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00:00Ancient Egypt has been a lost forgotten world for around two millennia.
00:17Hidden in the sand, the remnants of this civilization built at the time of the River Nile are still resurfacing.
00:27Archaeologists are progressively documenting the true pharaonic Egypt, each day unveiling a little more about its incredible history.
00:37Thanks to modern scientific technologies, physics, genetics, and even computer-generated imagery, some enigmas of the past are finally at our fingertips.
00:49Among the great mysteries of Egyptian history is the fate of the dazzling queen Nefertiti, her name meaning the beautiful one will come.
00:57She was the wife of pharaoh Akhenaten and gave birth to the child who would become one of the most famous pharaohs, Tutankhamun.
01:05Her mummy has never been found. That's why research has become a real quest of the grail for all Egyptologists and more and more contradictory theories continue to emerge.
01:15The moment we found out that this mummy is actually Nefertiti, it was a big moment in our research.
01:21Sur tous les échantillons qu'ils ont étudiés, tout ce contenait encore de l'ADN, ce que je trouve personnellement assez surprenant.
01:26C'est une ville hautement royale, donc il est absolument certain de Nefertiti à résider ici.
01:31Les proportions de son visage sont parfaites, c'est probablement la femme idéale.
01:37A team of experts are retracing Nefertiti's tracks to try to understand how she died and what became of this legendary Egyptian queen.
01:45Antonio Fiscati, a doctor of physics and scientist, will carry out research in Europe,
01:53while Claudine Le Tourneur-Disson, an Egyptologist passionate about Egyptian queens,
01:58and Gilles Arpoutian, author of scientific works and passionate about new technologies,
02:02will travel to Egypt in search of Nefertiti.
02:15In trying to discover what became of Nefertiti's mummy, they must first construct the chronology of a rich history,
02:26which spanned over more than 3,500 years the history of ancient Egypt.
02:34Claudine and Gilles meet with Egyptologist Vasil Dobref to place Nefertiti at the heart of the incredible saga.
02:40What was the name of Nefertiti's mummy?
02:43Il y a 4-5.000 ans, c'Ă©tait l'Ă©poque des pyramides, ce qu'on appelait l'Ancien Empire.
02:48Donc c'Ă©tait la grande Ă©poque oĂą on faisait les grandes pyramides,
02:52de Chéops, de Képhène, tout ce qu'on connaît.
02:54Il y a à peu près 3.500 ans, c'était une autre petite période qu'on appelle le Moyen Empire,
02:59on faisait des pyramides en briques qu'on couvrait avec de la pierre.
03:02Et puis après, il y a à peu près 2.500 ans, il y a 3.000 ans, c'était le Nouvel Empire.
03:10Il y a Alexandre en 332, le dernier roi d'Egypte, et après lui, pendant trois siècles,
03:20on a les Ptolémées, les Cléopatras, les Arsinoées, ces Pharaons,
03:24qui sont grecs, macédoniens, qui ont clos quelque part la civilisation égyptienne.
03:29Nefertiti was alive around 1.300 BC.
03:33Claudine and Gilles will delve into more history from more than 3.000 years ago
03:38into the period of the new Egyptian empire to try to shed light on the fate of Queen Nefertiti.
03:43We know that Nefertiti was born in Luxor, Thieves, in Antiquity, which was the capital of Egypt.
03:56It was in this mythical village that Claudine and Gilles decided to start their research into the mystery of the beautiful Nefertiti.
04:11Where is she buried? Why is there no certainty surrounding where her tomb is? Has it been moved?
04:17These are questions that our experts will try to answer.
04:20Situated in the heart of Egypt, this town is globally known for its monumental temples,
04:28for which the entrance was once adorned with two obelisks,
04:32one of which can be found today in Place de la Concorde in Paris.
04:35Luxor was one of the most important pharaonic capitals.
04:39It was here that they found the first traces of this young Egyptian woman who would become Queen Nefertiti.
04:45The myth of Nefertiti was really born on December 6, 1912.
04:51On that day, in the middle of an Egyptian desert in Amarna, Queen Nefertiti would be seen in the best light.
04:58German archaeologist Ludwig Borchardt searched this buried city for 33 years.
05:04Among remnants that he found from a sculptor's workshop, he discovered an unexpected treasure,
05:09a magnificent bust which revealed the features of Queen Nefertiti in an exceptional condition.
05:15This bust is now one of the most popular works in the world, exhibited in News Museum in Berlin.
05:21However, rumors circulated quickly regarding its authenticity.
05:25In fact, it was suspected that the Germans had put pressure on Borchardt to make a significant discovery
05:31in order to justify his very expensive expedition.
05:35So, is this bust an impostor?
05:37A sculpture created upon Borchardt's request to please his financiers?
05:42Immédiatement, c'est un choc, puisque le bust est pratiquement entièrement préservé.
05:48Le bust est en fait inachevé.
05:50C'est un modèle de sculpteur, et dans cet atelier, c'est assez normal.
05:55On en a Ă©galement pour Ikenato.
06:01Ce bust est authentique, d'abord parce qu'il n'y a matériellement pas le temps de réaliser un faux à tel est la Marna.
06:08Il faudrait que Borchardt ait trouvé un sculpteur de talent extrêmement inventif.
06:14Il faut savoir, par exemple, que la coiffe de Nefertiti,
06:17on n'en connaissait pratiquement pas d'exemple en trois dimensions avant la découverte de ce bust.
06:22Et ensuite, le collier que porte Nefertiti, qui est un collier d'inspiration florale,
06:27le seul modèle apparenté que l'on va trouver, presque identique,
06:30se trouve dans la tombe de Toutankhamon, découverte en 1922, donc neuf années après.
06:39C'est un chef-d'œuvre qui représente une femme la plus belle de l'Antiquité,
06:43mais ce n'est peut-être pas un portrait fidèle de Nefertiti.
06:47Pour quelles raisons?
06:48C'est probablement la femme idéale qui s'inspire des descriptions que l'on a dans la littérature.
06:54Les proportions de son visage sont parfaites.
06:57Et ensuite, elle a un petit côté masculin, notamment dans le menton,
07:01qui lui donne un côté un petit peu androgyne.
07:04Et on sait que ce côté androgyne a toujours séduit davantage qu'une féminité absolue.
07:11Whether these facial features are perfectly faithful to those of Nefertiti or not,
07:18one million visitors visit the museum in Berlin each year
07:22to admire this photorealistic bust.
07:24Today, this bust is a globally symbolic representation of the Queen.
07:28So the experts now know what Nefertiti looked like.
07:42However, to aid their research regarding where her mummy could be found,
07:45they need to know more about her history.
07:47It's important to map out her life and the places she had been in order to solve the mystery of her final resting place.
07:55Nefertiti was born in Luxor.
07:57She was from a noble family who had reigned over Egypt for centuries.
08:01The pharaohs weren't just political sovereigns,
08:04they were also the heads of a religion believing in several gods with multiple representations.
08:10In Luxor, these are the famous Karnak temples which witnessed worship,
08:14where the Egyptians devoted themselves to these divinities.
08:18The team of experts also includes Dmitri Leibury,
08:21an Egyptologist who specializes in the period that Nefertiti was alive, the new empire.
08:26Karnak is a gigantic site, which takes about 50 hectares.
08:30It's absolutely gigantic, it's a paradise for archaeologists in reality,
08:33which is located in the current city of Luxor.
08:37It's a sacred space that surpasses the site of Karnak,
08:41with the sanctuaries at Luxor, at Deir el-Bahari, at Medinet-Abou.
08:45And all this area was highly sacred for the ancient Egyptians,
08:49since the foundation of the city that the Greeks called Thèbes,
08:52they call Thèbes, in Egyptian, they call Ouasset,
08:55which goes back to the second millennium before our age.
09:06It's a city that is highly royal, where the king comes regularly
09:09and his reine Nefertiti comes with him,
09:11from the 4th of the year they are married, of course.
09:15It was in Luxor that Nefertiti met the future pharaoh,
09:18Akhenat.
09:19It was in Luxor that Nefertiti met the future pharaoh,
09:22Akhenat and his wife.
09:23The spouses practiced their religion in the Karnak temples,
09:25but no mummies were ever found there.
09:27It was in Luxor that Nefertiti met the future pharaoh,
09:29Akhenaten and his wife.
09:32The spouses practiced their religion in the Karnak temples,
09:34but no mummies were ever found there.
09:37There is no evidence suggesting that Nefertiti's tomb can be found there.
09:52The experts decided to go to the site of the palace where Nefertiti lived in Luxor
09:57to try and find evidence that could lead them down a new line of inquiry.
10:02The Egyptian sovereign sought calm and serenity outside of the hustle and bustle of the Karnak temples.
10:17Archaeologists have searched the desert for areas that could have been Nefertiti's residence,
10:21and they found it in the west of Luxor, in Malkita.
10:27How are you? Nice to meet you.
10:30Peter Lacovara is leading a search on this site.
10:34There are two roads, and the harbor itself is back.
10:38Was it a huge palace?
10:40It was huge. It's bigger than Buckingham Palace. It's bigger than the White House.
10:45It covers an area, all the enclosures, it's about 150 by 100 meters.
10:50So a huge, huge area.
10:52Very often we have the kings kind of founding these palaces outside,
10:56near the royal city, near the capital, say Thebes, but nearby, like Versailles.
11:08We know a lot about the decoration of the palace because it seems it collapsed perhaps during a rainstorm,
11:16and so much of the painting on the ceiling and the floor got preserved.
11:22Not so much on the walls, but we know it was very decorative.
11:26One of the reasons that we're trying so hard to protect and preserve Malkata is,
11:38it's the last of these royal cities that's sort of in its original landscape.
11:43If you go to other royal cities like Amarna or Deral Bolas,
11:48they're being encroached by the modern town.
11:52So fortunately, Malkata is a little bit off in the desert,
11:57so you can get an idea of how it would have originally appeared.
12:04Peter Lacovara's expeditions allowed the expert to get a better idea of what Nefertiti's palace looked like,
12:10and what its environment was like.
12:13On his side, Antonio went to the north of France to find out more about the interior of this palace,
12:18particularly the richness of the decoration,
12:21thanks to an engineer who was so passionate about Egypt that he created it in 3D.
12:26How did you proceed to reconstitue this palace in 3D?
12:31We used the archaeological sources, the documentation that we have put on our disposal.
12:36So the director of the Fouilles, Peter Lacovara,
12:38gave us some plans that he had to reconstitue,
12:41some small elements of the decoration,
12:43and from these elements, we had to model all the buildings in 3D.
12:47We made first a view of the palace,
12:51a view of the palace,
12:52and then we were attached to the column that leads to the throne room.
12:58We made this column from the elements that we found on the place.
13:02So the structure of the structure,
13:05as well as the columns that we found in the culcaire.
13:08However, the rest of the columns were in wood,
13:11so there was a complete reconstruction.
13:14The Fouilles of the columns were painted in red,
13:18while the rest, for example the chapiteaux,
13:20represented by the motifs végétaux,
13:21so they were vividly colorés.
13:23Can we imagine Nefertiti living in this palace?
13:26Yes, of course.
13:27There is a chance that Nefertiti lived in this palace during his jeunesse.
13:30Since we've established that Nefertiti lived in Luxor,
13:49could she have also died there?
13:51Could we find her mummy there?
13:54Where should we look?
14:03In year 04 of Akhenaton's reign,
14:06Nefertiti's husband, an event shook Egypt.
14:09In fact, the sovereign pharaoh decided to revolutionize religion
14:14and impose worship of only one god,
14:17Eitan, the god of sun.
14:19In fact, we are in a temple that was decorated by Ramses II,
14:34about a century after Akhenaton,
14:37but according to the fact that Akhenaton is here.
14:40In fact, we are in a temple that was decorated by Ramses II,
14:45about a century after Akhenaton,
14:47but according to all likelihood,
14:48it is here that Akhenaton,
14:50or the first thoughts that lead to Akhenaton will begin.
14:53It is here that Akhenaton will build a temple
14:55dedicated to his new divinity tutelaire,
14:58which is the dieu solaire,
14:59in a particular form,
15:00which will not become the dieu aton
15:02that once we are on the other side of this door,
15:04beyond the complex of the dieu Amanai.
15:11A new religion was born,
15:13Eitanism.
15:29In a collapsed karnic temple,
15:31archaeologists discovered fragments of walls
15:34from the temple dedicated to Eitan.
15:36These sculptured stones revealed the immense adoration
15:39for the god of sun.
15:45These walls also witnessed the prosperity of Egypt
15:48in Nefertiti's time,
15:49a wealth derived from the flooding of the Nile.
15:52In sifting through the outer remnants of the Karnak temple,
16:16archaeologists found foundations of a collapsed temple,
16:19which didn't even feature on the official maps as a phantom temple.
16:29Claudine and Gilles learned that evidence linked to Akhenaton
16:32and Nefertiti had been found,
16:34fragments of monumental statues.
16:37However, they weren't there anymore.
16:39They decided to look into the history of these temples
16:41in order to find out more about Nefertiti,
16:44this queen at the heart of cultural and religious disruption in Egypt.
16:48In Bordeaux, this is where the ArcheoVision Laboratory is located.
17:03Here, archaeologists and graphic designers combine their skills
17:07to create these ancient temples in 3D.
17:09This will allow them to better understand the environments
17:13that Nefertiti lived in at that time,
17:15and the new customs dictated by the new religion.
17:18In the 1920s, the archaeologists, who work at the East of Karnak,
17:32have had the chance to find the rare vestiges of temples
17:36dedicated to Akhenaton by Akhenaton.
17:40In these vestiges, they found what?
17:42They found what?
17:43They found a base of pillars,
17:46with a base of walls,
17:48and above all, the colosses.
17:49It was quite astonishing,
17:50to the image of Akhenaton,
17:52with this character with a face emaciated,
17:56with a small and large vestiges,
17:59which was very surprised by everyone.
18:02We knew that it was Akhenaton.
18:05And here, it gave us the first indication
18:08of how the king was built in the East,
18:11and that it was in this area
18:13that they were held in the first temples
18:15that were built in the East.
18:25But now, we understand better the temples
18:29which were built in the East,
18:31since, of course, we go up to the walls,
18:33and usually, in the same decorations we have
18:36which are found,
18:37we have an Egyptian representation
18:39of the temples such as they were at the time.
18:41So it's very precious for us.
18:50The new religion, implemented by Akhenaten and Nefertiti, led to new Egyptian art,
18:56which, for the first time, put forward realistic representations of the pharaohs
19:01that were considered to be part of the god of sons family.
19:05When we look at the representations of Nefertiti and Akhenaten,
19:08we are quite surprised to see the degree of intimacy in all these representations,
19:13the nature of the gestures, and the gestures that we don't find no part in the Egyptian art.
19:18It's true that this period is one of the rare ones where we can see a couple toucher,
19:24we can even see Nefertiti who stole a kiss at Akhenaten while she met a collier.
19:30And it's quite astonishing.
19:32Now, we have to see the appearance of a new liturgy.
19:38The cult is no longer centered on the gods, but on the king.
19:44The life of the king becomes a permanent ritual.
19:47When he wakes up, when he wakes up, when he eats,
19:51we are a little bit in the same situation as Versailles,
19:54under the roi soleil, where, with the etiquette,
19:57each instant of the life of the king is ritualized.
20:00This cult of personality is undeniably at the origin of the legend of Nefertiti.
20:10The sovereign of Egypt solidified and incarnated the words of her husband,
20:15who attributes to himself at the head of states.
20:18Although she occupied an important place in this new society,
20:30our experts never managed to find traces of anywhere that could have been her tomb within the Karnak site.
20:36Which event in Nefertiti's life could lead them down a new path?
20:44Of course, something that shifted her fate.
20:49Her husband, Akhenaten, decided to build a new capital for Egypt,
20:53which was entirely dedicated to the god of sun religion.
20:56He erected a palace, which would be his main residence.
21:01The king decided to build a city totally dedicated to the divinity Athons,
21:13a city in which he himself is at the center.
21:15And the site of Amarna is identified for that.
21:18So it's a holy site, but it's one of the first times
21:22where, in Egypt ancienne, we can build a sacred territory on a holy land.
21:28In following the Nile up to the center of the country,
21:34Akhenaten chose a vast plain in the desert.
21:37The pharaoh was in the fifth year of his reign.
21:40He wanted to make his mark here to build a new Egypt.
21:46It was here, in Amarna,
21:48that the remnants of this new capital were found buried in the desert.
21:58The city of Amarna is very passionate and original,
22:05because it's a new city.
22:07All the work that we can do
22:10on the restitution of the volumes of the city
22:13and to understand the architecture,
22:15so the floor plans on the ground,
22:17which remain at the vestiges,
22:19allows us to have quite precise ideas on the metric plan.
22:22So we need to know in which dimensions we need to work
22:25on the ground.
22:28These new technologies, thanks to their precision,
22:31are very important because they allow the experts
22:34to indulge in even more details from the past concerning elements
22:38that could send the experts down new lines of inquiry
22:41regarding Nefertiti's tomb and mummy.
22:43In Amarna, Akhenaton and Nefertiti settled in a huge residence.
22:55It was here that their son was born, the future king, Tutankhamun.
23:00The scenes of life linked to the remnants suggest the popularity of their sovereigns.
23:05However, the reality is much more complicated.
23:08Clay Plagues, dating back to this period,
23:11show a complex international situation
23:13and an Egyptian kingdom in difficulty.
23:16Nefertiti and Akhenaton
23:18couldn't reign Amarna as peacefully as they had hoped.
23:21To better understand what led this city to progressively fall,
23:25Antonio is meeting with François Tonic,
23:27a journalist who specializes in Egyptology in Paris.
23:31Le couple royal, Akhenaton et Nefertiti, vivait dans leur monde.
23:36Ils ne foulaient pas le sol non sacré.
23:39Quand ils se devaient placer, c'Ă©tait surtout sur des chars.
23:43Ils marchaient uniquement dans les sols des palais ou des temples.
23:47Dire qu'ils étaient aimés du peuple, ce n'est pas certain.
23:51Pourquoi et comment la ville d'Amarna a-t-elle été détruite ?
24:00Et qui a fait disparaître toutes les références au dieu Aton ?
24:04Alors, on s'aperçoit que ce sont les successeurs de Tutankhamun,
24:09et en particulier Séti Ier et Ramsès II,
24:12qui vont démonter systématiquement tous les temples.
24:15Et on va marteler plus ou moins systématiquement les images d'Aton,
24:20de sa reine et de ses enfants.
24:28Et pourquoi les successeurs ne sont-ils pas restés à Amarna ?
24:33On voit que c'est l'Ă©chec du projet d'Akhenaton
24:37qui va provoquer la chute de la ville
24:40et le déménagement d'Amarna à Luxor encore une fois.
24:44Ça se déroule très peu de temps après la mort du roi avec son successeur.
24:49Et la ville va dépérir.
24:51Et c'est comme ça que l'on va démonter plus ou moins rapidement tous les temples.
25:00La ville est en fait en briques.
25:02C'est de la briques crues en plus.
25:03Avec le vent, la pluie, ça va faire disparaître toutes les traces d'habitation et toutes les traces de la ville.
25:09Les Ă©gyptiens ont longtemps fait des tombeaux dans les pyramides et puis ils ont construit des tombeaux dans la roche.
25:29Comment sont avancés ces nouveaux tombeaux ?
25:33Nous avons un changement de religion qui va s'opérer dans le culte funéraire et dans la manière dont on va mettre au tombeau le roi.
25:42Donc on est passé vraiment de la pyramide qui est un concept solaire à un concept plus souterrain.
25:53On a les notions de mondes de l'au-delĂ , des mondes souterrains.
25:57Et on s'aperçoit que les tombeaux royaux du nouvel empire qui sont dans la veille des rois répondent aussi à ces nouveaux rites, à ces nouveaux livres.
26:06Et d'ailleurs, les parois sont gravées de ces nouveaux livres sacrés où on a tout le transit du défunt dans le monde inférieur.
26:15Et tous les dangers qui doivent passer pour revivre lorsque le soleil va renaître.
26:21En conclusion, pour trouver Nefertiti's tomb, les experts connaissent qu'ils doivent maintenant rechercher un tomb encasé en roc.
26:29Puis, deep dans une incisive valley, Ă l'est de Amarna,
26:34les archeologiens ont trouvé plusieurs openings dans les clifs qui ont passé à tombs à la fin du 19e siècle.
26:40Un des élus ont été identifié comme étant de temps pour les remains de l'Akinaton.
26:46Sur les sites Amarna, l'égyptologiste Marc Gabbold a travaillé depuis plusieurs années sur une map de necropole rural.
26:55Certains tombs pourraient s'occuper d'autres membres de l'Akinaton.
27:00Est-ce que les experts ont finalement trouvé ça ?
27:03Est-ce qu'une mère de Nefertiti est ici ?
27:05Je souhaitais quand même essayer d'éclaircir le mystère,
27:08de savoir où est-ce que Nefertiti avait été envisagé d'être enterré dans cette necropole.
27:14Et ma conclusion présente c'est que lorsque Nefertiti est mort,
27:18son appartement funéraire dans la tombe royale était inachevé
27:22et que l'on a dĂ» l'enterrer probablement un petit peu rapidement dans cette tombe royale.
27:28Nefertiti est simplement mort quelques mois avant son Ă©poux
27:31et a été enterré probablement in fine dans la tombe royale,
27:35mais où exactement dans la tombe royale c'est très difficile à dire.
27:38Mark Gabbold's theory is that Akinaton and Nefertiti had been buried in the cliffs of Amarna.
27:46However, when the city fell, their son, the new king Tutankhamun,
27:50had moved their mummies to bury them in the Valley of the Kings.
27:54Could Nefertiti have been moved to the Valley of the Kings at the same time as her husband Akinaton?
28:08Claudine and Gilles decided to run with this theory.
28:14Nefertiti could be in a tomb somewhere in this gigantic cemetery for pharaohs and queens.
28:20Back to Luxor, at the famous Winter Palace,
28:30which has been succeeded by generations of avid explorers in search of new discoveries.
28:36Since the start of the 19th century, eminent Egyptologists have been coming to Luxor
28:53to search for this famous Valley of Kynes.
28:55The first images, caught on film, capture this frantic search for hidden treasures.
29:00There have been many expeditions for the Valley of Kings.
29:03At that time, there was a scramble to find the mummies.
29:07Egypt became a major challenge for many nations who financed very expensive research companies.
29:27The race had started among Egyptologists around the world,
29:30who would tirelessly search the valley to uncover tombs and objects that would give them an insight into history.
29:36We often talk about the Valley of Kings. What is it about?
29:38The Valley of Kings. What is it about?
29:40The Valley of Kings. What is it about?
29:42The Valley of Kings. What is it about?
30:00We often talk about the Wallet des Rois. What is it exactly?
30:04The Wallet des Rois is a wadi,
30:08a wet valley, which is inondable when there is a lot of rain.
30:13This wadi, the Wallet des Rois, or King Valley in English,
30:18is a very isolated valley in the mountains of Luxor,
30:23and it's where the architects, the rois, will cross their tomb.
30:30It was between the Nile Valley and the desert
30:33that a chain of small mountains hit a maze of rocky tunnels.
30:37In this valley, more than 60 tombs were discovered,
30:42which had once been opened for the bodies of Feryas and some of their wives.
30:47All these tombeaux are designated by two letters,
30:52K, V, followed by a number. What is it exactly?
30:56K, V, it means King Valley. And the number, it gives us the order of discovery of these tombeaux.
31:04When we talk about K, V 62, it's the 62e tomb that was discovered in the Wallet des Rois, in the King Valley.
31:12On the shore, in the west of Luxor, there's nothing better than a hot-air balloon
31:25to see the sights from a height and to be able to contemplate the majestic Valley of Kings.
31:30Clusters of evidence emerged for our experts.
31:47Could the answer to the mystery of Nefertiti be found in this area?
31:52Could her tomb be hidden in one of these underground tunnels?
31:57To follow that path, they needed to know more about these discovered tombs.
32:02In 1907, Egyptologist Edward Russell Ayrton excavated a tomb, KV 55.
32:23He discovered human remains and objects originating from Amarna.
32:27Undoubtedly ransacked several times, this tomb opened a sarcophagus, on which the king's name was inscribed, Akhenaton.
32:36This discovery was extraordinary. The theory that the experts ran with was correct.
32:43The great pharaoh, Akhenaton, was transported to the Valley of Kings.
32:51However, there were still no traces of his wife, Nefertiti.
32:55Another tomb also grabbed the expert's attention.
32:58This tomb was well known as it was that of Nefertiti's son, young pharaoh Tutankhamon, who died very young at just 19.
33:06This tomb was discovered in 1922 thanks to persistence of one man, Howard Carter.
33:18This British archaeologist had a feeling that Nefertiti's son, young Tutankhamon had his own tomb in the Valley of Kings.
33:26It's important to know that the research of this tomb was an adventure in itself.
33:31Carter had always wanted to hide in the Valley of Kings.
33:34He didn't have the concession, he didn't have the concession.
33:36He found a mécènes, he found a mécènes.
33:39And he had a lot of hide, a lot of hide, a lot of hide, which they didn't reveal very, very fluctuate.
33:45But he had an intuition.
33:47He had an intuition that this tomb was at the center of the valley because he had discovered
34:00some indices here or there and some tombes that were related to this king.
34:03And by force of obstinations, of persuasion and of fouilles, he found, au hasard,
34:10du sable, de la terre, en novembre 1922, he found, he found, he found, he found, he found,
34:18he found, he found, he found, in the tomb of Tutankhamon, the famous cave 62.
34:25After years of searching, and at the point of giving up, Carter made an exceptional discovery.
34:31Under a pile of stones, a door suddenly opened into a long corridor.
34:36We are at the center of the tomb of Tutankhamon.
34:46We are in the anti-chamble, here, the tomb with the sarcophage.
34:50This is the first black tomb that we found in the valley of the king with a multitude of objects.
34:56This tomb, at the origin, was not intended for a king since it was much smaller.
35:02So, as we imagine that Tutankhamon died quite young, we think he died at the age of 17
35:06years, so we found it very quickly.
35:09And so, we used a tomb, which was not at all a royal tomb.
35:13Had Tutankhamon's tomb uncovered all their secrets?
35:16Recently, some analysis of the walls had been carried out.
35:20They were brought to an Egyptologist to find out whether the tomb was originally much larger.
35:25One of the hypotheses concerning the place where the mummy is located in Nefertiti is the tomb of Tutankhamon.
35:32The tomb of Tutankhamon would be perhaps behind one of these murs.
35:35In fact, a few years ago, the Egyptian government asked us to do a replica of the tomb of Tutankhamon,
35:41like there is a Lascaux 2 in France.
35:44And to do this, we did a 3D scan of the entire tomb.
35:48It revealed some surface anomalies, which allowed us to find additional rooms that would be hiding behind the walls of this building.
35:59Was Nefertiti resting in one of these hidden tombs beside her son?
36:07The Egyptian government has, of course, in good method, asked us to do some additional investigations,
36:14such as by imaging radar.
36:16Unfortunately, this study by imaging radar has not revealed any evidence probant
36:20which would allow us to confirm the presence of chambres.
36:24And in this case, it is not possible to force a hole in a monument of historical importance as big as this.
36:31Our experts continued their research into Nefertiti's tomb and mummy.
36:48If she isn't in the same tomb as her husband, Akhenaten, and she's not in a hidden tomb near her son Tutankhamon,
36:55could she be buried in the Valley of Kings in a tomb that was dedicated only to her?
37:01At the end of the 19th century, a French Egyptologist discovered a tomb, KV35, which would relaunch the mystery surrounding Nefertiti.
37:11C'est le Français Victor Loray qui fouillait la vallée des rois en 1898 et 1899,
37:18qui va découvrir successivement la tombe de Thoutmosis III et celle du roi Amenhotep II, la KV35.
37:25Et dans la chambre funéraire d'Amenhotep II se trouvaient quatre annexes dont deux étaient murées.
37:33Et en enlevant ce mur, il découvre un certain nombre de momies.
37:39Il se rend compte très rapidement qu'il s'agit de momies royales.
37:43Un certain nombre de ces momies sont identifiées.
37:46On a notamment le roi Thoutmosis IV, le grand-père d'Akhenaton, le roi Amenhotep III.
37:52Et puis un certain nombre de momies ne sont pas identifiées.
37:55C'est le cas d'une dame âgée à la longue chevelure, d'une jeune dame, la young lady de la tombe KV35, au visage assez mutilé, et d'un jeune prince.
38:08Et assez récemment, on a proposé que la jeune lady soit un Nefertiti.
38:16A spectacular new twist in terms of Nefertiti.
38:19British Egyptologist Joanne Fletcher announced that she had identified the mummy of a younger lady, who she thought could be Nefertiti.
38:28A series of examinations were carried out on a 3000-year-old body.
38:33Could they finally have found the queen?
38:36La momie de la jeune lady est en mauvais état, avec visiblement des dommages qui datent de l'Antiquité, des dommages qui datent des pillages.
38:48On a notamment fracassé la poitrine pour récupérer les amulettes qui se trouvaient à l'intérieur du corps.
38:54Certains ont proposé que la momie avait été volontairement mutilée parce que c'était celle de Nefertiti.
39:01On n'en a fondamentalement aucune preuve.
39:04This mummy of a younger lady, which continues to fuel the fantasies of Egyptologists, is now preserved at the Cairo Museum.
39:13After searching Egypt and finding new information from Europe, thanks to Antonio, Claudine and Gilles decide to continue their research at the Cairo Museum, where they would meet Egyptologists.
39:15Vaisel Dobref.
39:16Vaisel Dobref.
39:17Vaisel Dobref.
39:18Vaisel Dobref.
39:19Vaisel Dobref.
39:20Vaisel Dobref.
39:21Nefertiti would have certainly been mummified following a ritual established by aaliarte in the Cairo Museum.
39:22The
39:33New etcs.
39:34After finding new information from Europe, thanks to Antonio, Claudine and Gilles decide to continue their research at the Cairo Museum, where they would meet Egyptologist Vaisel Dobref.
39:47Nefertiti would have certainly been mummified following a ritual reserved for royal members. They want to know more about this custom.
39:55If we are in the room of the Museum of the Coeur Museum, I don't know if it's fascinating, it's very remarkable.
40:05Why did Egyptians mummified their royal royal family?
40:11In ancient Egypt, we didn't say that he was dead. We said that he was dead.
40:15So, for the soul of the soul, after, to return, for the pharaoh, for example, here it's Ramses, to be alive again, it needs to be mummified.
40:26And so the soul of the soul will return to his body, it will be alive.
40:31Of course, there are some formulas, there are many things to do before, magic oils and all that, absolutely.
40:38And so, he will be alive, so he needs a body.
40:40We, in our religion, we say that your soul will fly away, leave your body.
40:45But, they don't. With the body, we will rise to the ciel, to reach his father, who is Ra, the creator.
40:51So, here we are in Ramses the Grand.
40:54According to what is marked, because we found these mummies not in their tomb, but in a cage.
41:00These mummies, and others, in a cage, we found them in a cage.
41:04We found them out of their tomb.
41:06And then, we established these priests at the time, that it was Ramses, so it was Ramses the Grand.
41:17To find out the history of this mummy, they need to do more research.
41:21To do this, one of the most reliable tools is genetic analysis.
41:25Balzano, in Italy, at the foot of the Alps, in the heart of a laboratory, which has shaken the world of Egyptology.
41:39Geneticist Albert Zink, director of the Balzano Mummy Research Institution, came to Egypt to analyze some mummies, one of which is the famous younger lady.
41:48So, is this the mummy of Nefertiti? Will DNA tell her story?
41:54Here at the Institute for Mummy Research, we investigated mummies from different parts of the world, Egypt, South America, but also the Alps,
42:01in order to understand how the living conditions were, the disease they had, and how they survived in the ancient times.
42:08It was very complicated to get access to the mummies, especially to the royal mummies, but finally we got the access and the permission,
42:25and then we were able to take the samples from the royal mummies and transfer them to a lab.
42:29We created it, especially in Egypt, in Cairo, close to the museum, because we are not allowed to take samples out of the country,
42:38so we had to do all this analytical work in Egypt in this specialized lab.
42:47So, for the mummy of the younger lady, we were able to obtain samples.
42:51We could use a very small biopsy needle to obtain samples from the long bones, especially here from this area, from the upper arm,
43:00but also the same for the leg bones.
43:02We were able to obtain different small bone samples, because we also intended not to damage the mummy too much,
43:09but we could get good quality bone samples from inside of the bones, and later in the analysis in the lab,
43:16it turned out that there's still DNA preserved in the samples.
43:18The moment we found out that this mummy is actually the mother of King Tutankhamon,
43:31it was a big moment in our research, because it took us many months to set up everything,
43:36to do this analysis, to overcome the inhibition problem, and then finally we got these very important results.
43:42The identity of the younger lady was not in doubt for Albert Zink.
43:48This mummy was the mother of Tutankhamon, it was Nefertiti.
43:54If Professor Zink's analysis is reliable, the investigation will be closed.
44:00Antonio wants another scientific opinion.
44:03He goes to a paleogenetic laboratory in the Museum of Man in Paris.
44:06How can genetics come to help archaeologists and Egyptologists?
44:18Well, genetics is the research of the DNA.
44:21We're lucky that the DNA is a molecule that subsist over the centuries.
44:25The problem is that it ends up being degraded.
44:26No molecule is eternal, and it will be degraded depending on the time.
44:30Plus an individual or an adult is aged, moins on will find DNA,
44:34but also depending on the environmental factors.
44:36In the case of the mummies Egyptian, such as the younger lady,
44:52which dates from thousands of years ago,
44:55is the DNA exploitable?
44:57It's a climate extremely hot.
44:59It's not the most favorable condition to the DNA.
45:01So if there is an ADN, it is certainly cut in very small fragments
45:06and difficult to be exploited.
45:08But still, there are studies such as Albert Zink
45:11that have been made from this mummies.
45:15The younger lady,
45:17and it's been concluded
45:19as a genealogical tree.
45:21What do you think about this?
45:23Well, I haven't done the analysis,
45:25so I can't conclude on the pertinence and the fiability
45:28or not of this study.
45:29In ADN anciens, we know that all the samples on which we work
45:32will give an ADN, which is very short and difficult to be exploited.
45:36There, they are found out on all the samples
45:39that they studied,
45:41all the samples of ADN,
45:43which I personally find pretty surprising.
45:45They have even managed to analyze
45:46fragments of ADN long,
45:48of 300-400 letters of ADN,
45:51knowing that we, in ADN anciens,
45:53we see that our fragments
45:55are majorly between 30 and 50 pairs of bases.
45:57So I think these results are quite surprising.
46:00I think it would be interesting to make this analysis
46:02in another laboratory,
46:04to make an analysis
46:05on the preservation of this ADN.
46:07What is it really ancient?
46:08The last point that would be interesting,
46:09is to look at the percentage of contamination
46:10by the different people
46:11who have manipulated the samples
46:12since their discovery,
46:13and what is the proportion
46:14that is really endogène,
46:15that is really from the mum.
46:16Albert Zink was adamant.
46:17This analysis of the younger lady mummy
46:19was carried out under good conditions.
46:20The results were irrefutable.
46:22The mummy of the younger lady
46:23was displaced from the original tomb,
46:24and the mummy was manipulated
46:25by sensitivity from many different people.
46:26On one hand, the embalmers
46:27who prepared the mummy,
46:28on the other hand, grave robbers
46:29who get in contact with the mummy,
46:30and finally also the scientists
46:31and the archaeologists
46:32who have studied the mummy since it was found,
46:33so there was a lot of contact
46:34of people that left their DNA traces
46:35on the mummy,
46:36and we have to make sure
46:37that we don't analyze the corn
46:59the mummy and we have to make sure that we don't analyze the contamination the surface part of the
47:04mummy but we went inside the mummy we took biopsy needles small needles to get a sample from inside
47:10of the bones to avoid to having to analyzing the surface of the mummy and in addition we took
47:16several samples of the mummy from different parts of the mummy body in order to compare them the
47:22results and to make sure that in the end we have really the authentic ancient DNA of the younger
47:26lady and not any modern contamination
47:36what we could show is based on the genetic fingerprinting that younger lady is the mother of King Tutankhamun
47:42and we could also identify with the same method that Echnaton is the father of Tutankhamun
47:47for Mark Gabald the case was closed according to the specialists in 18th century dynasty family
47:55cross-checks established by DNA from the younger lady were sound
47:59this mummy has been studied for its DNA and this DNA has been compared with other
48:08mummies and some relationships have been found. These tests for me are reliable because if there
48:14was a contamination with modern DNA this modern DNA would react immediately and we could identify
48:21eh bien les personnes qui avaient manipulé ces momies et bien les personnes qui avaient manipulé ces momies à l'époque moderne ça n'a pas été le cas l'ADN a été très très long à extraire ce qui prouve qu'il est ancien et en mauvais état et les résultats ont donné des possibilités de mariage d'union et de filiation qu'il faut prendre à mon avis au sérieux
48:45au sérieux
48:59After weeks of investigation and thousands of kilometers traveled in Egypt and Europe, Proudine-Gille et Antonio
49:05have been able to study all avenues and evidence found up until that day in the vast research file for Nefertiti.
49:11It would seem that there is not much room for doubt. The younger lady mummy could well be Queen Nefertiti.
49:17The Magyptologists often come up with possible scenarios and continue their search for Nefertiti.
49:223000 years after her death, the beautiful Egyptian continues to generate true fascination among specialists and among the general public.
49:30Nefertiti made her mark in her time and continues to be one of the most symbolic figures of a powerful Egypt, one of innovative construction,
49:38pharaoh worship, a new religion and mind-boggling arts.
49:42ARTS
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