch in the 1910s.
00:08:03Is that right?
00:08:04Yeah.
00:08:05Interesting.
00:08:06And, of course, he'd have been a very young man when the scandal of Oscar Wilde and
00:08:10Oscar Wilde going to prison would have happened, which would have cast a dark shadow on his
00:08:15sense of self.
00:08:16I mean, when I was a teenager, I read about Oscar Wilde.
00:08:20Mm-hm.
00:08:21And it made me think, because I knew that I shared his nature.
00:08:24Yeah.
00:08:25And it made me think, this is the fate of gay people.
00:08:28This is what will happen to us.
00:08:29We will be outcast, we will be exiled, we will be, you know, sneered at and mocked.
00:08:36And he must have felt that even more back then.
00:08:41Yeah.
00:08:42But nonetheless, he was able to celebrate the same style.
00:08:49Like, and we know that Willem created a lot of illustrations for books.
00:08:54Mm.
00:08:55But they were never published.
00:08:57Right.
00:08:58Poor soul.
00:08:59So he's a bit miserable, perhaps, about his future as an artist at this stage, do you think?
00:09:03Yeah, I think so, yeah.
00:09:04Yeah.
00:09:05Perhaps it isn't wrong to say that he was somehow waiting for a chance to shine, and that chance
00:09:10came from the most unlikely quarter, the Nazis.
00:09:13Mm-hm.
00:09:14It turned him into a hero.
00:09:16In 1932, money troubles forced Willem to move to a small town called Appledorn.
00:09:26And there, his world was turned upside down.
00:09:29Willem fell in love.
00:09:31He fell for a young market gardener called Jan Tyson.
00:09:32And afterwards, nothing would ever be the same again.
00:09:44Desperate to provide for the man he loved, Willem started writing, working on a biography of his
00:09:59hero, the Dutch artist Matthijs Maris.
00:10:03One person determined to bring Willem's story to a wider public is Dutch politician and gay
00:10:16rights campaigner Boris Dietrich.
00:10:18It's a wider story, the story of Willem and Jan.
00:10:22Exactly.
00:10:23Exactly.
00:10:24I know that he came from Appledorn, is that right?
00:10:29Well, they met in Appledorn and then they lived in Appledorn.
00:10:33But because Willem was an artist, a painter, a writer, he actually felt, I need to go back
00:10:42to Amsterdam to do research on my books and my paintings and stuff like that.
00:10:47So they moved back to the big city, Amsterdam, but then the Germans and the Nazis invaded the
00:10:54Netherlands and took over and then nobody cared about books anymore, but about survival.
00:11:02On the 10th of May, 1940, the Germans invaded.
00:11:06The very next day, Willem and Jan were enjoying a lie-in when bombs, jettisoned from a stricken
00:11:19German plane, literally blew them out of bed.
00:11:23Any closer, then there wouldn't be a story to tell.
00:11:27On the 14th of May, the Luftwaffe flattened Rotterdam.
00:11:41The Dutch surrendered.
00:11:45Hitler installed his own Reichskommissar to lead the country, an unwavering anti-Semite
00:11:52called the Zeiss-Inkwart.
00:11:56Within months, Zeiss-Inkwart had introduced an insidiously devious piece of legislation
00:12:02called the Aryan Declaration, which obliged all civil servants to declare their religion.
00:12:09All Jews, of course, were immediately dismissed.
00:12:13Willem wasn't Jewish, but he was incensed.
00:12:25Incensed enough to publish a pamphlet calling on everyone to resist the Nazis in any way they could.
00:12:31He called it the Brandaris Prefect, after the oldest lighthouse in the Netherlands.
00:12:38A beacon of hope and a warning of danger.
00:12:44Willem became very much involved in the resistance movement and he wrote these papers against the Germans and the Nazis.
00:12:51But he got afraid for Jan and he thought, well, if I will be arrested, then Jan will be arrested.
00:12:59So Willem was afraid that it could really risk Jan's life.
00:13:04So at the end of several conversations, they decided to split up and Jan went back to Appledorn, where he came from.
00:13:14And Willem stayed because he wanted to continue his fight against the Germans.
00:13:19So he basically sacrificed the love of his life for something greater, the fight against the German occupier.
00:13:30Because they didn't meet again?
00:13:32They never met after that, which is horrible, actually, because they really loved each other.
00:13:38And we ought to have a picture, really, of what the German view of gay life and gay identity and practice was.
00:13:48No, exactly. They took about, I think, 50,000 German gay men to the camps and they had to wear this pink triangle.
00:13:58This was even before they started to go after the Jews.
00:14:01They started with the gays and there were no protests, actually.
00:14:06That's interesting. Do you think that's because it was like getting a foot in the door of what was to become this transporting of hated minorities into the death camps?
00:14:17Well, some historians explain it like nobody was really speaking up for gay men because they were considered perverts and abnormal.
00:14:27So it was really the weakest link, more or less, in Dutch society.
00:14:33So it was very easy to target them and to separate them and to make them illegal.
00:14:39And I guess as a gay man and an artist, he made the connection with Jewish people, although he wasn't Jewish himself.
00:14:46Yeah, exactly. Because you recognize injustice, because minority groups always have to fight for their place in society against the majority.
00:14:56And so he said, I feel some kind of inter-solidarity with other minority groups.
00:15:01We have to stand up and we have to show that we do not accept injustice.
00:15:06Zeis Incveart's next move was to ensure that everyone in the Netherlands carried an identity card.
00:15:15To his delight, he discovered that the Dutch already had person'sbeweis,
00:15:22the most sophisticated identity card system in the world.
00:15:26The Nazis were able to turn this into a lethal bureaucratic weapon when they realized that all they had to do was stamp Jewish cards with a large black letter J.
00:15:38And the cards marked with a J represented a ticking clock for every Jew in the country.
00:15:56Besides Willem Arundaeus, there were other artists in the city who had found innovative ways to resist the Nazis.
00:16:05One of them was a woman called Frida Bellinfante.
00:16:10Frida was an accomplished cellist. Her father was Jewish, her mother Catholic.
00:16:15Like Willem, Frida had also known from an early age that she was gay and never hid the fact she simply thought it was her business.
00:16:26I never even mentioned it because it doesn't make any difference to me.
00:16:34I have always met every human being like an eagle.
00:16:40I think a human being is a human being.
00:16:42However, he is born is how he is born and has to live with it.
00:16:50Frida became the first woman in Europe to lead her own orchestra.
00:16:56The Kleine Orkest was based here at the Concertgebouw, the home of classical music in the Netherlands.
00:17:03In the years leading up to the war, Henry Heineken, the head of the famous brewery, was the chairman of the Concertgebouw.
00:17:11I've come to meet his granddaughter, Charlene.
00:17:14And, of course, Frida performed here at the Concertgebouw.
00:17:31And, obviously, the Nazis came because they liked to pretend they were cultured, even if they weren't.
00:17:38Well, yes, they made their own rules, but one evening they had Arthur Ceyst-Inquart come for a concert.
00:17:48My grandfather had to shake the man's hand.
00:17:51And after he did so, he turned to one of his guests and said,
00:17:54Now I've got to wash my hands loud enough for everybody to hear.
00:17:59And it's not necessary to say he didn't stay in his position for long.
00:18:04They got rid of him, exactly.
00:18:10And Frida, she joined the orchestra when she was about 17 or 18.
00:18:15Yeah, she was very young, yeah.
00:18:17And became the principal cellist.
00:18:19But she, yeah, she had that post, but, of course, she was Jewish.
00:18:22Yeah.
00:18:23And, at least, her father was Jewish.
00:18:26And almost all the orchestra, the little orchestra, was Jewish, too.
00:18:30So she, to use a pun, disbanded the band.
00:18:35I said to the orchestra,
00:18:37Boys, there's no orchestra.
00:18:40We have never existed.
00:18:41I just completely disappeared from the musical life.
00:18:47And immediately started to prepare myself to do other things.
00:18:52Is that when she started, when she joined the resistance?
00:18:55And was that the...
00:18:56Well, this is a sweet thing.
00:18:57She had a lover earlier who was Russian,
00:19:02who had escaped from the revolution,
00:19:04who was called Ellen Schwartz.
00:19:07And she'd come to the Netherlands.
00:19:08And then she wanted to go back to Russia.
00:19:11But she didn't have a visa.
00:19:13And the Dutch wouldn't give her one.
00:19:15This was before the Nazis.
00:19:16This was a long time before the Nazis.
00:19:18And so, Frieda, with that deep sense of,
00:19:22this is wrong, I'm going to...
00:19:24That's unfair, said, I'm going to make her a visa.
00:19:27The Dutch government made the wrong decision
00:19:30to not give a person her papers
00:19:33because she was originally a Russian.
00:19:36So I took the law in my hand and changed it
00:19:41and created, of course, a danger for myself.
00:19:44It was always on the edge, but I liked it.
00:19:48Then, during the occupation...
00:19:50She started to forge documents to make life easier
00:19:53for the Jewish side.
00:19:55And she had plenty of non-Jewish friends, of course,
00:19:58and she asked them to lose their official documents,
00:20:02so they had to reapply.
00:20:04And she kept.
00:20:05And so she was able to alter them for friends.
00:20:08It was amazing, her really strong feeling
00:20:10about unfairness and a hatred of...
00:20:14Put your finger on the edge.
00:20:15It's really, she was so brave standing up
00:20:18for these principles.
00:20:20That's what you need, isn't it,
00:20:21to be this kind of a hero that she was,
00:20:24that Willem was,
00:20:25is you need more than just, I hate the Nazis.
00:20:28You have to have a kind of fury inside you.
00:20:30You need to want to.
00:20:31She definitely had that.
00:20:32Yeah.
00:20:33Next, Seyssinkwart made every artist sign up
00:20:37to what he called the Kulturkammer,
00:20:40the Chamber of Culture.
00:20:42Those who didn't sign were unable to work.
00:20:45It meant that artists were forced to produce work
00:20:48with the Nazi seal of approval.
00:20:51It was collaboration by any other name.
00:20:54As a result, artists like Willem and Frieda
00:20:56were driven underground.
00:20:59This is rather a lovely cafe.
00:21:00Is it a typical kind of artist's cafe?
00:21:03And so characters like Willem would come
00:21:06to a place like this?
00:21:07Frieda Belinfante went to a place called,
00:21:10a club called The Circle.
00:21:12Yeah.
00:21:12The Kring.
00:21:13The Kring.
00:21:14That was a cafe where you could have all the magazines
00:21:18and go in the afternoon when you're still working
00:21:21and where you found each other
00:21:22and where you take a little drink
00:21:24or find the newspapers and read.
00:21:27I really led a little bit of a different kind of life.
00:21:32Something that was really up my alley.
00:21:34There she visited and read books there and met people.
00:21:39And she was approached by Sandberg, Willem Sandberg,
00:21:42who knew her as a conductor of a chamber orchestra.
00:21:47Sandberg was the curator of the Stedelijk Museum of Modern Art.
00:21:53Just before the occupation,
00:21:54he'd had the foresight to have a huge bunker dug
00:21:58in the coastal dunes to hide the country's great works of art
00:22:02from the Nazis.
00:22:03In fact, this is where Nightwatch spent the war.
00:22:08And they became friends
00:22:21and she became friends with the friends of Sandberg,
00:22:25Willem Arandeus and Gerrit van der Veen.
00:22:27Gerrit van der Veen was a sculptor.
00:22:32He too was doing his bit to fight the Nazis.
00:22:35Like Willem, he published an underground pamphlet,
00:22:39Die Freie Kunstenaar, the Free Artist.
00:22:43He and a group of friends would meet late at night
00:22:47and, in a party-like atmosphere,
00:22:50fueled by booze and amphetamines,
00:22:52would stay up until dawn forging identity cards.
00:22:57I was told what they were doing
00:23:02and I was telling them what I was doing.
00:23:06And so we got all acquainted.
00:23:09So circle is the right word.
00:23:10It was a circle that met like ripples kind of intersecting.
00:23:15For Willem, it also gave him a sense of family
00:23:19that he'd never had really
00:23:20since his father kicked him out when he came out as gay to him.
00:23:24Yeah.
00:23:25He was called Tiki.
00:23:27We all called him Tiki.
00:23:29And he was very shy,
00:23:32very shy and kind of an inferiority complex.
00:23:36He didn't think he was good enough for this or that.
00:23:40And I was not a close friend of his before,
00:23:43but in that group we became very close.
00:23:46So close, in fact, that Frieda recognized that Willem was a man she could trust.
00:23:54This was Willem's chance to make a real difference.
00:23:58He had the artistic skills and meticulous eye she needed to speed up the forging process.
00:24:05We worked as a team and went out together or had people come to my house and I would take the fingerprint and he would do something else.
00:24:16He felt no longer an outcast.
00:24:19Yeah.
00:24:19And he felt no longer excluded from the real society.
00:24:24Yeah.
00:24:25He was no longer useless, he thought.
00:24:28So it was a bunch of friends.
00:24:32Because he'd been doubly lonely, hadn't he?
00:24:33Because he had no real family.
00:24:36No.
00:24:36And also he had sent the love of his life, Jan, back to Appeldorne.
00:24:41In the benefit of Jan.
00:24:44Yeah.
00:24:44He loved Jan.
00:24:45Yeah.
00:24:45And he didn't want Jan to live in hiding, didn't want Jan to live in danger.
00:24:52One time we had a conversation about the danger that was over our head and I said, or he said,
00:25:01do you think that we see the end of this war?
00:25:08And I said, I don't think so.
00:25:10He said, I don't either.
00:25:13And then he said, do you mind?
00:25:16And I said, no, I don't.
00:25:19He said, I don't either.
00:25:21So I knew exactly that I had a partner who had the same point of view that I had.
00:25:28And Jan lived the rest of his life without ever seeing Willem again.
00:25:34And what happened to him exactly?
00:25:36Do you know?
00:25:37He married.
00:25:38Yeah.
00:25:38He had children.
00:25:39He had a family.
00:25:40And I spoke to his family.
00:25:42Jan was already dead then.
00:25:45And I told his eldest daughter, do you know, your father lived with a man for several years.
00:25:53How did she respond?
00:25:55He was not surprised.
00:25:56She told me that her father was a quiet, silent man.
00:26:01And that every year when the commemoration in Holland of the victims of the war were commemorated.
00:26:10Yes.
00:26:11Then her father became in that period nervous, distracted and very sad.
00:26:18Every year.
00:26:19So we imagine he was thinking of Willem.
00:26:22Yeah.
00:26:23Extraordinary.
00:26:23Yeah.
00:26:25Unsurprisingly, there were plenty of people who welcomed the Nazis.
00:26:30Just like Mosley's black shirts in Britain, the Dutch National Socialists, Anton Musert's NSB, had thousands of supporters.
00:26:40Seuss-Incrant was smart enough to use Anton Musert's paramilitary units to do his dirty work.
00:26:50Things began to escalate.
00:26:53Jews started to fight back.
00:26:55And that led to a general strike.
00:26:57Zeiss-Incrant's response was savage.
00:27:02The Reich's commissar immediately slapped even more restrictions on the Jews.
00:27:07Now they were barred from restaurants and their businesses were closed.
00:27:12Finally, every Jew in the Netherlands was forced to wear the Yellow Star of David so that they could be openly identified.
00:27:21Willem Sandberg, the man who had saved those artworks from the Nazis, formed the artist's resistance.
00:27:38He realized that in order to mass-produce fake identity cards, Willem, Frieda and Van der Veen had to work together.
00:27:46But making more fake IDs is more than a question of simply cranking up the printing presses.
00:27:54So, this is one of the original pieces they used during the war.
00:28:07And that's a photograph and a stamp and two sorts of stamps, like a postage stamp.
00:28:12There were a lot of security measures to make sure it was very hard to forge the identity cards.
00:28:18Oh, it's the other side. Fingerprints.
00:28:20Yes.
00:28:21Oh my goodness, it's a real thing, isn't it?
00:28:22They have two fingerprints, one on the paper and one on the back of the photograph.
00:28:30And on top of the photograph, they would place a seal.
00:28:34So, you would have your last name, your first names, date of birth, place of birth, your nationality, who you were married to,
00:28:43what your occupation was, when it was issued,
00:28:46and an autograph of the city clerk who issued your identity card.
00:28:54All kinds of numbers here.
00:28:55So, every city has its own unique number.
00:28:59So, for example, A35 would be Amsterdam.
00:29:02Right.
00:29:03And the number after A35 would be your personal ID number.
00:29:07So, this is number 10,000 from Amsterdam.
00:29:11The Dutch identity card was one of the only ones that used watermarks.
00:29:16So, it would be very hard to forge these watermarks.
00:29:19Oh.
00:29:20Can we see them?
00:29:20Are they all this?
00:29:22If you hold it.
00:29:24Oh, there's the right book.
00:29:25You can see.
00:29:26Oh.
00:29:26Just like a banknote.
00:29:28Yes.
00:29:28There are three lions.
00:29:31So, there are...
00:29:32With a sword and a crown.
00:29:35So, the resistance had a hard time to forge these cards.
00:29:38Yeah, they were artists, not scientists.
00:29:40Exactly.
00:29:41So, they had to use the perfect type of paper, perfect type of ink, and that was nearly impossible.
00:29:47Did they try?
00:29:48I mean, they must have done.
00:29:49Yes, they did try.
00:29:50Yeah.
00:29:50And some succeeded.
00:29:52Some forgeries are better than other ones, of course.
00:29:55This is one of the earlier forgeries the resistance made.
00:30:00Done by the artists?
00:30:01Yes.
00:30:02The resistance?
00:30:03These were made by the resistance group of Gerrit van der Veen.
00:30:08You can clearly see why this is one of the worst.
00:30:11Oh, there's no...
00:30:13Is that...
00:30:14There's no watermark that I can see.
00:30:17So...
00:30:18Ah, so that's a dead giveaway, because the patrolman would...
00:30:21They would hold it up against the light and have a look at the light.
00:30:25If they were there or not.
00:30:27Yeah.
00:30:27So, this would be one of the earliest.
00:30:29So, the resistance probably didn't know how to make the watermark yet.
00:30:34At first, they tried to cut out lions and place them between two sheets of paper.
00:30:40Ah.
00:30:40So, if you would hold it up against the light, you would still see the three lions.
00:30:45But, the thickness in paper...
00:30:48It's a bit of a giveaway.
00:30:49It was a giveaway.
00:30:49You could feel there was something wrong with it.
00:30:54So, Sandberg understood immediately that a new approach was needed.
00:30:59Because the forgeries they made were good, but they were not good enough.
00:31:03So, Sandberg brought in another friend, a professional printer called Frans Duart.
00:31:09Right.
00:31:10And Frans and Sandberg, with the others, tried to perfect the watermark by experimenting with
00:31:17different paper slurries and different cutouts of the lion for the watermark.
00:31:22So, they would use, um, a printing press, yes?
00:31:25Yes.
00:31:25The paper still had to go through the press six times, and it was a lengthy process to
00:31:31perfect the watermarks in the forgeries.
00:31:34And eventually, it worked out.
00:31:43This is one of the better forgeries, uh, the resistance made.
00:31:47If you hold it on the back, you will see the watermark there.
00:31:52Yes, yes, I can.
00:31:54Yes, there are the lions.
00:31:57Wow.
00:32:00Marvellous.
00:32:01So, they really managed to get there.
00:32:03They started to produce superb imitations, fakes.
00:32:08Yes.
00:32:09And, uh, some German officials, uh, even told Sandberg, for example, that these forgeries
00:32:15that Duart and, uh, his group, uh, with Gerrit van der Veen made during the war were the
00:32:20best he had ever seen.
00:32:22Wow.
00:32:23What a fabulous thing for Sandberg to hear.
00:32:26He must have been very pleased.
00:32:27It was a great, a great vindication of all that work and all that effort.
00:32:33Fantastic.
00:32:33And especially to hear that from an enemy.
00:32:35Yes.
00:32:35That's the most astonishing part.
00:32:38Isn't it?
00:32:39That's, that's remarkable.
00:32:41Oh, I don't like that.
00:32:42What's that?
00:32:43That can't be what I think it is.
00:32:45I thought you might be interested in seeing this.
00:32:47This is one of the original stars of David, the Jew, set to wear during the war.
00:32:53That's an ugly thing, isn't it?
00:32:55Gosh.
00:32:55I've seen it in film, obviously.
00:32:57Who hasn't?
00:32:58And archive.
00:32:58I've never actually seen the real one.
00:33:02That's a horrible thing.
00:33:03And, you know, that's one of the stains on human history, isn't it?
00:33:08Yes, I agree with you.
00:33:09Grotesque.
00:33:10Grotesque.
00:33:11Golly.
00:33:11It's quite extraordinary what the artists' resistance were doing.
00:33:24Although Duvert and Sandberg were both professional printers, it was still a monumental task to make fake IDs at that sort of scale.
00:33:35I'm in awe of them, not so much their skills as the fact that they were prepared to put their lives in danger for the sake of people they didn't even know.
00:33:49Pure altruism.
00:33:50See, all the time that I was still working in Holland, I had contact with Sandberg, and one time he asked me, he said, we are very short of money, can you, do you have any source that you can help us with money?
00:34:12And I said, well, I have some people that I know are very wealthy.
00:34:19I don't think I've seen so much copper outside a police station.
00:34:24It's amazing.
00:34:25It's beautiful, isn't it?
00:34:26It's wonderful.
00:34:27Wonderful.
00:34:31And Frieda came here risking everything.
00:34:34I know, because don't forget the brewery was really watched very carefully by the Germans, and they liked the idea of the brewery continuing, and I think Nazis drink beer too, but my grandfather was very strictly observed.
00:34:48And Frieda took her life into her hands, going to the senior industrialist, who might have informed on her.
00:34:57I went to see Mr. Heineken and asked him, could he help us financially?
00:35:07And he said, how come you trust me?
00:35:12I said, well, I go wear faces.
00:35:15That's all I have.
00:35:18But she had to, obviously, take that step and walk into the office.
00:35:23And I suppose we have to put our minds into the period and the area of distrust that must have settled like a pall of smoke over all occupied Europe.
00:35:34Yeah, obviously, I guess the whole life was a risk in those days, and I think you just kind of had to go with your instincts.
00:35:41I didn't know him well, but I knew he was a music lover, and I had an instinctive feeling that he was on the right side.
00:35:50But, you know, you have to go with her as you feel.
00:35:55I didn't know him.
00:35:56In the end, that's it, isn't it?
00:35:58Yeah.
00:35:58It's the human impulse that I think I can trust that face.
00:36:02And they came to this extraordinary bargain.
00:36:05He said, but you know, I have a problem because I have my office riddled with Germans looking over my shoulder, breathing down my neck, wanting to know everything, where the money comes from that is spent.
00:36:27And he said, I'm not my own boss anymore, unless he said, you have an idea.
00:36:35I said, maybe I do.
00:36:38He said, you do?
00:36:40I said, yes, I have an idea.
00:36:43Buy my cello.
00:36:44The cello was not worth very much, but he ended up managing to pay, I think, the equivalent of 125,000 euros today for a cello, which was probably worth a thousand.
00:36:58So I bought my cello, and he gave me the money.
00:37:03And that money could be used?
00:37:04Well, they kept the printing presses rolling for the documents that they were falsifying, and they also supported people who were keeping people hidden.
00:37:14And I think it was a, I think it made a huge, big difference.
00:37:17And your grandfather, Henry, Harry?
00:37:20Yeah, known as Henry, but at home he was Harry.
00:37:22Right.
00:37:23Did you speak to him?
00:37:24You knew him.
00:37:24I knew him.
00:37:25Did you speak about the war?
00:37:27Not really, no.
00:37:28I think people didn't, not nearly as much as people might have assumed.
00:37:32And I think that it was a lot of wonderful things were done during the war.
00:37:36He wasn't exceptional.
00:37:38It was many people who gave what they could and did what they could, but they didn't talk about it much afterwards.
00:37:44I think it was a lot of wonderful things.
00:37:54I think it was a lot of wonderful things.
00:37:54I think it was a lot of wonderful things.
00:37:55With the artist's resistance now working with master printer, Frans Duvert, they were able to produce identity cards on a vast scale, saving thousands of Jewish lives.
00:38:08But this created a huge problem.
00:38:11The serial numbers on the cards didn't match the duplicate records held in the population registry.
00:38:18A simple cross-check by the Nazis condemned anyone carrying a false ID card to deportation or worse.
00:38:30Willem, Frieder and Gerrit met at Sandberg's house to discuss the problem.
00:38:35And that night, they came up with a quite extraordinary idea.
00:38:41They would blow up the population registry.
00:38:52And this is the main entrance.
00:38:55And there are 20 filing cabins.
00:38:59Right.
00:38:59And here were the cards.
00:39:00The building was guarded by the Germans inside and outside.
00:39:16I knew it was guarded.
00:39:18We all knew that.
00:39:19And they were expecting all kinds of things from the Dutch.
00:39:22They make a plan.
00:39:23They should disguise as policemen.
00:39:26That was the best, they thought, the best opportunity to get inside.
00:39:31We had to have a tailor who would make two police uniforms.
00:39:35Shewitt has to make the uniforms.
00:39:38Shewitt.
00:39:38Shewitt Bakker.
00:39:39Shewitt Bakker.
00:39:39Willem asked Helen Shewitt, would you make the uniforms immediately?
00:39:44They couldn't make the police caps properly.
00:39:47Yes.
00:39:48So, Rudel Bloemgaard knew Cornelius Roos, the policeman.
00:39:52Dutch policeman.
00:39:53And he borrowed caps to make them, to imitate them.
00:39:57Arrondais was the captain.
00:39:59Van der Veen was the lieutenant.
00:40:00And there were four policemen.
00:40:02The leader of the attack actually was Arrondais.
00:40:07And the next man to him was Gerhard van der Veen.
00:40:11So, and is Friede one of the nine?
00:40:13No.
00:40:13Friede is a woman.
00:40:14So, Sandberg said, we don't need more than a woman in the group.
00:40:19And I think that is the superiority of the men.
00:40:22That is not quite dealt with in this world.
00:40:27I think eventually it will be.
00:40:29Hoogsteder, who was a friend and courier of Arrondais, he fetched the explosive.
00:40:37And they had benzol.
00:40:39Benzol is like a fluid.
00:40:41A fluid to burn the guards.
00:40:44Arrondais and Friede said, we don't want to kill anybody.
00:40:47No violence, no deaths, no injuries.
00:40:51We are not like them.
00:40:52We are not like them.
00:40:54That's beautiful.
00:40:55We are not like them.
00:40:56And if there were guards, how would they deal with them if they couldn't be hurt?
00:40:59And the injections?
00:41:01Oh, inject them with some sort of sedative to send them to sleep.
00:41:06Yes.
00:41:07And how would they get hold of that?
00:41:08Well, a friend of a friend of a friend.
00:41:10And they knew how to make the injection.
00:41:15See, we couldn't be as selective because we needed so many special things that nobody could provide without asking maybe an acquaintance.
00:41:27It was, it was, there were too many people involved, in other words.
00:41:31There were so many people involved that it became very dangerous.
00:41:38So the group of artists turns themselves into a group of saboteurs.
00:41:42I like to think of the Raid as a bit like a heist movie.
00:42:06The gang has gone over the plans again and again, contingencies and variables have been taken into account.
00:42:15But then, by the 12th of March, 1943, they're finally ready.
00:42:21So, there it is, the objective.
00:42:31Since before the war, this had been the population registry.
00:42:35And now, it was the target of Willem's ambitious plan.
00:42:40Captain Arundius and Lieutenant Van der Veen have a clever cover story prepared, just in case they're challenged.
00:42:53They have arrested five men carrying explosives and benzoyl.
00:42:59However, all this proves unnecessary.
00:43:02Because, as the registry office comes into sight, they hear gunshots and screams coming from the Jewish quarter, just across the road.
00:43:11The streets are suddenly swarming with troops.
00:43:15And Willem realizes there's nothing for it but to abandon the raid.
00:43:29But they've learned a lot.
00:43:31There's too much to carry, and they need more uniforms.
00:43:35Willem asks Joop Hochstetter to find extra police caps.
00:43:40Joop asks his friend, Van der Leek, who asks another friend, Peter Thunissen.
00:43:46But what he doesn't know is that Thunissen is a member of the National Socialist Party.
00:43:52A fascist.
00:43:53March the 22nd, and they're ready again.
00:44:03But this time, they're better prepared.
00:44:05They now have four extra men in uniform, and Joop is waiting outside the population registry with the benzoyl.
00:44:11But then, just as they're crossing the bridge, they see Joop racing towards them.
00:44:16He says he's seen some cleaners arriving at the registry.
00:44:21And, of course, Willem won't let innocent people get hurt, so they have to call it off again.
00:44:27March the 27th, third time lucky.
00:44:38As they cross the bridge, the target is once again within sight.
00:44:43There are two guards on duty outside the population registry.
00:44:47Captain Arrondais draws a deep breath and marches over.
00:44:53He informs them that he has received a tip-off, that there are explosives hidden upstairs.
00:45:00The guards escort them into the building, but as soon as they're inside, Willem draws a gun.
00:45:08Willem keeps the guards covered while the gang drugs them, strips them, and trusses them up.
00:45:13Two of the gang dress in the guards' uniforms and take up position outside, in case a German patrol arrives.
00:45:22And then the Germans do show up, four of them.
00:45:26Willem takes control.
00:45:28He holds them at gunpoint.
00:45:30But the medics have only got enough sedative for three of them.
00:45:34So they're forced to truss the fourth one up, unsedated.
00:45:37And as they're carrying them all out into the garden, the last one struggles like mad.
00:45:44And then Willem realises that it's only a matter of time before the Germans' comrades notice that the patrol hasn't returned.
00:45:54So they slosh the benzol over the piles of record cards and light the fuse wire.
00:45:59Willem had one more trick up his sleeve.
00:46:15He had friends in the fire brigade.
00:46:17He told them to take their time.
00:46:20And when they did finally arrive, they discovered that Willem had hung signs outside that read,
00:46:28Danger of Explosion! Do Not Enter!
00:46:31The perfect excuse to stand back and let the building burn for hours.
00:46:37As news of the bombing spread, the people of Amsterdam placed single flowers in their windows.
00:46:56Their little way of giving the Nazis the finger.
00:47:00Showing solidarity with that defiant act of sabotage.
00:47:07You will see some of the pictures of the damage.
00:47:15That's very pleasing.
00:47:16I thought it was an enormous success.
00:47:20And it was? Was everything destroyed?
00:47:22No, unfortunately not.
00:47:25In the end, it turned out that only 50% was definitely destroyed.
00:47:31Right.
00:47:31And the rest could be restored.
00:47:34And there was a shadow argives in The Hague.
00:47:38But all the same, it took five months to restore everything and to put a registry office in operation again.
00:47:50But the most important effect was that it really gave all of the Netherlands an enormous moral boost.
00:48:00Everybody was excited.
00:48:02So it was also an enormous inspiration for people to resist.
00:48:07And then they announced a reward.
00:48:17This was published in all the newspapers.
00:48:21There was a reward of 10,000 killers for any information that led to the attackers.
00:48:27That was quite a lot of money.
00:48:28Yes, you could say it's about 70,000 euros nowadays.
00:48:34Oh, that is a lot of money.
00:48:35Yes.
00:48:36Yeah.
00:48:36Yeah, huge.
00:48:37Oh, that's such a temptation.
00:48:39And did that work?
00:48:42Did they get results from that?
00:48:44Yes, unfortunately, yes.
00:48:46He was, you know, Teunisse.
00:48:50Peter?
00:48:51Peter Teunisse.
00:48:52Yes, I've come across his name.
00:48:53He was a Dutch Nazi.
00:48:55And he mentioned the name of Joop Hofstetter.
00:48:58Joop, young Joop.
00:49:00Yes, I remember him.
00:49:01Joop Hofstetter.
00:49:02Yes.
00:49:02And he was the one who talked too much.
00:49:05Oh.
00:49:07So Joop was arrested and taken in and questioned?
00:49:10Yes, and he was terribly tortured.
00:49:13Oh, my goodness.
00:49:13And he couldn't hold out.
00:49:15He was only older, just older than a boy, wasn't he?
00:49:18Yes, 21, I think.
00:49:20And he gave, he knew a lot.
00:49:22And he gave up, he mentioned a lot of names and addresses.
00:49:27And Willem, did they capture Willem straight away?
00:49:30Willem Arandeus?
00:49:31Yes, Willem was in hiding.
00:49:33Right.
00:49:34And Hofstetter did mention the address.
00:49:38So on April 1, he was arrested there.
00:49:42His attitude was absolutely heroic.
00:49:45When he was arrested, they came in and they say, in the name of Hitler, we arrest you, you follow us or something.
00:49:53And he said, in the name of the Queen of Holland, I will follow you.
00:49:57I mean, he was not even started.
00:49:59And then he turned to the policeman and he said, I will warn you, there will be a curse on you and your family members for seven generations because of this criminal act of collaboration.
00:50:16Something marvelous happened to Willem Arandeus, didn't he became such a...
00:50:22He became, really, yes, he was always in doubt.
00:50:25And during the occupation, yes, it gave him a purpose and he became very courageous.
00:50:34And so they started to raid addresses?
00:50:38Yeah.
00:50:39They started and one by one, most of the people involved were arrested.
00:50:44They were put into a solitary confinement first and they were treated very badly.
00:50:50They were chained to their bed and not allowed to go to the toilet or anything.
00:50:58Only once a day, they were shortly released.
00:51:02So it was a terrible, terrible situation.
00:51:05They came to arrest Sandberg, but only his wife was at home and she was able to warn him and he was into hiding.
00:51:22He went into hiding.
00:51:26Von der Veen was in a place and nobody knew where he was, so he couldn't be betrayed.
00:51:32Later on, with another action, to release prisoners.
00:51:38Really? He tried to spring them, as we say, did he?
00:51:40Yes, yeah, yeah, yeah, he was caught and he was also shot.
00:51:43Ah, right, yes.
00:51:45Later on.
00:51:45Frida also was informed in time that they were looking for her.
00:51:53I knew something was wrong, so I better disappear.
00:51:59And that's why I wasn't arrested.
00:52:01Because they had my address.
00:52:06But they didn't get to my house early enough.
00:52:09And first of all, she disguised herself as a man.
00:52:14Ah, yes, I got a picture of you, I remember.
00:52:16I came across it somewhere and I put it in my folder here.
00:52:20You know the picture, do you?
00:52:21It's rather wonderful, isn't it?
00:52:22Look at that.
00:52:24Yeah, yeah, yeah, I know the picture.
00:52:25For three months I was disguised as a man, and very successfully so, because I lived in the
00:52:33Arab Obrechtstadt, number 64, and my mother lived at 44.
00:52:37And I passed my mother several times during that time, and she never recognised me.
00:52:45I also didn't take my hat off for her, but she wouldn't have recognised me anyway.
00:52:51Frida escaped to Switzerland.
00:53:04She returned home briefly after the war to collect her cello from Henry Heineken, then sailed to America, where she lived for the rest of her life.
00:53:14Once again, she rose to lead her own orchestra.
00:53:18Just before she died, in March 1995, she wrote,
00:53:32To all my friends and students, as I leave this earth, I hope, rather than being sad, you can share my gratitude for a beautiful life, of which you have all been a part.
00:53:48It was here, on the 18th of June 1943,
00:54:17that the trial of Willem Arandeus and his fellow conspirators took place.
00:54:23The first words I can see on this page are Waffen S.S.
00:54:34It sends a bit of a chill through the spine, doesn't it?
00:54:37My goodness.
00:54:37And there he is, yes, number one.
00:54:39Willem J.C. Arandeus.
00:54:42Kunstmaler, artist, painter.
00:54:44Yeah, yeah.
00:54:44All the people on the list, they didn't know who was Willem Arandeus.
00:54:48They hardly knew each other.
00:54:50Well, aside from the central gang, the others of the 28s were not connected enough.
00:54:55In the trial, they saw him for the first time, and he didn't know his name.
00:55:01Yes, and he set a tone for the trial.
00:55:03Ah.
00:55:04He was fearless.
00:55:05He stand up.
00:55:06He mocked.
00:55:07He was brutal to the judge.
00:55:10Really?
00:55:10Yes.
00:55:11What had he to lose?
00:55:13Well, that's true.
00:55:14Yeah, he knew he was going to die.
00:55:16He was going to die, yes.
00:55:17So, did he encourage the others to behave like that as well, do you think?
00:55:21No.
00:55:22He took all the blame on him.
00:55:25Really?
00:55:25He said, it was my idea for this, right?
00:55:29And I invited the others to help me.
00:55:34Right.
00:55:34But they're not guilty.
00:55:35I'm the one who's guilty.
00:55:38That's astonishing.
00:55:39I guess there was no chance that any of them would really get off, was there?
00:55:50No one.
00:55:51No?
00:55:51No.
00:55:52And so, how long did the trial last?
00:55:54Just one day.
00:55:56At the end of the day, the Fredericks were spoken.
00:55:59And how many of them were sentenced to death?
00:56:03Twelve.
00:56:03Twelve?
00:56:04Yes.
00:56:04Right.
00:56:05Right.
00:56:06Gosh.
00:56:07I have one last witness from Antje Rose.
00:56:11Antje Rose.
00:56:12She was the sister of Cornelius Rose.
00:56:15He was sent to death.
00:56:17You can maybe read it.
00:56:19Oh, good.
00:56:20It's in English.
00:56:21Yeah.
00:56:22Aaron Deus was very impressive.
00:56:25A beautiful speech.
00:56:27He described the lawlessness and injustice that people were suffering,
00:56:31and how he could not go along with that,
00:56:34and that he did not stand alone.
00:56:36He was very calm,
00:56:38but he would address the Germans in a mocking tone of voice.
00:56:42I think that's...
00:56:44That's magnificent.
00:56:46What a man, really.
00:56:48To be defined like that to the end,
00:56:49and yet to be calm when he needed to be,
00:56:52and to speak directly about why you should stand up to such a tyranny.
00:56:59He was a real hero.
00:57:01It's very moving.
00:57:02As the day of their execution approached,
00:57:21the men were all allowed one final request.
00:57:25Seward asked for a pink shirt to wear for his execution,
00:57:31his favorite color.
00:57:34Willem wanted a meringue pie to share with his friends.
00:57:40Willem left 500 guilders to Jan,
00:57:43the love of his life.
00:57:46Willem would never know that Jan had named his son after him.
00:57:51Surprisingly, the mood in the cells was upbeat.
00:58:03They were telling stories and singing songs.
00:58:07And Willem was their inspiration,
00:58:09their leader,
00:58:10their hero.
00:58:12Lau Mazirel,
00:58:20a lawyer sympathetic to the resistance cause,
00:58:23was Willem's final visitor.
00:58:26Lau said later that Willem gave her the impression
00:58:29that he was truly happy.
00:58:32Willem said something to Lau that day
00:58:42that gives me goosebumps.
00:58:45He said,
00:58:46tell the world that homosexuals are not cowards,
00:58:51that they are no less courageous than anyone else.
00:58:55Willem's life exemplified courage,
00:59:01living openly as a gay man,
00:59:04coming out when he was 17,
00:59:07and refusing ever to hide who he was.
00:59:18Willem needed the world to understand
00:59:20that being gay was no impediment
00:59:24to acting like a true hero.
00:59:42The men were marched at gunpoint
00:59:45for almost a mile across the dunes
00:59:48before they reached the place of execution.
00:59:59Wherever in the dunes the shot sounded
01:00:02that ended Willem Arumdea's life,
01:00:05the field where it happened
01:00:07is a field of honor.
01:00:32MUSIC CONTINUES
01:01:02Spent the remainder of the war in hiding, using his time, working on what he called his Experimenta Typographica.
01:01:15Essentially, it was a new typeface.
01:01:20But if you look closely, you can see initials.
01:01:24And they are Kuhn Limperg, Johan Brauwe, Gerrit van der Veen, France de Vere, and Tiki Arandeus.
01:01:39It's a coded memorial to his friends, to the ones that he lost, to the fallen.
01:01:52Amongst my research pictures, I've got somewhere, I think.
01:01:56Yes, here we are, look.
01:01:57Here's Willem's gravestone.
01:01:59Gravestone, yeah.
01:02:01But he doesn't seem to be as remembered as Gerrit van der Veen.
01:02:08And admittedly, van der Veen's a more famous artist, as an artist.
01:02:12But they both died young before they finished their life's work.
01:02:16Both executed.
01:02:17Both executed.
01:02:18And van der Veen is everywhere.
01:02:19Oh, yes, I live in Amsterdam, very close to the Gerrit van der Veen street.
01:02:24There is a Gerrit van der Veen school, and not only in Amsterdam, everywhere in the country.
01:02:29But Willem Arandeus, I think, has only one alley in Amsterdam, and there are no schools, no street names.
01:02:37But it can't be because he was gay, surely.
01:02:39Well, you cannot really prove that.
01:02:43There is no minutes of meetings where people say, well, because he's gay, we will not mention him or whatever.
01:02:50But it was right after the Second World War, when they started to commemorate the resistance heroes, that being gay was not a plus.
01:03:00You'd think, having had a hated ideology and a hated conqueror like the Nazis in Netherlands, everything they stood for, you would oppose.
01:03:11This is a very painful part of Dutch history, because the Jews who came back from the camps to Amsterdam, to the Netherlands,
01:03:19they were not welcomed warmly.
01:03:21They wanted to go to their own houses, and then the city government said, well, you have to pay tax for the years that you were in the camps.
01:03:30What?
01:03:31Yes, unfortunately, that's true.
01:03:33Even knowing what those people have been through in the camps.
01:03:36Exactly.
01:03:37They charge them money for their absence.
01:03:39Yeah.
01:03:40Wow.
01:03:40And it's only quite recently that the city of Amsterdam really said, well, we have to do something about this.
01:03:49Was there a movement amongst the early gay liberation, as it was called?
01:03:54Well, of course, within the gay community, people knew about Willem Aromdeus, about Schoerd Bakker, about Frida Bellinfante, but it was not common knowledge to the big public.
01:04:07And, for instance, each year in Amsterdam, there's this national commemoration.
01:04:13And I remember that in 1970, there was a group of young gay men who wanted to show the public that also gay men and lesbian women were part of the resistance movement.
01:04:25And they wanted to put a wreath next to the monument, and they were arrested, and the wreath was taken away and destroyed.
01:04:34The general public doesn't know this story and doesn't know about how important these figures were in the resistance movement.
01:04:54And for me, it's interesting that the Jewish memorial for all the dead of the Holocaust is called Yad Vashem, which means a memorial and a name.
01:05:05You give a name to everyone who has suffered, if you can.
01:05:09And Yad Vashem has spent the last decades trying to trace the name of every single victim.
01:05:14Because it's important.
01:05:15And this is what, you know, that first gravestone did, but you have done with your work, and many of the people I've been seeing have done, is give a name.
01:05:24In history, you see that gay people are forgotten.
01:05:28Yeah, and the first thing to do is remember their name.
01:05:33Exactly.
01:05:34Willem Johan Cornelius Arundius.
01:05:39The pink triangle was once a symbol of Nazi oppression.
01:06:08Homosexuals were forced to wear it, just as Jews were forced to wear the yellow Star of David.
01:06:16The triangle was reclaimed in the 1980s by the gay rights movement, and is now a symbol of pride.
01:06:24This is the first monument ever to honor every victim of gay persecution.
01:06:33This is the Homo Monument.
01:06:36Past, present, and future in one.
01:06:40The past, a warning from history.
01:06:45The present, where we are now.
01:06:49The future, where for the sake of humanity.
01:06:53I hope history never repeats itself.
01:06:56This is how I believe Willem and Frieda should be remembered.
01:07:03The future, where we are now.
01:07:04The future, where we are now.
01:07:05The future, where we are now.
01:07:06The future, where we are now.
01:07:07The future, where we are now.
01:07:08The future, where we are now.
01:07:09The future, where we are now.
01:07:10The future, where we are now.
01:07:11The future, where we are now.
01:07:12The future, where we are now.
01:07:13The future, where we are now.
01:07:14The future, where we are now.
01:07:15The future, where we are now.
01:07:16The future, where we are now.
01:07:17The future, where we are now.
01:07:18The future, where we are now.
01:07:19The future, where we are now.
01:07:20The future, where we are now.
01:07:21The future, where we are now.
01:07:22The future, where we are now.
01:07:23The future, where we are now.
01:07:24¶¶
01:07:53An incredible one million perpetrators were responsible for the death of six million Jews.
01:07:59But how did they evade justice?
01:08:01Getting away with murder, stream now on all four.
01:08:04Next Thursday, undercover ambulance for dispatches
01:08:07as a crew member presses record to capture the daily realities on the front line.
01:08:12NHS in chaos at nine.
01:08:23NHS in chaos.
01:08:29.
01:08:29.
01:08:30.
01:08:30.
01:08:31.
01:08:31.
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