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00:30A hunter.
00:48A hunter so strong that it can pull down prey ten times its own weight.
00:54So intelligent and capable that primitive man followed it to scavenge from its kills.
01:02A hunter which, because of its very success,
01:07has now been banished by man to the most remote and barren of wildernesses.
01:12The howl of the wolf.
01:22The howl of the wolf.
01:36The sound of the unknown.
01:41And yet, wolves are more familiar to us than we might think.
01:45Stone Age people took their pups and tamed them,
01:49and all our domesticated dogs are descended from them.
01:52Indeed, the very characteristics we most admire in our dogs,
01:56loyalty and intelligence and courage,
01:58are precisely the characters that the wolf has to have to survive in the wild.
02:03And yet, whereas the dog has become man's best friend,
02:06the wolf remains one of his most feared enemies.
02:10It's time we saw the wolf for what it really is.
02:20Northern Canada, in winter, is a bleak and unpromising land for any hunter.
02:25But the wolf is indefatigable.
02:35Its senses are so acute that it can interpret what is going on around it
02:40with a degree of subtlety that is beyond our imagining.
02:44It has a loose-limbed trot that is so effective and economical of energy
03:11that it can cover 50 miles in 24 hours
03:14and do so for day after day after day.
03:30The raven is a scavenger,
03:32and wolves are not above joining it,
03:34for the winter brings many casualties.
03:36Easy meat.
03:41Many wolves, for much of the time, operate as a pack.
03:47They have such an extraordinary degree of intuition
03:50that their understanding of one another's intentions
03:53often seems beyond normal explanation.
04:03Younger members learn from the older, more experienced ones
04:06so that the whole group operates as a unified and highly skilled team.
04:14For all these reasons, human hunters everywhere have admired the wolf.
04:18Even today, the native people of the north call it the teacher
04:22and honour its special powers with dances.
04:29Well done.
04:30In Europe, when people settled down to farm, the wolf's image changed from deity to devil,
04:43and fertile imaginations wove frightening legends around it.
04:47As farmers cleared the forests, the wolves developed a taste for livestock.
05:05The innocent lamb and the savage wolf became powerful symbols
05:08which the church used to demonstrate the existence of Satan.
05:14So wolves were hunted without mercy.
05:17Eventually, they were driven out of most of Europe's forests,
05:20but an irrational fear of them has remained.
05:27It takes huge commitment and great dedication to study wolves.
05:30It also takes a lot of air miles.
05:33A single pack may have a vast range hundreds of miles across.
05:39Biologist Mike Nelson is on a wolf patrol in the wilderness
05:43near the American Great Lakes.
05:48The leader of the project, Dr David Meach,
05:50has been studying wolves here for 25 years.
05:53The team seldom catches sight of the animals.
05:57Instead, they follow a pack not by sight but by sound.
06:03I bring it around hard.
06:05They trapped wolves from several packs
06:07and fitted them with collars that emit different radio signals.
06:10So now, by homing in on the signals,
06:13they've mapped the boundaries of each pack territory.
06:16Boundaries that are rigorously marked and defended.
06:19And on a good day, they may actually catch a glimpse
06:22of the wolves themselves.
06:34But the wolves are so wary and so elusive
06:36that we may never know the whole truth about their lives.
06:52To get close to a wolf on the ground,
07:06you have to be able to think like a wolf
07:08and observe and interpret the same signs that they use
07:11in making their decisions.
07:13Only with such skills and superb bushcraft
07:17will you stand a chance of getting as close to them as this.
07:24These wolves in northern Canada are exceptional.
07:27They follow and attempt to kill
07:29the most formidable and massive of all prey animals, buffalo.
07:34These buffalo belong to the last of the great herds
07:53that once covered the North American grasslands.
07:56Wolf packs have shadowed them for thousands of years.
08:00Although the wolves here are the largest in the world,
08:04some weigh over 125 pounds,
08:07an adult buffalo may weigh over a tonne.
08:10So bringing one down is both difficult and dangerous.
08:22Snow can sometimes give wolves an advantage.
08:24Their splayed paws act like snowshoes,
08:27so that they can move over the top of crusted snow
08:30in places where other animals would sink into the drifts.
08:36To make up for their relatively small size,
08:39these wolves rely heavily on teamwork.
08:41They move among the buffalo, sizing up the herd,
08:45looking for an animal that might be vulnerable
08:47and therefore easier to bring down.
08:49The buffaloes stand their ground.
09:02If the pack can persuade the herd to move,
09:05then the older and weaker animals will become more obvious.
09:09The wolves are choosing their moment very carefully,
09:27because in each buffalo hunt they're risking their lives.
09:33The wolves' first attack is a test.
09:55It will help them to decide whether to back off
09:58or whether to build up the pressure.
10:12They've selected a possible victim.
10:18If they can isolate it from the herd,
10:20they will be able to deny its security and food.
10:23Day after day they keep up the pressure.
10:27The stress on the buffalo becomes both physical and psychological,
10:31draining it of energy and determination.
10:34It's a long process, but the wolves are patient.
10:47If the wolves are successful,
10:48they will have enough meat to last the whole pack for a week.
10:52If the buffalo manages to regain the safety of the herd,
10:55then the wolves will have to start all over again.
10:58All over again.
11:11Here in the high arctic,
11:13members of the pack keep in touch with one another over vast distances.
11:18PRAISING
11:29Prey may be widely scattered.
11:32Herds of muskox, for instance, may be tens of miles apart.
11:36Arctic wolves have to cover a lot of ground.
11:42Often they're forced to live on smaller prey, such as arctic hare.
11:47But hares are alert and quick.
11:54And although there are many of them, they are very difficult to catch.
12:03They're not much more than a snack for a wolf.
12:06And when you're on such short rations, you have no energy to spare.
12:11Even if jagers harass you because you have inadvertently got close to their nest,
12:17it's not worth the energy to respond.
12:20PRAISING
12:30PRAISING
12:32PRAISING
12:33PRAISING
12:35PRAISING
12:37PRAISING
12:42PRAISING
12:43PRAISING
12:46PRAISING
12:47PRAISING
12:48Calories may be short, but relationships are strong.
12:50This is the seventh spring that this wolf couple have been together.
12:54y todos los hombres y todos los hombres y todos los hombres y todos los hombres
12:58han sido juntos.
13:01Ellesmere Island, donde los wolves vivan, es en casi desesperado
13:04durante los cinco meses de winter.
13:07Cuando el summer arrives, el fur, que ha ayudado a los wolves
13:10sobrevive el cajón, se convierte en irritación.
13:13Es un placer de que se retiró.
13:24.
13:32This far north, the summer is very short,
13:35so the arrival of young has to be precisely timed.
13:41Arctic hares have already produced their babies
13:44and the leverets are busy cropping the new plant shoots.
13:49But if the wolves themselves are to breed successfully,
13:52their hunting efforts must go up a gear.
14:03Wolves have an eloquent body language.
14:05The female uses it to persuade the male to go out to find food.
14:16There is no stalking cover for the male wolf
14:19and adult hares can easily sprint and bounce out of danger.
14:31The leverets tend to lie low.
14:37.
14:38The young hare has speed, but the wolf has stamina.
15:02The female wants her share.
15:04.
15:05.
15:06.
15:10.
15:11.
15:14.
15:15.
15:18.
15:19This tug of war reflects an internal struggle,
15:22the battle between a wolf's individual needs
15:24and its team spirit.
15:26.
15:27.
15:28.
15:29.
15:30La femenina wins la hair without too much trouble,
15:34which suggests that there's more at stake than just this meal.
15:39The pair may already have pups hidden away in a den.
15:43By keeping her partner hungry,
15:45the female forces him to continue his search for food.
16:00Further south, the buffalo are also shedding their winter coats
16:18and minding their spring calves.
16:26The new calves are easier targets for the wolves,
16:29but they must still be cautious.
16:59Nothing about catching buffalo is easy.
17:04The calves may look vulnerable,
17:06but they have fiercely protective parents.
17:09Again, the wolves get the herd on the run.
17:25Instinctively, the calves move to the middle,
17:40where they're shielded by the sheer bulk and ferocity of the adults.
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18:01which makes a lot of a control quot.
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18:05in the forest have действed to alert his speed,
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19:39Their hunger makes them determined and tenacious.
19:54Successful buffalo hunts are rare.
19:57It's very difficult for wolves to bring down a fit adult.
20:00The best opportunity comes when an animal is weak or already wounded.
20:05And this one is.
20:06The buffalo makes a break for safety, but its strength is already ebbing away.
20:31The wolves' only weapons are their sharp teeth.
20:46Killing quickly is not a choice open to them.
20:48There has always been a natural and subtle relationship between wolves and buffalo.
21:09Human hunters on the plains used to put on wolf skins in order to creep close to the herds.
21:15But it wasn't easy even for them to catch one.
21:19Horsepower shifted the banners.
21:21Native people could now round up the buffalo and kill them in larger numbers.
21:26But once the hunters had guns, the buffalo had little chance.
21:30European colonizers cleared the land for their cattle and grain.
21:49First of buffalo and then of wolves.
21:52Wolves were shot, trapped and poisoned with fanatical zeal.
22:04By the early 1930s, wolves had been exterminated from most of the United States.
22:27As in Europe, the wolf became a fugitive, surviving only in places well away from persecution.
22:45Places such as this.
22:47A remote island off the west coast of Canada, where clear creeks each year fill with salmon.
22:53It's a wilderness largely untouched by man.
22:56Wolves are extremely adaptable, and here, during the salmon season, they go fishing.
23:18As we've learned more about the wolves' way of life, we've come to accept that, like all predators,
23:43they are important elements in maintaining the natural balance of the wilderness.
23:53Almost from birth, wolf puppies display individual personalities and aptitudes.
23:59At three months, they're still too inexperienced to kill large animals,
24:03so they're creashed in a safe place, while the older wolves go out hunting.
24:07Groveling and urgent licking by the pups encourages a returning adult to regurgitate the contents of its expandable stomach.
24:25Farther south in the United States, some people, increasingly appreciative of wild places,
24:43have campaigned for the protection of wolves and a better understanding of their nature.
24:47Many people want to reintroduce them into protected land, which is now overrun by deer and elk.
24:55The Nez Perce Indians of the Rocky Mountains offered their own tribal lands for the release of 35 wild-trapped wolves.
25:08When the first wolves came back for release, I was there to greet them, and I was good to give them a blessing.
25:21I had the opportunity to look inside the cage and greet the wolf.
25:26I looked into his eyes, and he looked at me, and I spoke to him in my own language.
25:33I told him I'm glad to see you back, my brother.
25:52You have been gone a long time, and it's good to see you back here again.
25:58That's the words that I offered to him.
26:01And after that, I've never seen him anymore.
26:06And I'm hoping that someday we'll meet again.
26:15In other places, the wolf is not so welcome.
26:22Wolves pay no regard to human feelings or boundaries.
26:27They travel to where there's food.
26:28They may follow other wolves' scent for hundreds of miles, or just strike out independently on their own.
26:36In the late 1980s, a grey male wolf trotted 250 miles from the Canadian border right into the Nine Mile Valley,
26:46the heart of Montana ranching country.
26:51Hatred of wolves has a long tradition here.
26:53I caught sight of this big coyote, or what I thought was a coyote.
27:10And after getting the rifle and sighting down the telescopic sights to get a better look,
27:17realized it was not a coyote.
27:18The grey wolf had chosen his ranch well.
27:23Ralph Thisted was intrigued by the view down his gun sights, and hoped to see more.
27:29Soon after, federal biologist Mike Jimenez arrived on the track of another wolf.
27:34This was a female with a radio collar that had been caught near Canada some months before.
27:43She had followed the male's scent right onto the Thisted ranch.
27:47When her signal became static, Jimenez suspected that they had made a den.
27:54Word leaked out.
27:55The return of the wolf was a tabloid editor's dream.
27:59Opinion quickly polarised.
28:08But wolves have legal protection now.
28:11Killing them no longer brings a bounty, but a possible $100,000 fine.
28:26Ranching country is hard to police.
28:28Within weeks, the female wolf's radio collar was recovered.
28:32It had been cut off and dumped.
28:35Neither her body nor the culprit was ever found.
28:39Soon afterwards, her mate, the grey male, was found dead by the highway.
28:45Ralph Thisted began videoing the orphaned pups.
28:49Road-killed deer were put out for the pups to eat.
28:58But without their parents, he feared for their long-term survival.
29:08Some did make it.
29:10And there is now a healthy wolf population in the valley,
29:13and their presence is more widely accepted.
29:21Elsewhere, wolves are not waiting for an invitation.
29:25Wherever wild prey is dense, they're crossing the Canadian border,
29:28trickling back into their former territory.
29:30If wolves have enough room to manoeuvre, they tend to avoid cattle.
29:36But if there's a shortage of prey,
29:37it's hardly surprising that a wolf will try to take the meat
29:40that men are rearing for themselves.
29:44Nowhere is this problem greater than in India.
29:46It's early July in the state of Maharashtra,
29:56and the monsoon is breaking.
30:01It's about as hot and humid as a wolf can stand.
30:05India is as far south as wolves go.
30:10Indian wolves are uncommon,
30:12but they're most visible in the rainy season,
30:14when they're hunting for their pups as well as for themselves.
30:21Wild blackbuck concentrated large numbers
30:23wherever there is new growth,
30:26even if it is in the heart of a wolf pack's territory.
30:36As in wolf hunts everywhere,
30:37the first stage is to identify frailty.
30:44It's a large group of people,
30:45they're army and there's a large group of people,
30:45and they're traveling through the week.
30:52Otherwise they're on the run,
30:53in the wake of a wolf.
30:56Got to try and get to try and remember them.
30:57They're on the way to try and beat them.
31:04Two of them who were on the straddle.
31:05They're on the face.
31:06So, let's take a look around.
31:07This is no longer the first part of the work.
31:09I'm looking forward to the first part of what's on the land.
31:11I'm looking forward to the next part of the world.
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32:13These fast-growing pups still need feeding.
32:16The parents' only choice is to take the villagers' livestock.
32:27Local people also have families to support,
32:30and they do all they can to protect their herd,
32:32using their dogs, domesticated wolves, to help them do so.
32:36It's hard for anyone to make a living here.
32:42There are few places left for the Indian wolf.
32:46In some parts of Europe, wolves have found a way of living close to man.
32:57In rural Romania, the pace of change has been relatively slow.
33:02The mountain meadows of Transylvania
33:04are grazed in much the same way as they have been for centuries.
33:07Every evening, shepherds pen their flocks
33:15to protect them against wild animals.
33:22Just above them, on the upper slopes,
33:24is one of the wildest and most extensive tracts of forest left in Europe.
33:29Wolves, bears and lynx live here in substantial numbers.
33:32But when shepherds lose occasional lambs,
33:36it's the wolf that is usually blamed.
33:40To establish the truth of the matter,
33:42scientists trapped and radio-collared a wild female wolf.
33:47Using remote cameras,
33:48they were able to monitor the growth of her nine puppies.
33:51By June, most of the youngsters were on to solids,
34:02regurgitated deer meat, for instance,
34:04which she brought back from her hunting trips.
34:07A couple of the youngsters still had a taste for her milk.
34:10There are good numbers of red deer in her hunting territory,
34:25but providing food for ten is a demanding business.
34:28However, her patch of forest slopes down to the suburbs
34:32and industrial areas of the town of Brashov.
34:35Brashov is modernising fast,
34:46but this is Transylvania,
34:47and werewolf myths persist to this day.
34:51So the first report of a wolf by the main line to Bucharest
34:54were treated as tales told by the gullible.
34:58Romanian bedtime stories are as full of evil wolves
35:01as elsewhere in Europe.
35:05The scientists were sceptical,
35:09but when they began tracking the wolf at night,
35:12they discovered that they had missed half the story.
35:15A starlight-sensitive camera revealed
35:17that not only was there a wolf here,
35:19but it was behaving in a most surprising fashion.
35:22When the night express to Bucharest had passed through,
35:47the female wolf carefully crossed the line.
35:49Although temporarily limping,
36:09probably because of a thorn in her foot,
36:10the female was confidently making her way into town.
36:14She was clearly streetwise
36:26and seemed to be quite certain of where she was going.
36:37By midnight, she had crossed the main drainage canal
36:40and had been joined by a yearling from her pack.
36:43They were now on the other side of town,
36:46well away from their forest home.
36:48When the female headed across waste ground towards the oil refinery,
37:17the researchers were struggling to keep up.
37:20But the team's leader, Dr. Christoph Bromberger,
37:24had guessed where the wolf was heading
37:25for the summer sheep meadows beyond.
37:28The sheep are well-guarded.
37:48This must be one of the few places in Europe
37:50where shepherds still watch their flocks by night.
37:53Their dogs display all the possessiveness of their wolf ancestors.
38:16Outnumbered, the female wolf turned back into town.
38:19It's now known that she always checks the flocks first
38:27for a chance stray,
38:29but she finds easier meals in and around the Brashoff rubbish bins.
38:34Wolves here are simply adapting to a new environment,
38:37just as urban foxes have done in English towns.
38:41She looks very like another feral dog,
38:43and so far she has evaded unwanted publicity.
38:52But it is unlikely that the Brashoff residents
38:55will remain in the dark for much longer.
38:58They'll have to decide whether or not to tolerate a wolf in their midst.
39:03To survive in the modern world,
39:06wolves need our acceptance, as well as physical space.
39:09Even in the wildest places, wolves face difficulties.
39:17On the barren ground of Ellesmere Island,
39:20even suitable places for dens are rare,
39:23and the wolves have great problems to solve
39:25if they are to raise a family.
39:26This pair have two pups.
39:35At five weeks old, they are adventurous,
39:38but they're far from independent.
39:41The female and her mate
39:42will have to provide them with food for months yet.
39:46Wolf puppyhood is long
39:47because there is so much to learn.
39:49These puppies may be small,
40:04but to feed them properly,
40:05their parents will need a hunting territory
40:07of over a thousand square miles.
40:10The male is kept hard at work.
40:12The female still does the begging,
40:30but gradually the pups will learn this ritual for themselves.
40:34The male seems reluctant to deliver the meal.
40:55No doubt he is hungry too,
40:57but the female can't accompany him
40:59and help on long hunts
41:01until the pups are a bit older.
41:04The pups wolf down their food
41:09simply because they can never be sure
41:11of their next mouthful.
41:18As the days lengthen,
41:20so do the Leverett's chances of survival.
41:24They're faster now and smarter.
41:30The male wolf is 13 years old,
41:33well past his prime.
41:54On days when he is unsuccessful,
41:56the female collects food from her store.
41:58Leverett's that were killed and buried earlier in the year
42:02when they were easier to catch.
42:03But if his family is to survive,
42:04the male cannot give up the hunt.
42:05Wolves are the experts at chasing and collecting moving objects,
42:09and this exercise is far more critical than retrieving a boar.
42:10And this exercise is far more critical than retrieving a boar.
42:14But if his family is to survive,
42:16the male cannot give up the hunt.
42:18Wolves are the experts at chasing and collecting moving objects,
42:22and this exercise is far more critical than retrieving a boar.
42:26whoo.
42:39wheeze
42:41Today is a good day.
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43:15It's a hard life, but if the male's bloodline is to survive, then the pup's future comes first.
43:31In seven seasons, this wolf couple have raised only three offspring to maturity,
43:37and the prospects for the current family are by no means certain.
43:45Already, one pup is quicker to take advantage of the incoming meal.
43:49It's a critical advantage, for it will give the most vigorous pup a head start
44:09when the long arctic winter begins to close in.
44:12The den provides some shelter, but the weather is not the problem.
44:29There may just not be enough food to go round.
44:32If the pups survive till the spring, the parents will have done unusually well.
44:47Wolves have had to be tenacious.
45:03Not only do they endure some of the harshest conditions on Earth,
45:06but they also have survived bitter hostility from humanity.
45:10Their methods, especially when hunting, may shock us deeply.
45:15But they aren't given meat out of tins and packets, as our dogs are.
45:20A wolf can only be a wolf.
45:22They remain wary and unknowable,
45:35but steadily they are winning back our respect.
45:39Even the howl of the wolf, that once struck terror into our hearts,
45:44is now regarded by many as one of the most thrilling sounds of the natural world.
45:52In August, these days, hundreds of Canadians make a pilgrimage into the wilderness
46:00to make contact with wolves.
46:09A road cutting through the remote forests of spruce and fir
46:13provides a good place to stand and listen for this wild music.
46:22These listeners have no chance of actually seeing a wolf.
46:28But National Park rangers know how to communicate
46:31with the legendary outlaw who, for centuries, we have tried to destroy.
46:37Here we go in between, all the way.
46:40ART
46:41Yoo-roo-roo-roo-roo-roo-roo-roo-roo-roo-roo-roo-roo-roo-roo-roo-roo-roo-roo-roo-roo-roo-roo-roo!
47:02plant?
47:02No, no, no, no.
47:32No, no, no.
48:02No, no, no.
48:32No, no, no.
49:02No, no.
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