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00:00Mount Vesuvius looms over the ruined city of Pompeii, an ever-present reminder of the
00:12disaster of AD 79. Every year Neapolitans still pray to their patron saint to keep them safe from
00:25the volcano but 2,000 years ago it was a catastrophe nobody saw coming for the people here they didn't
00:38know probably that Vesuvius was a volcano they didn't know the danger they basically didn't
00:47know what was getting at them
00:57For 18 hours Vesuvius rained pumice and ash onto the city
01:06Decision-making during the eruption for the people of Pompeii was incredibly challenging
01:10there were still earthquakes people have been disorientated the mushroom of ash would have been
01:17spreading across the sky towards the city starting to turn day into night
01:23several hours of ashfall would have made these streets unrecognizable to the residents of Pompeii
01:31ash would have built up high above the road up along the walls flanking this main thoroughfare out of the
01:38city hundreds perished as roofs and buildings collapsed but for any survivors there seemed to be a
01:51glimmer of hope at one o'clock in the morning there was a pause in the eruption that ash stopped falling
01:59from the sky at that moment people maybe thought that the eruption had finished and that it was safe to
02:05stay but something worse was about to happen as the volcano's eruptive behavior started to change
02:12another new deadly hazard started to arrive into the city of Pompeii
02:17Pompeii had entered its final hours
02:26in Pompeii the biggest dig in a generation was the largest towns in that time
02:31Can you think whatever you might need to do while you move up to the coast but like
02:33the city of France?
02:39that it will nincredi on the sky
02:46luminous
02:48the
02:54the biggest dig in a generation is reaching its climax.
03:00For over a year, an all-Italian team of archaeologists
03:04have been unearthing an entire city block known as Insula 10.
03:12In a complex of buildings beneath the pumice,
03:16a large brick-built oven led to the discovery of a commercial bakery.
03:21Right in there.
03:23In a small room close by,
03:26the team found the crushed remains of two women and a child,
03:32probably enslaved workers.
03:36Next door, an atrium, or reception area,
03:40was under renovation at the time of the eruption.
03:42Here, the team discovered expensive marble furniture and brightly coloured frescoes,
03:55including one resembling a pizza.
04:00With the third building housing a high-end laundry,
04:05the team believed the same man owned the entire complex,
04:08and they found his initials, ARV, on a bakery millstone.
04:15Now the excavation is expanding to a new area behind the bakery site.
04:31As the first wall paintings are revealed, it's clear this is an opulent house once owned by a very rich person.
04:45Could this be the home of the mysterious ARV?
04:48Could this be the home of the mysterious ARV?
04:52It's always fascinating seeing new things, because it's like slowly emerging pieces of a great puzzle.
04:59And we want to understand how these people lived, how the house was organised.
05:05It's really like a story coming to light.
05:15Underneath a large staircase, the team have found something unique,
05:20the first of its kind in Pompeii.
05:35in London, look a little bit.
05:37If you look at the fonts, that they found two soldiers.
05:59How do we look like that?
06:01They feel the duals...
06:03and by the skud.
06:05And as to the design,
06:10the body is proportionate,
06:12the figure of particulars,
06:14who did it?
06:16Yes.
06:17He was a good designer.
06:18Yes.
06:19He knew the person that fought himself.
06:24They had designed their idols.
06:27Yes.
06:28Also, they were like the current players?
06:31Yes.
06:33Gladiators were celebrated icons of the Roman world, worshipped as superstar athletes.
06:45Archaeologists have found their images across Pompeii.
06:51From colourful tomb paintings to graffiti scratched into walls.
07:00But what makes these images so special is that the artist drew them in charcoal.
07:07Carboncino is very delicate, very durable.
07:11It is easily polished.
07:15This means that whoever has designed it
07:20has made it in moments, in the first moments, the day before,
07:24that the eruption covered everything.
07:27What inspired the mystery artist to draw these images just before the eruption?
07:34A stone's throw from the dig is Pompeii's amphitheatre.
07:40In AD 79, it regularly held gladiatorial contests.
07:46Are the images a record of a fight that took place here?
07:58We may not be in Rome, but we're still in an incredible amphitheatre.
08:01And even though it isn't the Colosseum,
08:03the great thing about Pompeii is that it's smaller, it's more intimate.
08:07So wherever you are, even at the cheap seats,
08:09you're getting a fantastic view of the actual games themselves.
08:21The amphitheatre is the great equaliser.
08:23It doesn't matter what your position is in society.
08:25Here, we're all one.
08:27Everybody's here, but their attention is on the infamous.
08:31Here, it is the lowest of the low, the gladiators,
08:34that commands the attention of every echelon of Roman society.
08:41And right here was our artist.
08:46You can imagine, he's walked up the same steps we have.
08:49Come out here, probably with some friends.
08:51As you sat down, the music's building up,
08:53with the roar of the crowd.
08:55You really would have felt it in your bones.
09:01This is just etched into this artist's memory.
09:05These are incredible.
09:07Snapshots of a moment lost in time until recently.
09:11Without these, we would never have known of this incredible match that took place.
09:15So you've got two very popular types of gladiators.
09:18You've got the Thracian.
09:20He's kind of like the middleweight.
09:21He has a brimmed helmet with a nice crest and feathers.
09:24We can see he's got a smaller shield.
09:26And he's got his signature weapon, the Seeker.
09:30It's this little sword here, this little line.
09:32Simple line, but it gives away exactly what it is.
09:34One of the most dangerous weapons in the arena.
09:36He's fighting against the Murmillo, the tank,
09:39the armored tank of the gladiators.
09:42He's got the Scutum.
09:43You can see big shield.
09:45Now, the Scutum is really a weapon of the Roman army.
09:48And this is the opening moment.
09:51It's the moment that they've squared off in front of each other.
09:56They're going to start sparring.
09:57They're going to start sighting each other.
09:58But then the second part, what we have is the culmination.
10:04The end knockout where he's hit the shield out of the opponent gladiator's hand.
10:07The clash of the swords.
10:08The winning moment.
10:09The triumph of one gladiator.
10:10And on the other side, the disappointment of the other.
10:15I would say that this is his gladiator.
10:16This is his man.
10:17And he, at the end of the day, has gone home and he's just wanted to remember it.
10:22And there he is, just with a little piece of charcoal, immortalizing this moment.
10:29The crazy thing is that, unbeknownst to the Sartis and the spectators, their doom is behind them.
10:38The Vesuvius is secretly looming and it's going to end everything and it's going to entomb them and it's going to survive this moment for us to find 2,000 years later.
10:53The Vesuvius is secretly looming and it's going to end everything and it's going to entomb them and it's going to survive this moment for us to find 2,000 years later.
11:23The Vesuvius is now at the end of the day.
11:32Eighteen hours after the eruption started, it began to subside.
11:40And as the huge mushroom cloud of rock and ash became unstable, it collapsed, creating deadly burning avalanches that swept down the mountainside.
11:50known as pyroclastic flows they are unstoppable and unsurvivable
11:59their temperature can be a few hundreds of degrees celsius and they can move several
12:07tens of miles per hour much faster than we'd be able to run it was the horrendous way to die
12:15not only is the flow hot the gases within it are enough to poison you from the inside they
12:22suffocate you and they damage your lungs and all of your respiratory system breathing that air in
12:29was impossible but fortunately for the residents of pompeii it didn't enter their city it actually
12:38went along the coastline into the settlement of herculaneum the residents of pompeii were spared
12:45that first onslaught at the dig the team have discovered an unusually large relief it is an
13:03extraordinary and rare find a three-dimensional snake found in one of the last unexcavated rooms
13:12within the bakery complex snakes were the guardian deities of the home often decorating shrines
13:20and altars and this one is not alone the normal the gemel no but coming in a man that could you
13:38really good it is
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13:44нять a bit
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14:01y
14:01y
14:02y
14:03y
14:06Here we need an altar.
14:09Do we find it, an altar?
14:11There's all the space.
14:13Let's hope.
14:36For the ancient mentality, everything was somehow sacred.
14:49You had gods living on the mountains, nymphs living in the waters, in the rivers, in trees.
14:57The planets were named after divinities, Venus and so forth.
15:03And the snake somehow connects the underground with humans.
15:12And so it brings abundance, wealth.
15:15It stands for the good spirit.
15:17And they are often depicted on the altar.
15:22My father had a piece of wood in the mountains.
15:29It was like a serpent with a big head.
15:32It was short.
15:33He said that it was an ancient serpent.
15:35And they knew it was like an aurium.
15:38Yes, it was an aurium.
15:40And they didn't touch it ever.
15:42Because if it was a serpent, it was a symbol of prosperity and wealth.
15:47So it doesn't touch it.
15:52The discovery of two snakes in relief is another first for Pompeii.
15:56And just below, the team uncover what they were looking for.
16:01A shrine and small altar with a third painted snake.
16:06Dr. Valentino Gasparini is an expert in Roman religion.
16:16He's keen to understand why the house owner sought so much divine protection.
16:21Allora, wow.
16:23Che spettacolo.
16:26Non esiste niente di questo tipo.
16:28No, per ora è l'unico conservato.
16:31Quindi un solo serpente Guinius Loki con tutte le decorazioni classiche.
16:38Con la loro crestina rossa, la loro barbetta rossa.
16:41E poi questo è bellissimo.
16:43L'altare dove veniva fatto il sacrificio è la sua rappresentazione immediatamente sopra.
16:48Diretta, certo.
16:50Ricorrere ad una strategia di ricerca di una protezione divina così imponente direi, monumentale,
16:58perché, ripeto, non esistono cose di questo tipo qua a Pompeii,
17:02è come dire, è com'è metterci, insomma, un peso da novanta, come si può dire, no?
17:08Hanno bisogno di molte protezioni.
17:10La casa, il panificio, la lavanderia.
17:12Evidentemente, evidentemente.
17:14E in questo caso versando, non si capisce bene cosa,
17:20non credo sia carne ma magari versando qualche frutto.
17:22Sì, forse dalla patera.
17:24Da una patera.
17:25Ah, sì.
17:26Non credo abbiate avuto la fortuna di trovare dei resti botanici.
17:28Eh, in realtà sì.
17:30E quindi qui vedi ci sono i reperti recuperati dallo scavo dell'arario.
17:40Quindi abbiamo questa frutta secca, quindi le noci per esempio.
17:57Abbiamo bratte, pinoli, i fichi, i datteri.
18:07and then there was a great presence of nocciole of olive oil,
18:11of laboration of olive oil,
18:16and it was used as a combustible.
18:18I have a change, I have always the goose of the fish,
18:22but there are changes like the fish vertebrae,
18:26but very small,
18:28and then a fragment of the mammalian ossia.
18:31This should be the first example
18:34in which there are pests associated with vegetarians.
18:39Yes, they are new in this case,
18:44like the fish.
18:46Yes, yes.
18:48Who has this offer to offer?
18:53Difficile to say it.
18:55They could have been the owners of the house,
18:59maybe as the last offer.
19:02But for now they have not been found in other Larari Pompeians.
19:12Was this shrine offering a never-before-seen mixture of fruit,
19:16meat and fish,
19:17a last desperate attempt to appease the gods amidst the eruption?
19:22The fear, the need for protection,
19:26the need for protection
19:28is something that could not be understood for them.
19:33If you think about it,
19:35we are the first to see what was placed in this Larari Pompeians.
19:40It is extremely emotional.
19:43Rituals and offerings weren't the only way the ancient Romans sought protection.
19:58Amulets and lucky charms were worn to guard against misfortune.
20:04This one, left behind by a fleeing Pompeian,
20:09has multiple deities on a single talisman.
20:13You can see here there is a serpent coiling around this tree.
20:18There is a bird, probably an eagle.
20:22There is a dog.
20:24There is also this ring which gives the possibility,
20:28while escaping from Pompeii,
20:30to bring with them some divine,
20:34over-powerful in this case, figurines.
20:37Of course, we cannot not mention one bodily member,
20:47which is particularly effective in protection,
20:52the male genitalia,
20:54the phallus in whatever size, shape.
21:00We have bronze phalluses, bone phalluses,
21:03golden phalluses, winged phalluses,
21:06and the basic function of these small objects was quite clear.
21:12Provide protection for the own life of the user of this object
21:18against the bad spirits.
21:24And what we have here is a necklace,
21:28which has been found here in Pompeii,
21:32with a set of eight pieces,
21:34and in this case it's quite interesting to see how every single bone piece of this necklace
21:41is shaped as a double phallus.
21:45We have to imagine our Pompeians trying to escape from a disaster,
21:51and quickly having to find some objects to bring with them,
21:56protecting their new life,
21:58and so probably hoping also in the favour of the gods in order to survive to the disaster.
22:05We have to imagine that we have to find some evidence that we have found more evidence that reveals the panic in Pompeii's final hours.
22:13We have to find some evidence that reveals the panic in Pompeii's final hours.
22:17At the dig site, in a bedroom just off the atrium,
22:21and the team have found more evidence that reveals the panic in Pompeii's final hours.
22:26In this environment, there was an earthquake.
22:40We saw a series of traces of debris debris carbonated along the walls.
22:48It is extremely rare to find remains of Roman furniture,
23:07because normally wood decays quickly.
23:11But here, the charred remains of this bed were preserved by the fire itself.
23:16It is incredible because we can reconstruct the sagoma of the spallier of the bed and the dimension of the bed,
23:26because we have the position of the feet, of the wood staff that connected to the metal feet.
23:33We have one here, very well evident, and another there, remained like an imprint,
23:39so we have the precise measurements of the bed.
23:42And there, there are traces of these cuscines in lana inside of a canvas,
23:51which looks like our canvas, so it is a canvas with a very large canvas.
23:55How did the fire become developed?
24:08We are not sure, but we can think about small thunderstorms
24:13that make a lucerne full of oil on the ground,
24:17near a mobile, and the fire becomes developed.
24:20Over the years, archaeologists in Pompeii have found dozens of different types of Roman oil lamps.
24:35These are a series of lucerne of small form,
24:39of common form,
24:42which was the most diffuse way of illuminating the environment in the evening,
24:49in the evening, in the evening,
24:50the lucerne that we think is responsible for the fire inside of the camera,
24:58which is probably a lucerne of this type of,
25:01that, with its oil boiling water,
25:07provoca an incendio here in Pompeii.
25:10Let's go.
25:40I think it was like hell on earth.
25:42You imagine here a fire, roofs collapsing, people screaming, trying to escape, others hiding.
25:51Some believed the world was going to end and others that the gods didn't exist anymore or had withdrawn from the world.
26:00There's a new eternal darkness.
26:04Despite the widespread panic, the city escaped the full force of the first three deadly pyroclastic flows as they headed west into the town of Herculaneum.
26:19But as dawn broke, Pompeii's luck ran out.
26:26The fourth pyroclastic flow headed south-eastwards towards Pompeii.
26:33The air would have been thick with the smell of sulphur dioxide, a very strong eggy smell.
26:45And if they thought the ash and pumice raining on their roofs was bad, this was something else entirely.
26:51Anybody who was still alive and not been killed by a collapsing roof would have seen almost like a cloud coming down the volcano towards them.
27:03It would have been almost imperceptible. It was so far away how fast moving it was.
27:06As the superheated avalanche crashed into the city, it killed and buried everything in its path.
27:19Today, we can see evidence of the power and ferocity of these pyroclastic flows.
27:25These rocks here do tell us an important part of the story of the eruption.
27:32In the lower part of this exposure of rock, we're seeing these pumice-rich ash deposits from the volcano during the earlier phase of the eruption.
27:41But here we have quite a different rock type.
27:44This rock here has these really obvious lines, these sub-horizontal lines within it, called lamination.
27:51And they form by fast-moving flows, so flows that are moving so fast that you can't build ripples or little dunes.
28:00You actually just flatten the sediments out.
28:02And these rocks were deposited by one of these pyroclastic flows.
28:07And it's haunting to think that a seemingly inconsequential, one-metre-thick package of rock caused such chaos and death.
28:17Because even if you were able to climb out of this lower package of ash, I'd have been up to my chest and my head would have been sticking out of it.
28:26If I was lucky and I was strong, I could have clambered up to the top of that layer.
28:30But then suddenly, the surge, the pyroclastic flow would have just swept me off my feet and that would have been the end of me.
28:37In the 1960s, archaeologists found a group of individuals buried in the ash, discovered close to the southern gate.
28:56Today, we know them as the fugitives.
29:03Experts believe they survived the first phase of eruption, only to be caught by the deadly pyroclastic flow.
29:11When a fungi drank a few times the defeat would have been stopped.
29:27You have here an entire community, a small family perhaps.
29:30There are older people, there are younger people.
29:34There is somebody who was a little over a year old who would not have been able to walk,
29:41who would have been carried.
29:46They grouped.
29:51They were not dead in an hour from the start of the eruption.
29:56They survived until the next morning.
29:59So they had a lot of time to think about what was happening
30:03and how they could possibly respond to what was unfolding.
30:11Maybe the most direct parallel that we have
30:15is what happened in the Twin Towers after the 9-11 attacks.
30:20Because that also was a situation that was unknown to people.
30:28People understood what had happened to some extent,
30:32but they didn't know the buildings would collapse.
30:36And it's very hard to imagine how you respond then.
30:41So some people immediately started to find their way to safety.
30:45Maybe up to half. But the other half did not.
30:49And there's at least a third of all people who waited more than five minutes.
30:57And we know of one group of about 16 people in one of the towers.
31:02They got together in a conference room, had a conversation about the situation for about an hour,
31:08and then decided to leave the building.
31:13And think about what that might mean in a situation like in Pompeii,
31:18where you have very little time to decide.
31:21There will have been panic.
31:24There will have been fear.
31:27There will have been a lot of uncertainty.
31:30What are we going to do now?
31:31How are we going to get out?
31:33When is the right moment?
31:36But people stick together.
31:40Because you want to be with the people that you're most familiar with in the circumstances.
31:46I think what this teaches us about us as human beings is that we are fundamentally social beings,
32:01and we are fundamentally beings who are rooted in familiarities.
32:07So come a moment where you have no reference framework.
32:11You're starting to count your familiarities.
32:14You're going to go back to a place that you understand.
32:18But also you're going to take care of the people you know.
32:22So suppose I would be in a situation like that.
32:25I would immediately run for my family and make sure they were safe.
32:29But for these fugitives, it wasn't a straightforward decision process.
32:37It wasn't that you could make a right decision.
32:39You simply had to be lucky, and these people were unlucky.
32:42They were trying to navigate the crisis.
32:46And it didn't work out.
32:48And it didn't work out.
32:58While we may never know exactly why the fugitives remained together,
33:04in 1933, archaeologists discovered two more bodies in a building known as the House of the Blacksmith.
33:12The victims are a young male and an older female, probably a son and his mother.
33:22The question is, why did they stay?
33:26As you can see in the photos of the period,
33:28the two individuals are inside the cenere,
33:33which is indicative of the phase of the piroclastic flusso.
33:36The piroclastic flusso, which enters Pompeii,
33:40scavalca the walls and kills everything that was alive in the city,
33:45animals and men.
33:47The woman was clinging to a chest, which contained two rings,
34:01while the male was lying on a bed.
34:05So, this is a healthy lombar vertebra,
34:20where the vertebral body has a well-visible integrity.
34:25The other, the L4, a little more under the vertebral column,
34:33which presents, you can see, this big lesion,
34:37which is typical of tuberculosis,
34:41which touches the body of the vertebra,
34:44with a little bit of reaction.
34:49With the male partially disabled by tuberculosis,
34:55perhaps he and his mother hoped to wait out the eruption.
35:00They didn't know what was happening.
35:03So, the reactions are two,
35:05either the escape or the rest of the house
35:07and wait for it to pass.
35:09In this case, the choice was the second.
35:15Back at the dig,
35:17the team are clearing a large room
35:19in the new wealthy house.
35:22The brightly coloured wall paintings suggest
35:25this was the home of a rich Pompeian.
35:32When we started to excavate the salon,
35:34from the beginning of the first painting,
35:37we imagined a mosaic garden of rare beauty.
35:41We don't know exactly what we will find.
35:48The expectation of finding something
35:51of integral,
35:52of well preserved,
35:54as much as possible,
35:55of good goods.
35:56In short,
35:57there are all the promises
35:58that happen.
35:59But,
36:00until I don't see,
36:01I'm like St. Tommaso.
36:02Until I don't see,
36:03I don't believe.
36:04So,
36:05this is the story.
36:07It's a special moment,
36:08because we have to be careful
36:09and not to cause damage
36:10to a garden
36:11that has been preserved
36:12below.
36:13It's a special moment,
36:14because we have to be careful
36:16and not to cause damage
36:18to a garden
36:19that has been preserved
36:22below for two years.
36:32Here it is!
36:33Here it is!
36:34Here it is!
36:35Here it is!
36:36Come on, boys?
36:37This is basically
36:38a small box.
36:40This is a small box.
36:41And this comes out
36:42something in marble.
36:44It looks
36:45integral.
36:46It looks like,
36:48that's where it
36:50is.
36:51Beautiful.
36:52Small silverità
36:53very being preserved
36:55Yes,
36:56well decorated,
36:58excellent
37:00Dollar tree.
37:02At the moment it's
37:03We can say that these are geometric designs.
37:06Yes, geometric designs.
37:12Keep in mind that we are at the feet of the walls.
37:16So the more we go to the center,
37:18the more there are possibilities
37:19that there is a more beautiful design
37:23within the center of the building.
37:28For the first time in this excavation
37:30we see a mosaic pavement
37:33compared to the other houses that we have excavated
37:35along the road of Nola.
37:36We also start to have a better design
37:40and more beautiful results.
37:45This is certainly a customer
37:48who was a faculty member
37:50and a culture of the beauty.
37:56Gennaro?
37:57We are fortunate.
38:00Look at this.
38:02What is it?
38:03Is it a coin?
38:04Yes.
38:05It is on the pavement.
38:07It is on the walls.
38:09Wow.
38:10That is beautiful.
38:11Look at that.
38:13It is very pleasant.
38:15You can read something.
38:18The face of the emperor is on the left.
38:22The part of the inscription is in the reserve.
38:27Here is a lower part.
38:29It is probably that this coin
38:31has lost someone from the building.
38:33Yes.
38:34It is probably.
38:35The case I wanted.
38:36That we will find it.
38:37That we will find it in 2023.
38:41Okay.
38:42Okay.
38:43The discovery of a mosaic
38:45and the highly decorated walls
38:47suggest the owner enjoyed displaying his wealth.
38:51Oh.
38:52Dunque,
38:53ciò che sento io
38:55che entro in questo ambiente
38:58avverto meraviglia,
39:00avverto stupore
39:01perché è una sensazione di immensità
39:04che mi dà questa scena dipinta.
39:07Cioè io mi sento come se entrassi
39:09in un salone per le feste
39:10che è quello che voleva trasmettere
39:12il proprietario di questa Domus.
39:14Quindi impressionare,
39:15lasciare il messaggio che
39:17sei nel mio territorio
39:20e io ti faccio vedere io chi sono.
39:26But the vibrant, brightly colored walls
39:28of the living room
39:29are in stark contrast
39:31to the room next door.
39:38Here,
39:39some truly extraordinary decorations
39:41are emerging from the pumice.
39:47the statue
40:10It's fascinating,
40:11the quality of the painting,
40:12extraordinary!
40:13is also very the details the the eyes everything and you see that for example her dress it's it's
40:25almost transparent and you see her her expression and the hair it's all very very beautiful
40:35the scene is from homer's iliad it shows paris the prince of troy when he first meets helen
40:48the most beautiful woman of the greek world it's kind of unique as a composition right
40:56and so they're saying we are not using one of the typical mythological scenes which are very very
41:04common in pompeii but it's something you know a bit more special and this shows also the education
41:13the culture of the people who lived here or pretend to have this culture who knows right
41:22what's also interesting it's all painted in black this usually it was four rooms which were being
41:29used in the winter and so in the evening you would have to use lamps and the smoke of the lamps tended
41:39to blacken the walls and so vitruvius the the author suggested well the rooms you're using in the winter
41:47where you have to use lamps paint them in black so you don't see the the smoke on the walls
41:53on another wall the god apollo complete with his lyre is trying to seduce his priestess cassandra
42:07i think it often was first of all showing off one's education and you know culture
42:14and so you'd say you know i know greek i know greek culture i paint my house with greek images so you
42:24always have to imagine that this is being used during a practice which is social practice people meet
42:32here eat together and often you have philosophical political cultural conversation
42:40the level of wealth and sophistication on display implies the owner of this property was a man of means
42:49and culture and in the shrine room more clues to his identity have emerged
42:59a red painted inscription
43:10and here you see a very beautiful one A
43:14let's see a A
43:14and here you see another A
43:16everyone in the open
43:21here you see a sign of a A
43:22this 3D is a clear description of a painting
43:25this is very very peculiar because we have it in a cooking environment
43:29so it is interesting to know
43:30it is a very unique
43:33the A
43:35is a R
43:36V
43:38Another A, and the last one is a D, and this one is an E.
43:43And then, CPP.
43:45CPP, and a little apart the figure.
43:48Eh, this one can also be a C-C-C-C.
43:51It can also be a C-C-C-C with the end of the line.
43:57No.
43:58Oro vos faciatis.
44:00It's an editorial inscription.
44:02I ask you to vote for...
44:05..in the kitchen.
44:08Maybe if you do a test, you can take it on the street.
44:13Who is ARV?
44:15And why is he asking for votes?
44:18The team has already found his initials on the bakery's millstone.
44:23And now, a further inscription seems to finally reveal his identity.
44:30So here we have A point,
44:34still abbreviated.
44:35Aulum, Aulus, Aulum.
44:38And then we can read here, Rustium.
44:42Uh, so this would be his kind of family name.
44:49And then you have Verum.
44:51That would be the last name.
44:53So we know that he, his name was actually Aulus Rustius Verus.
45:00And then we have again, Ed, Edilem.
45:05Edilem is kind of the second highest of his, the tone.
45:09And then this strange form of three letters all merged into one.
45:17Oro vos faciatis.
45:20I ask you to vote, to make him Edilem of the town.
45:29So we now know, thanks to this inscription, that his full name was Aulus Rustius Verus.
45:37So was Aulus Rustius Verus, the owner of all these buildings, the laundry, the bakery and a luxurious property with the imposing black room.
45:54As a well-known public figure running for political office, owning a bakery would have given him an edge.
46:06The thing is that in antiquity, they weren't so concerned about anti-corruption.
46:14And so they officially accepted that you could bribe voters.
46:20So you could somehow buy votes.
46:23You can imagine that you could tell people this bakery is supported by this great guy, Aulus Rustius Verus.
46:32And the bread you're buying, you know, is so cheap, thanks to him also.
46:37So when you eat your daily bread, think of how wonderful a person he is.
46:43And consider giving him your vote.
46:48But the political career of Aulus Rustius Verus was cut short.
46:57The eruption of Vesuvius stopped everything in its tracks.
47:04And as the sixth and final pyroclastic flow buried what remained of the city,
47:09the city. He, like Pompeii, was forgotten.
47:14The ancient city was rediscovered.
47:291700 years later, the ancient city was rediscovered.
47:34Over the centuries, as its buildings, artifacts and people slowly emerged from the pumice and ash,
47:42archaeologists began to write the story of Pompeii.
47:46This dig is a new chapter in that story.
47:51A year into the excavation of Insula 10, Gennaro, Alessandro and the rest of the team are beginning
48:00to understand this extraordinary set of buildings and the people who lived here.
48:05Pompeii, you know, it's always a fragmented history.
48:12But sometimes you can put together a little story.
48:18And we can get very close.
48:20You can see the dining rooms and bedrooms and even the bathrooms.
48:26And we can see how these people live.
48:31The team have uncovered Aulus Rustius Verus' thriving business empire, consisting of a bakery.
48:44And a high-class laundry, complete with 2,000-year-old plumbing.
48:49This is really fascinating because this is not your normal drain. This is a serious drain.
49:05The team found both businesses connected to a lavishly decorated reception area,
49:10where the heavy marble furniture and bespoke frescoes showed to ARV's guests that he was a man of means.
49:19And a wall painting, depicting the Greek myth of Achilles, revealed ARV liked to parade his culture too.
49:45Behind both his bakery and laundry,
49:48the team are uncovering what could be ARV's extravagantly decorated home.
50:08What is now clear is that at the time of the eruption,
50:12ARV's home and businesses were undergoing major renovation,
50:17as every room is full of building materials and tools.
50:29In this house, at the moment, there is no trace of everyday life,
50:34but there is a continuous presence, and in every single environment,
50:38of the building activities.
50:43So it is true that the pavement is in the ground, not finished.
50:47We have two wooden poles to be done so that we have made a Pattern,
50:52to make up the職場 for the entire subway building.
50:54So the 21st of the building is this.
50:57That is the job that plays,
50:59that makes people reassembly,
51:02that makes people reassembly,
51:03that makes people reassembly,
51:04that makes people reassembly,
51:05that makes people reassembly,
51:06and that makes people reassembly,
51:07make a building that spacesuit.
51:08There is a pile with a number of broken rules.
51:12This tells you the daily life of this house.
51:19But it is the discovery of the three crushed bodies close to the bakery
51:25that speaks to the real tragedy of the eruption of AD 79.
51:31The team believe these are the bodies of enslaved workers, who perhaps sought shelter in the bakery.
51:56And a final phase of excavation has now revealed the full brutality of life for some of Pompeii's poorest.
52:08Now it all falls into place where both humans and animals become mere elements in some kind of factory mechanism.
52:20So we have to imagine they lived in these two rooms.
52:27And there is only one way out.
52:31And you take it if you have to deliver the bread.
52:35And it is this door.
52:37The only exit from the bakery leads to the atrium, where the bakery manager would receive his guests.
52:47So, remember, the door is closed.
52:51You would not see the bakery.
52:54But there is one other opening, as far as we know, between the bakery and this room.
53:02And so you had this window here, but it was closed with iron bars.
53:08The house owner evidently wanted to avoid people crossing from inside the bakery to this part,
53:17because from here you had many ways to escape.
53:21The enslaved workers may have been literally imprisoned inside the bakery.
53:29There is little light probably, little space.
53:38We have to imagine the dust of the flour here filling the air.
53:42And this very heavy, monotonous work all day long.
53:48And so it was one of the most terrible fates of destinies of slaves in antiquity to work in these bread bakeries.
53:57Could it be that the victims, the two women and a child, weren't seeking shelter, but had no choice?
54:18And were trapped, unable to escape?
54:22We see the dark side of ancient slavery, where there is no trust, no promises of liberation.
54:35There is only the root violence of forced labor.
54:41Two thousand years after the eruption of AD 79, Vesuvius is still a dangerously active volcano.
55:06An ever-present threat, which every year unites the residents of Naples in prayer to keep them and their city safe.
55:23It's like if the Pompeians and the Neapolitanians were forged with the same elements.
55:34The fear, but the courage to destroy the fear.
55:40Despite the threat of another eruption, people are determined to stay here.
55:51Resilient in their love for their land.
55:55You can put a hat on a suit, a shirt, a shirt, a hat, a hat, a hat, a hat.
56:05But what you can't put in the hat on a suit is the smell of the sea, the smell of the morning, the smell of the coffee in the bar in which you take a coffee.
56:14The hope is to stay together, the friendship of the peace.
56:21So maybe this land can take care of the precariousness of life.
56:31life and then forse the teaching is to be careful and not lose any moment of their own life
56:50living it always with awareness that it can be the last day and with the hope that
56:58the day will not end.
57:28you
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