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03:18para asegurarse de que los hombres se han regalado
03:20para que puedan ir a la distancia.
03:24Desde el primer marzo de 1916,
03:26el número de tropas aumentó de 200,000 a 400,000 hombres.
03:48Pétain defines what he refers to as his line of resistance.
03:55A defensive line to the left and right of the Meuse.
03:59Under no circumstances will the Germans be allowed to cross it.
04:03Pétain breaks up the battlefield into sectors
04:05and links them together by means of a proper communications network.
04:09Through these first urgent initiatives,
04:12a measure of confidence is restored in the French camp.
04:15But the front line is still hellish.
04:18The heavy German cannons keep shelling.
04:22Verdun has literally become a duel to the death
04:26between the two most powerful armies in history.
04:32The German troops are exhausted.
04:34Certain units have had no rest since the attack began.
04:38But the orders remain the same. Keep moving forward.
04:45On March 5th, 1916,
04:50one week after the fall of Douaumont,
04:52the Germans take the village around the fort.
05:00The last French fighters are captured.
05:02Among them is a 26-year-old captain, Charles de Gaulle.
05:15Wounded, he's evacuated to Germany with hundreds of his comrades.
05:20But first he's declared dead and decorated posthumously.
05:24Pétain pens the following declaration.
05:27Captain de Gaulle, known for his high intellectual and moral value,
05:32has fallen in the fray.
05:34An exceptional officer in every respect.
05:44March 6th, 1916.
05:47A new German assault concentrates on six kilometers of front line
05:51on the left bank of the Meuse.
06:08Pétain later writes in his book, The Battle of Verdun,
06:11After a bombing assault comparable to that of February 21st,
06:15the German infantry expected to make easy progress in the death zone,
06:19created by the shells,
06:20but instead finds itself blocked by our cannons' intense and precise fire.
06:25The rampart is holding up.
06:27The crown prince, son of the emperor, in charge of the German attack on Verdun,
06:44bitterly witnesses this setback.
06:46His army is trapped.
06:48The deadly breakthrough he planned will not happen.
06:52Joffre arrives in Suilly on March 10th.
06:59Pétain writes,
07:01Joffre and I were in a permanent state of crisis.
07:04According to Joffre,
07:07although the army must hold Verdun,
07:09the real priority is still the Somme offensive.
07:12Pétain, on the other hand,
07:14keeps demanding men and means in order to resist at Verdun.
07:18Thanks to his trucks, he organizes an incredible noria.
07:25The trucks continually drive along this 55-kilometer-long,
07:29seven-meter-wide stretch of road, nicknamed The Sacred Way,
07:33by author Maurice Bades.
07:35Some drivers stay behind the wheel for up to 75 consecutive hours.
07:54The road crumbles and collapses under the weight of the trucks.
07:57Pétain launches massive roadworks.
08:04He opens quarries in order to consolidate and broaden the road,
08:08with the help of the territorials, nicknamed Grand Dads.
08:12These men are no longer of fighting age,
08:14but are capable of carrying out this hard labor.
08:17They are assisted by a small army of workers from French Indochina,
08:23modern-day Vietnam, which was a colony at the time.
08:27These very same animites have been hired at the Chateau de Versailles
08:30to transform the gardens into a vegetable patch
08:33and grow potatoes for the poilus.
08:39The army requisitions all livestock.
08:42Since the beginning of the war,
08:44each soldier has consumed the equivalent of an entire kind.
08:47Those 330 kilos of meat are supposed to bring strength and vigor
08:52to these men who are subject to such brutal fighting.
09:12The men and women forced into this war
09:14are not the only ones who suffer.
09:18The August 14th call to arms included a general requisition of all animals.
09:30Horses will die by the thousands.
09:37As well as the dogs, trained to transport water,
09:41which is in such shortage in Verdun.
09:44The older ones are unable to carry munitions.
09:51They are trained to hunt rats, sniff out deadly gases,
09:54and even to test protective masks.
09:59But more importantly,
10:00they are faithful companions in the trenches.
10:11The most famous dog is Napoleon,
10:17the Verdun artilleryman's mascot.
10:25In Paris, trains filled with refugees arrive at the Gare de l'Est.
10:30They tell everyone of the hellish shelling.
10:34In their own words,
10:35they describe droves of German soldiers swarming the Meuse River
10:38and the Poilus' courageous resistance.
10:44Everyone worries about the men stuck in the Verdun furnace.
10:50It's up to the French press to reassure them.
10:53The weekly paper with the widest circulation,
10:56L'Illustration, devotes an entire section
10:58of its March 11th, 1916 issue,
11:01to the man presented as the savior of Verdun.
11:05The magazine claims,
11:07he is a conscientious man,
11:09concerned with the well-being of his men.
11:16Even the German newspapers take an interest in him.
11:19A respectable Berlin daily,
11:21the Vosice Zeitung writes,
11:23The fighting is no longer between two armies,
11:27but between two peoples.
11:29Victory will come down to two factors,
11:32will and courage.
11:34In this combat with equal quantities of men and equipment,
11:37moral superiority is what will make the difference.
11:44On March 24th, 1916,
11:46Raymond Poincaré,
11:48President of the French Republic,
11:49and General Joffre invite Prince Alexander of Serbia to Verdun.
11:54The Serbians are experiencing setbacks on their front.
11:58It's time to show the prince and his people
12:01that the French army is holding its own against the German invader.
12:07Joffre, whose headquarters are far from the muddy battlefield,
12:10still accuses Pétain of diverting forces
12:13from his project of attacking in the Somme
12:15and continually requesting more manpower.
12:17For the troops, the ordeal is always the same.
12:34They carry 20 kilos of weapons and equipment on their backs,
12:38plus two-liter containers of water and wine.
12:41Not to mention a triple ration of food,
12:43because they don't know how long they'll be at the front,
12:46or if they'll ever make it back.
12:48The uphill road to Verdun is a never-ending walk through the mud,
12:53from the foothills to the lines along the ridge pounded by enemy fire.
12:57In this devastated landscape under constant shelling,
12:59the men lose their bearings.
13:00The maps are useless.
13:01The shell holes are everywhere, providing combat positions.
13:02The men lose their bearings.
13:03The men lose their bearings.
13:04The maps are useless.
13:05The shell holes are everywhere, providing combat positions.
13:08Or final resting places.
13:09The men lose their bearings.
13:10The shell holes are everywhere, providing combat positions.
13:14The rest of the force raise the Obi-Wan-Wan.
13:15The przypomg
13:15The Korean's투ist is hit by enemy fire.
13:16The other members leggim the foil,
13:17the dead gånger haveangen to the Spitfire,
13:25and their hard pill.
13:26But now the destroyerinental Security ait final siege,
13:30the men lose their bearings.
13:31...or final resting places.
13:412nd Lieutenant de Beaucor, of the 170th Infantry Regiment, writes...
13:49Verdun's clay, tenacious and treacherous, swallows up the men.
13:53It is soft and sticky under my feet, and with every step I feel I'm sinking further,
13:59sucked down into this horrific clay.
14:03I know there is no one left in this constantly bombed wasteland.
14:09I am overcome with the most intense sense of dread I have ever known.
14:14I can picture myself being engulfed into a slow and lonely death.
14:25The men in their holes envy the pilots fighting in the sky,
14:29but airborne chivalry is just an illusion.
14:32The fighting is fierce.
14:33The pilots shoot at each other from a distance of 10 meters.
14:38Not buckled to their seats, they sometimes fall out of their planes.
14:43At first, German Fokkers ruled the Verdun sky.
14:48But Pétain acquired better planes, Newports, which have turned the situation around.
14:55Pilots who succeed in shooting down five enemy planes are called aces.
15:07Verdun's most honored ace is a 21-year-old second lieutenant, Jean Navarre.
15:25Navarre is the first French pilot to score over 10 airborne victories.
15:30He will pull off 30 hits before being seriously injured.
15:37He becomes the Poilus' guardian angel.
15:39They celebrate his feats using model airplanes and nickname him the Sentinel of Verdun.
15:47Soldier Henri Louis, 25th Chasseur Battalion, writes,
15:53When Navarre couldn't find any targets, he made sure his flight still served a purpose.
15:58He would entertain the soldiers kneeling in the trenches.
16:02He put his heart into it, using his exceptional skills to show these poor men he was thinking of them.
16:13Pearl 9, 1916, the Germans attack again, this time on both sides of the Meuse.
16:20Trapping Verdun in a pincer movement, artillery fighting lasts all through the night.
16:25At dawn on April 10th, the lines have barely moved.
16:46The French find a last letter on the body of a German lieutenant from the 71st Infantry Regiment.
16:54I have been living in filth and unable to wash for the past eight days.
16:58A deathly sorrow reigns over this hell.
17:02We will not take Verdun.
17:04It would cost too many lives.
17:06In order to win, we would need to fight for months.
17:10Pétain addresses his men.
17:22He declares,
17:23The Krone Prince's crazed attacks have been stymied everywhere.
17:28Be brave.
17:29We will beat them.
17:36Be brave.
17:37We will beat them.
17:38The propaganda machine immediately broadcasts Pétain's historical words.
17:43The mutinous soldiers of 1917 parody his declaration around on posters and postcards.
17:51Our leaders, we will beat them.
17:53At headquarters in Chantilly, Joffre finds it increasingly difficult to put up with Pétain's never-ending requests for reinforcements.
18:04His reputation is turning him into Joffre's potential rival.
18:08To avoid upsetting public opinion, Joffre names Pétain commander of Army Group Centre.
18:14This promotion is designed to sideline him.
18:17On May 1st, 1916, Pétain is replaced by 60-year-old General Robert Nivelle.
18:34An ambitious and particularly obedient graduate of the Polytechnique Institute, he asks for fewer men and receives more artillery.
18:42The Germans, on the other hand, believe that the outcome of the battle will play out on the left bank.
18:48They launch assault after assault all through the month of May.
18:51They focus specifically on a hill called Mordome.
18:58295 meters high and a kilometer wide, it dominates the entire Meuse Valley.
19:05Lieutenant Louis Mouffre, a 27-year-old military physician, is stationed at the Mordome emergency medical post.
19:12It will be his worst war experience ever.
19:18On May 20th, the Germans launch a massive artillery attack.
19:21Louis Mouffre describes the scene.
19:24Around 11 o'clock, the bombing takes on an extraordinary pace.
19:26We can't even count the strikes.
19:27There are at least 20 per minute.
19:28They hammer at our head and our entire central nervous system.
19:29We are shattered.
19:30Like mere puppets.
19:31We all feel faint.
19:32I watch as my fellow soldiers slip into unconsciousness.
19:33One after the other.
19:35For six consecutive hours, we've been subjected to impacts, gas, and constant vibrations.
19:41Anyone would go mad.
19:42I don't know.
19:43I don't know.
19:44I don't know.
19:45I don't know.
19:46I don't know.
19:47This is actually my radar.
19:52I don't know.
20:09I don't know.
20:13¡Gracias!
20:43A report from the Clinical Society for Mental Health.
20:50One of our patients, who received a concussion at Verdun, had to be placed in a psychiatric ward.
20:56He is highly disoriented and delirious.
20:59He has no recollection of his life in the combat zone.
21:03His last memory dates from ten days before his regiment was transferred to the Meuse region.
21:13Delirium, or total loss of identity, is the most common problem among these shattered men, who will never recover their mental faculties.
21:28In this apocalyptic landscape, the Earth swallows up the men.
21:34Verdun's clay has become a living necropolis, constantly reshaped by the shells.
21:41The living mix with the dead, French with German.
21:48Soldier Paul Edigoffer writes...
21:50There are rotting corpses everywhere.
21:54We trample them without noticing, until our foot sinks into something soft.
21:59Then we think, here rests a comrade, a man just like me.
22:05The sweet, nauseating stench of rot clings to our uniforms.
22:11God has left the battlefield, writes Blaise Sondrard in his book, The Bloody Hand.
22:26Father Georges Hanoch is everywhere.
22:30The Poilus have nicknamed him Ace Chaplain.
22:34He hears the confessions of those leaving for the front line.
22:43He administers the last rites for the dying.
22:51Following each attack, he blesses the ground for lack of actual bodies, pummeled into the clay by the shell storm.
22:58France is one of the first warring nations to have mobilized its clergy.
23:06There are priests, rabbis, and imams.
23:12A simple soldier of the secular French Republic says...
23:16Once the shells and bullets made me face death, I embraced religion.
23:28The French troops still think things may improve.
23:33But the situation only gets worse.
23:38Verdun's new commander, General Nivelle, shown here with his deputy, the reliable General Guillaumont,
23:45wants to kick off his mission with a spectacular feat.
23:49He assigns one of his most rugged officers, 49-year-old General Charles Montjean,
23:53to recapture Fort Douaumont.
23:59Thanks to the full mobilization of French industry, ironclad logistics,
24:03and an endless noria of trucks, millions of shells have been stockpiled.
24:10Three months after the German attack, 1,000 tons of shells per day fall on Fort Douaumont.
24:16The massive stone and concrete structure, with 2,000 Germans inside, sinks into the ground.
24:35On May 22, 1916, Montjean sets his men in motion.
24:46Here again, the powerful artillery has little effect on the well-protected Germans.
24:52Four days later, 4,500 French soldiers have been taken out of action.
24:59Their bodies are not filmed.
25:02The army's cameramen prefer to show the corpses of a few unfortunate German fighters.
25:29On June 2, the Germans launch another attack, managing to penetrate French defenses all the way to Fort Vaux,
25:39a mere eight kilometers from Verdun.
25:44Inside the fort, 600 French soldiers are crammed together in dreadful conditions.
25:52Their only hope is this last homing pigeon, one of Fort Vaux's heroes.
25:57Commander Reynal, who leads the French defense, sends this flying telegram on June 4th.
26:04On a tiny piece of paper, he has written,
26:07Get us out of here now.
26:11Commander Reynal's pigeon achieves the impossible, flying through the bullets and gas.
26:16The bird is starving, and his unwavering instinct sends him to find food, back at his military dovecote in the Verdun Citadel.
26:31During these times, when all telephone lines are cut and runners can't get through, homing pigeons are the only way to transmit messages.
26:38Buses and trailers serve as mobile dovecotes.
26:45A strong bond links the birds to their military handlers.
26:51This handler doesn't know that one day, these pigeons will be carriers of the deadly Spanish flu virus that will kill millions.
26:58Commander Reynal's homing pigeon receives a Legion of Honor ring, before ultimately falling victim to asphyxiant gas.
27:12But the reinforcements won't make it to Fort Vaux.
27:25On June 7th, 1916, the 250 survivors surrender, weakened and ill, from thirst and exposure to gas.
27:32The Crone Prince, who was counting on this victory, decides in a grand gesture to have his soldiers present arms to the valiant French troops being taken into captivity.
27:49The French are in trouble in Verdun, like their Italian allies on the Austrian border.
27:54To relieve the Western Front, they are counting on their other allies, the Russians, who launch a large-scale offensive.
28:05On June 4th, 600,000 Russian soldiers and 60,000 cavalrymen launch the attack.
28:11They strike first at the Austro-Hungarian Empire's troops, fighting alongside the Germans.
28:24The Russians take thousands of Austrian prisoners.
28:27The men are sent into captivity on foot, except for the officers, who are transported in horse-drawn carriages.
28:34In 1916, the great empires are tearing each other to pieces, but with decorum.
28:44Just as the Allies had hoped, General Falkenhayn, in command of the German troops, blocks the reinforcements slated for Verdun.
28:51He has them quickly shift east over the remarkable German railway network.
29:02But Falkenhayn can't seem to check the Russian offensive, which carries on victoriously until the autumn.
29:09This is a great relief to the French in Verdun.
29:14The soldiers on the Verdun front make the most of a well-deserved break.
29:18Some pay a visit to their less fortunate comrades.
29:26Others finally have the time to read letters from their war godmothers.
29:32This wave of affection is a new phenomenon, encouraged by the army to keep up the soldiers' spirits.
29:51Five billion postcards in 80,000 different designs are exchanged.
29:55This correspondence is sometimes followed by an affair, a great love story, or a tragic death.
30:03The army prefers the postcard format, which is short and facilitates censorship.
30:09Comments on the horrors of battle or military information mustn't be leaked.
30:14Spies could be lurking amongst the well-intentioned godmothers.
30:18General Pétain's entourage is equally concerned about Germany throwing a beautiful seductress into his arms.
30:29Pétain may be far from the Verdun front, but not from the hearts of his many female conquests.
30:38Like this one, who writes,
30:41I am thirsty for pleasure, for wild caresses and fiery kisses.
30:46Another one writes,
30:47I wish my lips were on yours, kissing and nibbling.
30:51Pétain has the energy and the time to maintain ongoing relationships with 40-some-odd women,
31:01including opera singer Germaine Lubin, who recalls,
31:06I sang for our troops in the afternoon, and in the evening I attended the dinner party General Pétain was presiding over.
31:12I thought he was very handsome.
31:15Joking around, we decided I would become his war godmother.
31:19I wrote and received many letters, which quickly became more intimate.
31:23He thought I was beautiful.
31:25That is how our love was born.
31:30General Guillaumat writes,
31:32I can't believe Pétain is having all these affairs in the middle of Verdun.
31:37On June 22, 1916, the British Army and the French forces prepare to attack in the Somme.
31:484,000 cannons will shoot 10 million shells during the course of a week.
31:56In the first minutes of the assault, 20,000 English.
31:59Scottish, Welsh, Irish, Canadians, New Zealanders, South Africans, Indians, Rhodesians, Australians,
32:11and all the men from Newfoundland will perish.
32:29From July 1, 1916 onwards, day after day, month after month, repeated assaults are carried out.
32:49In November, at the end of the offensive, there are one million British, French, and German casualties.
32:55Once again, a strategy built around intensive artillery preparation, followed by massive attacks, has been proven ineffective.
33:13But the sacrifice of Allied soldiers disrupts Germany's battle plans by forcing it to divide its troops.
33:19The German commander-in-chief, General von Falkenhayn, turns his sights back on Verdun for a last-chance offensive.
33:30Six months after the start of the battle, on July 11, 1916, he focuses on the last great hurdle before Verdun, Fort Souville.
33:41At Souville, a lunar landscape cloaked in death, the fierce French resistance thwarts the enemy's final attacks.
33:55The exhausted Germans surrender by the thousands.
34:06French army physician Major Leon Barros writes,
34:09German prisoners file past us.
34:12They are hungry, thirsty, with drawn faces, and muddy, tattered clothes.
34:18They want food and water.
34:20Our soldiers, who have suffered so greatly at their hands, hand them bread, chocolate, and water.
34:26They have cast aside their anger, in a great show of generosity.
34:32We tend to the German wounded who are crying.
34:36They offer us everything they own.
34:38Pocket knives.
34:40Cigars.
34:42Matches.
34:43But these German soldiers' distress echoes that of their families back in Germany, subjected to a terrible naval blockade, and ruined by military expenditures.
35:00All food is sent to the front.
35:03The Germans are literally dying of starvation.
35:07They have eaten the few horses that weren't requisitioned.
35:10The horses have been replaced by circus zebras, here in Dresden.
35:21By camels.
35:27Or elephants.
35:36Soon they too will be killed for food.
35:40On August 29th, 1916, German Emperor Wilhelm II replaces Falkenhayn with the awe-inspiring Marshal Paul von Hindenburg.
36:00Hindenburg defeated the Russians early on in the war.
36:06He is always assisted by a formidable strategist, General Eric Lundendorf.
36:12There is no doubt in their minds, they will win this war.
36:16German forces still occupy ten French departments.
36:21The Allies' bloody attempts to recapture them have failed.
36:28Verdun is now part of the German defense line, protected by the occupied forts of Douaumont and Vaux.
36:34But this also implies abandoning the offensive and ordering back much of the artillery.
36:51Retreat from any position is out of the question.
36:53In the ruins of the forts, transformed into insalubrious cesspools, the German soldiers, left on their own, live a nightmarish existence.
37:04One of them, Arnold Zweig, is a friend of Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis.
37:10Zweig writes...
37:11We breathe misery. The men's underwear, mended a hundred times, is falling apart.
37:19Food is scarce. People steal each other's rations.
37:23They don't even bother to fight the lice anymore.
37:27The worst part is that the army is starting to blame the Jews for Germany's great sadness and suffering.
37:32The French are marching to recapture Fort Douaumont and Fort Vaux, future symbols of victory.
37:46The colonial troops will play an important role in the battle's final act.
37:51In his book, The Black Force, General Montjean wrote in 1910,
37:56The Negro races have survived in an environment of constant battle, therefore strengthening their fighting skills, which we benefit from today.
38:09Montjean sends these men, along with other indigenous troops, to join the Poilu soldiers in the attack on Douaumont.
38:16As usual, General Nivelle, the Verdun commander, is relying on even greater artillery force.
38:29Massive 400-millimeter caliber cannons, mounted on tracks, firing 900-kilo shells.
38:35Following extensive artillery bombing, the troops launch their attack on Douaumont, at the imposed speed of 100 meters in 4 minutes.
38:50Despite heavy losses, Douaumont is recaptured in 4 hours, on October 24th.
39:07These are the first photos taken inside the fort, after it was hit by a 400-millimeter shell.
39:24The terrible explosion and ensuing fire has led to the surrender of the fort.
39:28On November 2nd, Fort Vaux is also reclaimed by the French.
39:43Ten months after the onset of Germany's attack on Verdun, on February 21st, 1916,
39:50the French have recaptured their main forts.
39:52French High Command officially announces the end of the Battle of Verdun, on December 18th, 1916.
40:22The Poilus, who don't realize they still have two years of fighting, suffering, and dying ahead of them,
40:29watch as the men they've been battling for almost a year, are sent off into captivity.
40:33Each of these German prisoners can hum in his heart the Imperial Army's song of the dead.
40:51I once had a comrade, no better will you find.
41:02The drum called us to battle, he walked at my side.
41:08The residents of Verdun are allowed to return to their homes,
41:11or to the east side.
41:13The residents of Verdun are allowed to return to their homes,
41:17or to the east side.
41:18La vida en el mismo camino y en el camino.
41:34Los residentes de Verdun pueden volver a sus hogares, o lo que más es de ellos.
41:39Pero saben que su ciudad ha sido el mismo symbol del espíritu patriarcado.
41:48For years to come, they will see countless parents, friends, brothers, and widows
41:56come searching for the trace of a loved one.
42:03Those the grisly statistics refer to as the missing.
42:08The lunar landscape of the Verdun battlefield, filmed here in 1916, spans a mere 20 kilometers,
42:23yet for 300 days and 300 nights, it was the stage of World War I's worst confrontations
42:31between French and Germans.
42:34Sixty million shells were fired.
42:38In some places, the ground level sank by seven meters.
42:45Nine villages were leveled.
42:48They were later declared dead for France.
42:53Fleury, one of these villages in the Meuse,
42:56is still officially registered with a population of zero.
43:032.5 million men fought at Verdun.
43:07714,000 were killed or wounded, often disabled, for life.
43:13379,000 French.
43:16335,000 Germans.
43:18One hundred years later, Verdun remains an indelible page
43:24in the history of heroism and human suffering.
43:28442,000 Museum of Natural History.
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