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00:00:00Satsang with Mooji
00:00:30Satsang with Mooji
00:00:59Satsang with Mooji
00:01:29Saturn, the jewel of the solar system
00:01:41Set within concentric rings
00:01:45Composed of a billion icy moons
00:01:50And finally
00:02:03Flanked by massive satellites
00:02:07The largest planet
00:02:08Jupiter
00:02:10Its multicolored clouds
00:02:13Studded with flashes of lightning
00:02:16Still farther in
00:02:23Closer to the sun
00:02:25There are no more giant planets
00:02:28Only a host of lesser worlds
00:02:32Made of rock and metal
00:02:35Some with a thin envelope of air
00:02:38They huddle about the sun
00:02:41With almost no internal heat of their own
00:02:43Tiny places
00:02:46With solid surfaces
00:02:48One of which
00:02:49Is a blue and pretty world
00:02:52Called Earth
00:02:53Half covered with clouds
00:02:56It is the home planet of travelers
00:02:59Who have just learned to sail the sea of space
00:03:02To investigate close up
00:03:05Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune
00:03:08Its brothers and sisters
00:03:10In the family of the sun
00:03:12Human voyages of exploration
00:03:22To the outer solar system
00:03:23Are controlled
00:03:24So far
00:03:25From a single place
00:03:27On the planet Earth
00:03:28The Jet Propulsion Laboratory
00:03:30Of the National Aeronautics
00:03:32And Space Administration
00:03:33In Pasadena, California
00:03:35Here
00:03:41On Sunday
00:03:42July 8, 1979
00:03:44The Voyager 2 spacecraft
00:03:47Began its close passage
00:03:48By Jupiter
00:03:49And its moons
00:03:50I think I just had
00:03:53We have to call first
00:03:54We have to call
00:03:55Yeah, I think they will
00:03:56General Science Systems
00:03:59Are you ready with detail status check?
00:04:01Yes, I am
00:04:01The spacecraft had been instructed
00:04:04How to explore the Jupiter system
00:04:06By a sequence of commands
00:04:08Radioed earlier
00:04:08To its onboard computers
00:04:10Output power
00:04:11450 watts
00:04:12Power is going
00:04:13This time
00:04:14DSE systems
00:04:15DSE
00:04:16Okay
00:04:19LACP mode is far and counter
00:04:21We are at TIC 210
00:04:23The direction last recorded
00:04:26Was reversed
00:04:26And the track is track 1
00:04:28Here we check
00:04:28How faithful an emissary
00:04:30Voyager is
00:04:31Does it understand the commands?
00:04:33How is its health?
00:04:35Its temperature?
00:04:36Its brains?
00:04:38Its heart?
00:04:38It's 21
00:04:40It's about 30 minutes
00:04:41So they haven't
00:04:42They're going to
00:04:43Space systems
00:04:44Yeah, we've just completed
00:04:46The detail status check
00:04:47And the spacecraft is go
00:04:48Following the ring plane crossing
00:04:49The modern ships
00:04:51That sail to the planets
00:04:53Are unmanned
00:04:54They are beautifully constructed
00:04:57Semi-intelligent robots
00:04:59Voyager's eyes
00:05:02Are two television cameras
00:05:03Designed to take
00:05:05Tens of thousands
00:05:06Of pictures
00:05:07In the outer solar system
00:05:08Along with other instruments
00:05:10They are mounted
00:05:11On a scanned platform
00:05:12Which points
00:05:13At passing planets
00:05:14Voyager's brains
00:05:17Are three integrated computers
00:05:19Set amid ships
00:05:20It communicates with Earth
00:05:22Through a large radio antenna
00:05:23Mounted like a sail
00:05:25Voyager bears a message
00:05:27For any alien civilization
00:05:29It may one day encounter
00:05:30In interstellar space
00:05:32Its louvers open and shut
00:05:35To help control
00:05:36The onboard temperature
00:05:37But Voyager cruises
00:05:40So far from the sun
00:05:41That it cannot depend
00:05:43On solar power
00:05:44Instead
00:05:45It has a small
00:05:46Nuclear power plant
00:05:48Quarantined
00:05:49From the rest of the ship
00:05:50Many things can go wrong
00:06:02In such pioneering missions
00:06:03So people are a little uneasy
00:06:06At Voyager mission control
00:06:08Jupiter is surrounded
00:06:10By a shell
00:06:11Of invisible
00:06:12But extremely dangerous
00:06:13High energy charged particles
00:06:15If Voyager flies too close
00:06:17Its delicate electronics
00:06:19Will be fried
00:06:20A collision with a small boulder
00:06:23In the rings of Jupiter
00:06:24Could send the spacecraft
00:06:25Tumbling wildly out of control
00:06:27Its antenna unable to find the Earth
00:06:29Its data lost forever
00:06:31Voyager 1 and Voyager 2
00:06:39Were launched a month apart
00:06:40In late summer 1977
00:06:42After many alarms
00:06:44And close calls
00:06:45They successfully arrived
00:06:47Months apart
00:06:48At the Jupiter system
00:06:49Where they worked brilliantly
00:06:51Providing the first
00:06:52Close up views
00:06:53Of mighty Jupiter
00:06:54And its four large
00:06:56And mysterious moons
00:06:57Io
00:06:58The innermost of the four
00:07:00Are Europa
00:07:02And moving away
00:07:05From Jupiter
00:07:06Ganymede
00:07:08And the outermost big moon
00:07:12Callisto
00:07:14A mission
00:07:17That cost
00:07:19A penny a world
00:07:20For every human
00:07:22On the planet Earth
00:07:24Voyager's passage
00:07:32By Jupiter
00:07:33Accelerated it
00:07:34Towards a close encounter
00:07:35With the planet Saturn
00:07:37Saturn's gravity
00:07:38Will propel it on
00:07:39To Uranus
00:07:40And in this
00:07:41Game of cosmic billiards
00:07:43After Uranus
00:07:44It will plunge on
00:07:45Past Neptune
00:07:46Leaving the solar system
00:07:48And becoming
00:07:49An interstellar spacecraft
00:07:50Destined to wander forever
00:07:53The great ocean
00:07:55Between the stars
00:07:56And if Voyager should
00:07:58Sometime in its
00:07:59Distant future
00:08:00Encounter beings
00:08:02From some other
00:08:03Civilization in space
00:08:05It bears
00:08:06A message
00:08:07A phonographer
00:08:09Golden
00:08:10Delicate
00:08:12With instructions
00:08:14For use
00:08:15And on this record
00:08:16Are a sampling
00:08:17Of pictures
00:08:18Sounds
00:08:19Greetings
00:08:19And an hour and a half
00:08:21Of exquisite music
00:08:22The Earth's
00:08:24Greatest hits
00:08:25A gift across
00:08:27The cosmic ocean
00:08:28From one
00:08:28Island of civilization
00:08:30To another
00:08:31The record bears
00:08:35In English
00:08:36An additional little
00:08:38Handwritten greeting
00:08:39It says
00:08:40To the makers
00:08:41Of music
00:08:42All worlds
00:08:43All times
00:08:45These voyages
00:08:46Of exploration
00:08:47And discovery
00:08:49Are the latest
00:08:50In a long series
00:08:51Which have characterized
00:08:52And distinguished
00:08:54The human species
00:08:55In the 15th
00:08:57And 16th centuries
00:08:58You could travel
00:08:59From Spain
00:09:00To the Azores
00:09:00In a few days
00:09:02The same time
00:09:03It takes now
00:09:03To cross that little channel
00:09:05From the Earth
00:09:06To the moon
00:09:06It took then
00:09:09A few months
00:09:10To traverse
00:09:11The Atlantic Ocean
00:09:12And reach what was called
00:09:13The New World
00:09:14The Americas
00:09:15Today it takes
00:09:17A few months
00:09:17To cross the ocean
00:09:18Of the inner solar system
00:09:19And reach Mars
00:09:20And Venus
00:09:21Which are truly
00:09:22And literally
00:09:23New worlds
00:09:24Awaiting us
00:09:24In the 17th
00:09:27And 18th centuries
00:09:28You could travel
00:09:29From Holland
00:09:30To China
00:09:31Say
00:09:31In a year or two
00:09:32The same time
00:09:34It takes now
00:09:34For Voyager
00:09:35To travel from the Earth
00:09:36To Jupiter
00:09:37And in comparison
00:09:43To the resources
00:09:44Of the society
00:09:45It cost more then
00:09:46To send sailing ships
00:09:47To the far east
00:09:48Than it does now
00:09:49To send spaceships
00:09:50To the planets
00:09:51The passion to explore
00:09:58Is at the heart
00:09:59Of being human
00:10:00This impulse
00:10:01To go
00:10:02To see
00:10:03To know
00:10:03Has found expression
00:10:05In every culture
00:10:06Africa was circumnavigated
00:10:10By Phoenician sailors
00:10:11In the employ
00:10:12Of an Egyptian pharaoh
00:10:14In the 7th century B.C.
00:10:17The islands of the Pacific
00:10:20Were settled
00:10:21By skilled
00:10:22And heroic navigators
00:10:23From Indonesia
00:10:24Great fleets
00:10:27Of ocean-going junks
00:10:29Left the ports
00:10:30Of Ming dynasty China
00:10:32To explore India
00:10:33And Africa
00:10:34A century later
00:10:37Three ships
00:10:38Left Spain
00:10:38Under the command
00:10:39Of an Italian navigator
00:10:40To discover
00:10:41The Americas
00:10:42And then
00:10:45A Portuguese expedition
00:10:46Succeeded in sailing
00:10:48All the way around
00:10:48This blue globe
00:10:50These voyagers
00:10:53Of many cultures
00:10:55Were the first
00:10:56Planetary explorers
00:10:57They have bound
00:10:59The earth up
00:10:59Into one world
00:11:00In our exploration
00:11:02Of other worlds
00:11:03We follow
00:11:04In their footsteps
00:11:05Our present spaceships
00:11:09Are the
00:11:10Harbingers
00:11:11The vanguard
00:11:13Of future human expeditions
00:11:15To the planets
00:11:16We have travelled
00:11:18This way before
00:11:19And there is much
00:11:21To be learned
00:11:22By studying
00:11:23Those great voyages
00:11:25Of a few centuries ago
00:11:27In the 17th century
00:11:43The citizens
00:11:44Of the new
00:11:45Dutch Republic
00:11:46Pursued a course
00:11:47Of vigorous
00:11:48Planetary exploration
00:11:50Holland was then
00:11:53A revolutionary society
00:11:54It had just declared
00:11:56Its independence
00:11:56From the powerful
00:11:57But stagnant
00:11:58Spanish Empire
00:11:59And with a newfound
00:12:01Self-confidence
00:12:02Holland embraced
00:12:03More fully
00:12:04Than any other nation
00:12:05Of its time
00:12:06The spirit
00:12:07Of the European
00:12:08Enlightenment
00:12:08It was a rational
00:12:15Orderly
00:12:16And creative society
00:12:17But because
00:12:18Spanish ports
00:12:19And vessels
00:12:20Were closed
00:12:20To the Dutch
00:12:21The economic survival
00:12:22Of the tiny republic
00:12:23Depended on its ability
00:12:25To construct
00:12:26Man and operate
00:12:27A great fleet
00:12:28Of commercial
00:12:29Sailing vessels
00:12:30The Dutch East India Company
00:12:37Was a combined
00:12:38Governmental
00:12:39And commercial enterprise
00:12:40Which sent shipping
00:12:41To the far corners
00:12:42Of the world
00:12:43To acquire rare commodities
00:12:45And resell them
00:12:46At a profit
00:12:47In Europe
00:12:48Such voyages
00:12:49Were the life's blood
00:12:50Of the republic
00:12:51Navigational charts
00:12:57And maps
00:12:58Were classified
00:12:59As state secrets
00:13:00Ships sometimes
00:13:01Left with sealed
00:13:02Sailing orders
00:13:03The crews embarking
00:13:05For an unknown
00:13:06Destination
00:13:06More than a year away
00:13:08On the far side
00:13:09Of the planet
00:13:10These expeditions
00:13:14Were not only
00:13:15Commercial exploitations
00:13:17Although there was
00:13:18Certainly plenty of that
00:13:19Beside the usual
00:13:20Appeals of ambition
00:13:22Greed
00:13:23National pride
00:13:24And the thirst
00:13:24For adventure
00:13:25The Dutch were also
00:13:27Motivated by a
00:13:27Powerful scientific
00:13:28Curiosity
00:13:29And a fascination
00:13:31With all things new
00:13:32New lands
00:13:33New peoples
00:13:35New plants
00:13:36And animals
00:13:37This building
00:13:44Then the Amsterdam
00:13:45Town Hall
00:13:46Still attests
00:13:48To the hardy
00:13:49Self-assurance
00:13:50Of its 17th century
00:13:51Architects
00:13:52Its lavish
00:13:53Crystal adornments
00:13:54Still reflect
00:13:55The glittering pride
00:13:57They felt
00:13:58In their accomplishments
00:13:58And their prosperity
00:14:00It took shiploads
00:14:02Of marble
00:14:02To build this place
00:14:04Constantine Huygens
00:14:06A poet
00:14:07And diplomat
00:14:08Of the time
00:14:08Said that this town hall
00:14:10Dispelled
00:14:11What he called
00:14:12The Gothic
00:14:13Squint
00:14:14And squalor
00:14:15The Middle Ages
00:14:18Had ended
00:14:19The enlightenment
00:14:20Had begun
00:14:21Up there
00:14:27Do you see
00:14:28Is Atlas
00:14:29Supporting the heavens
00:14:31On his shoulders
00:14:32And beneath
00:14:34Is justice
00:14:37With a golden sword
00:14:39And golden scales
00:14:41Flanked
00:14:42By death
00:14:44And punishment
00:14:45And who is it
00:14:47That justice
00:14:48Is trampling
00:14:49Underfoot
00:14:50Why
00:14:52It's avarice
00:14:53And envy
00:14:55The gods
00:14:56Of the merchants
00:14:57The Dutch knew
00:14:59That the unrestrained
00:15:01Pursuit of profit
00:15:02Posed serious threats
00:15:04To the soul
00:15:05Of the nation
00:15:06A less
00:15:08Allegorical symbol
00:15:10Is down here
00:15:11On the floor
00:15:12It is a great
00:15:18Inlaid map
00:15:19Stretching
00:15:21From West Africa
00:15:22To the Pacific Ocean
00:15:24The whole world
00:15:26Was then
00:15:27Holland's arena
00:15:28In a typical year
00:15:31Many sailing vessels
00:15:33Set out
00:15:34Halfway around the world
00:15:35For the far east
00:15:36On voyages
00:15:38Of exploration
00:15:38And discovery
00:15:39Of trade
00:15:41Journeys taking
00:15:42Years to accomplish
00:15:43Down the west coast
00:15:45Of Africa
00:15:45Through what they called
00:15:46The Ethiopian Sea
00:15:48Skirting the southern
00:15:49Coast of Africa
00:15:50Through the straits
00:15:53Of Madagascar
00:15:54And on
00:15:55Past the southern tip
00:15:57Of India
00:15:58To the
00:15:59Spice Islands
00:16:00Present day
00:16:01Indonesia
00:16:02Another set of voyages
00:16:09Went south and east
00:16:11To New Holland
00:16:12Later renamed
00:16:13Australia
00:16:14And still other journeys
00:16:21Ventured
00:16:21Through the straits
00:16:23Of Malacca
00:16:23To the empire
00:16:25Of China
00:16:26But Holland
00:16:29Was a small country
00:16:31Forced to
00:16:31Live by its wits
00:16:33There was a strong
00:16:35Pacifist element
00:16:35In its foreign policy
00:16:37Never before
00:16:38Or since
00:16:39Has Holland
00:16:40Boasted such a
00:16:41Galaxy
00:16:41Of scientists
00:16:42Mathematicians
00:16:43Philosophers
00:16:44And artists
00:16:45This was the time
00:16:48Of the great painters
00:16:49Rembrandt
00:16:50And Vermeer
00:16:53Because Holland
00:16:56Was tolerant
00:16:57Of unorthodox opinions
00:16:59It was a refuge
00:17:01For intellectuals
00:17:03Fleeing the thought
00:17:04Control and censorship
00:17:06Of other parts
00:17:07Of Europe
00:17:07Much as the United States
00:17:08Benefited enormously
00:17:10In the 1930s
00:17:11From the exodus
00:17:13Of intellectuals
00:17:14From Nazi
00:17:15Dominated Europe
00:17:16And so it was
00:17:17That 17th century
00:17:18Holland
00:17:19Was the home
00:17:20Of the great
00:17:21Jewish philosopher
00:17:22Spinoza
00:17:23Who Einstein
00:17:24Admired so much
00:17:25Of René Descartes
00:17:27A pivotal figure
00:17:29In the history
00:17:29Of philosophy
00:17:30And of mathematics
00:17:31And the home
00:17:33Of a political scientist
00:17:35Named John Locke
00:17:36Who was to have
00:17:39A powerful
00:17:40And profound influence
00:17:42On a group
00:17:44Of philosophically
00:17:44Inclined revolutionaries
00:17:46Named Payne
00:17:48Hamilton
00:17:49Adams
00:17:50Franklin
00:17:51And Jefferson
00:17:52The Dutch
00:17:56University of Leiden
00:17:57Offered a professorship
00:17:59To an Italian scientist
00:18:01Named Galileo
00:18:02Who had been forced
00:18:04By the Catholic Church
00:18:05Under threat of torture
00:18:07To recant
00:18:09To recant
00:18:09The heretical position
00:18:10That the earth
00:18:12Went around the sun
00:18:13And not vice versa
00:18:15Galileo had
00:18:17Close ties
00:18:18With Holland
00:18:18His first
00:18:19Astronomical telescope
00:18:20Was based
00:18:21On a spyglass
00:18:22Of Dutch manufacture
00:18:23And with it
00:18:25He discovered
00:18:26The craters
00:18:27Of the moon
00:18:28The phases
00:18:29Of Venus
00:18:29And the four
00:18:30Large moons
00:18:31Of Jupiter
00:18:32Becoming an exploratory power
00:18:37Made Holland
00:18:38A vital intellectual
00:18:39And cultural center
00:18:40As well
00:18:41The improvement
00:18:42Of sailing ship technology
00:18:44Spurred technology
00:18:45In general
00:18:46A key problem
00:18:48In navigation
00:18:48Was the determination
00:18:50Of longitude
00:18:51Latitude
00:18:52Could be determined
00:18:53Easily
00:18:53The farther south
00:18:54You were
00:18:54The more southern
00:18:55Constellations
00:18:56You could see
00:18:56But longitude
00:18:58Required precise
00:18:59Timekeeping
00:19:00An accurate shipboard clock
00:19:05Would continue
00:19:05To keep the time
00:19:06In your home port
00:19:07The rising and setting
00:19:08Of the stars
00:19:09Would give you
00:19:10The local time
00:19:10And the difference
00:19:12Between the two
00:19:13Would tell you
00:19:13How far east or west
00:19:14You had gone
00:19:15Technological advance
00:19:21Required the freest
00:19:22Possible pursuit
00:19:23Of knowledge
00:19:23So Holland
00:19:25Became the leading
00:19:25Publisher
00:19:26And bookseller
00:19:27In Europe
00:19:27Translating works
00:19:29Written in other languages
00:19:30And printing books
00:19:31That had been censored
00:19:32Elsewhere
00:19:33Adventures into exotic lands
00:19:37And encounters
00:19:39With strange societies
00:19:40Shook complacency
00:19:42They challenged
00:19:45The prevailing wisdom
00:19:46And showed that ideas
00:19:48Which had been accepted
00:19:49For thousands of years
00:19:50Might be fundamentally
00:19:51In error
00:19:52In a time when kings
00:20:06And emperors
00:20:08Ruled much of the planet
00:20:09The Dutch Republic
00:20:10Was governed
00:20:11More than any other
00:20:12World power
00:20:12By the people
00:20:13They enjoyed a certain
00:20:22Material well-being
00:20:24But the interiors
00:20:25Of their houses
00:20:26Celebrated by a generation
00:20:28Of Dutch painters
00:20:29Suggests
00:20:30Restraint
00:20:31And discretion
00:20:33The officers
00:20:41Of these ships
00:20:42Of exploration
00:20:42And trade
00:20:43Would return
00:20:44From their long voyages
00:20:46Share in the goods
00:20:47They had acquired
00:20:48And discuss
00:20:50The wonders
00:20:51They had encountered
00:20:52Holland
00:21:00Holland
00:21:00Prospered
00:21:01In its freedom
00:21:02Of thought
00:21:02In Italy
00:21:17Galileo
00:21:18Had announced
00:21:19Other worlds
00:21:20Giordano Bruno
00:21:21Had speculated
00:21:22On intelligent life
00:21:23Elsewhere
00:21:24For this
00:21:25They were made
00:21:26To suffer brutally
00:21:27But in Holland
00:21:30The astronomer
00:21:31Christian Huygens
00:21:32Who strongly supported
00:21:34Both ideas
00:21:34Was showered
00:21:36With honors
00:21:36Christian was the son
00:21:41Of Constantine Huygens
00:21:42The elder Huygens
00:21:46Distinguished himself
00:21:47As a master diplomat
00:21:49Of the age
00:21:49A man of letters
00:21:50A close friend
00:21:52And translator
00:21:52Of the English poet
00:21:53John Dunn
00:21:55Constantine Huygens
00:21:58Was also
00:21:59An accomplished composer
00:22:00And musician
00:22:02It was Constantine
00:22:16Who had discovered
00:22:17A young painter
00:22:18Named Rembrandt
00:22:19Van Rijn
00:22:19In several of whose works
00:22:21He subsequently
00:22:22Appears
00:22:22He opened the doors
00:22:25Of his house
00:22:26To artists
00:22:27Musicians
00:22:28Writers
00:22:28Statesmen
00:22:29And scientists
00:22:30A feast
00:22:32Of goods
00:22:33And ideas
00:22:34From all over the world
00:22:35Awaited them
00:22:36The philosopher
00:22:40Descartes
00:22:41Who visited him here
00:22:42Said of Constantine Huygens
00:22:44I could not believe
00:22:45I could not believe
00:22:45That a single mind
00:22:47Could occupy itself
00:22:48With so many things
00:22:50And acquit itself
00:22:51So well
00:22:52In all of them
00:22:52He even excelled
00:22:55At the art
00:22:56Of parenthood
00:22:57He was a tender
00:22:58And loving father
00:22:59His son Christian
00:23:00Flourished in this rich
00:23:02Environment
00:23:02Demonstrating
00:23:04Extraordinary talents
00:23:05For languages
00:23:06Drawing
00:23:06Law
00:23:07Science
00:23:07Engineering
00:23:08Mathematics
00:23:09And music
00:23:10The world
00:23:15Is my country
00:23:16He said
00:23:17Science
00:23:18My religion
00:23:20Light
00:23:26Was the motif
00:23:28Of the age
00:23:28The symbolic
00:23:30Enlightenment
00:23:31Of freedom of thought
00:23:32And religion
00:23:32The light
00:23:34That suffused
00:23:35The paintings
00:23:36Of the time
00:23:36And light
00:23:38As an object
00:23:38Of scientific study
00:23:39The microscope
00:23:41Was invented
00:23:42In Holland
00:23:42At this time
00:23:43And became
00:23:44A drawing room
00:23:45Curiosity
00:23:46Its inventor
00:23:49Was a friend
00:23:50Of Christian Huygens
00:23:51A man named
00:23:51Anton Leeuwenhoek
00:23:53The first microscopes
00:24:04Were developed
00:24:05From magnifying glasses
00:24:06Used by drapers
00:24:07To examine
00:24:08The quality
00:24:09Of cloth
00:24:10Leeuwenhoek and Huygens
00:24:19Are the grandfathers
00:24:20Of much of modern medicine
00:24:22Because
00:24:24To his amazement
00:24:26Leeuwenhoek
00:24:27Discovered
00:24:28A universe
00:24:29In a drop of water
00:24:31The microbes
00:24:32Which he described
00:24:33As animalcules
00:24:35And thought
00:24:36Cute
00:24:37Leeuwenhoek and Huygens
00:24:47Were among the first people
00:24:49To see human sperm cells
00:24:51A hitherto
00:24:52Hidden microcosm
00:24:53Of the human life cycle
00:24:54Leeuwenhoek
00:24:56Had discovered
00:24:57The microbial world
00:24:59Huygens
00:25:00Had argued
00:25:01From his telescopic
00:25:02Observations
00:25:03That Mars
00:25:04Was another world
00:25:05And probably
00:25:06An inhabited one
00:25:08What a waste
00:25:16Of a planet
00:25:17He thought
00:25:17If Mars
00:25:18Were barren
00:25:19So the Viking search
00:25:24For microbes
00:25:25On Mars
00:25:26Can be traced
00:25:27Directly back
00:25:28To Huygens
00:25:29And Leeuwenhoek
00:25:30In 17th century
00:25:32Holland
00:25:32The telescope
00:25:38And the microscope
00:25:39Developed here
00:25:40Represent
00:25:41An extension
00:25:43Of human vision
00:25:43To the realms
00:25:45Of the very small
00:25:46And the very large
00:25:48Our observations
00:25:53Of atoms
00:25:54And galaxies
00:25:55Were launched
00:25:57In this time
00:25:57And place
00:25:58From the bending
00:26:03Of light
00:26:04Through a lens
00:26:05Huygens
00:26:06Advanced the idea
00:26:07That light
00:26:08Was a kind
00:26:09Of wave
00:26:09He ground
00:26:11And polished lenses
00:26:12For the successively
00:26:13Larger telescopes
00:26:14He constructed
00:26:15Although
00:26:16It did take him
00:26:18A time
00:26:19To figure out
00:26:19How to use
00:26:20Them properly
00:26:21Huygens
00:26:31Was the first person
00:26:32To see a surface feature
00:26:33On the planet Mars
00:26:34He was the first person
00:26:36To speculate
00:26:37That Venus
00:26:38Is completely covered
00:26:39With clouds
00:26:40He was the first person
00:26:42To understand
00:26:43The nature
00:26:43Of the rings
00:26:44Of Saturn
00:26:44Saturn is surrounded
00:26:46He wrote
00:26:47By a thin
00:26:48Flat ring
00:26:49Which nowhere
00:26:50Touches
00:26:51The body
00:26:51Of the planet
00:26:52His discoveries
00:27:05With the telescope
00:27:06Would by themselves
00:27:07Have ensured
00:27:08His place
00:27:08In the history
00:27:10Of human accomplishment
00:27:11Huygens
00:27:21Huygens
00:27:21Was the discoverer
00:27:22Of Titan
00:27:23The largest moon
00:27:25Of Saturn
00:27:25The immense size
00:27:34And changing clouds
00:27:35Of Jupiter
00:27:36Entranced him
00:27:37Astronomers
00:27:42As well as navigators
00:27:43Need accurate clocks
00:27:44To time
00:27:45The movement
00:27:46Of the heavens
00:27:47Huygens
00:27:48Was the inventor
00:27:49Of many precision
00:27:50Time pieces
00:27:50Including the pendulum clock
00:27:52To illustrate
00:28:02The sun-centered universe
00:28:04Of Copernicus
00:28:05He built computers
00:28:07That reproduced
00:28:08The clockwork
00:28:09Of the heavens
00:28:10From Mercury
00:28:11To Saturn
00:28:12The machines
00:28:18He designed
00:28:19He signed
00:28:20Christian Huygens
00:28:21Inventor
00:28:23He was delighted
00:28:27That the Copernican system
00:28:28Was widely accepted
00:28:29In everyday life
00:28:30In Holland
00:28:30And acknowledged
00:28:32By all astronomers
00:28:33Except those
00:28:34He wrote
00:28:34Who were
00:28:36A bit slow-witted
00:28:37Or under the superstitions
00:28:38Imposed by merely
00:28:40Human authority
00:28:41Across
00:28:45The sea of space
00:28:47The stars
00:28:50Are other suns
00:28:53A point which
00:28:54Huygens appreciated
00:28:55Perfectly well
00:28:56He reasoned
00:28:59That if
00:29:00Our planetary system
00:29:03Involved a sun
00:29:04And planets
00:29:05Going around it
00:29:06That those other suns
00:29:08Should likewise
00:29:09Have a retinue
00:29:10Of planets
00:29:11Going around them
00:29:12And also
00:29:13That many of the
00:29:14Other planets
00:29:15Were inhabited
00:29:15He set forth
00:29:17These conclusions
00:29:18In
00:29:19A remarkable book
00:29:21Bearing the
00:29:23Triumphant title
00:29:24The Celestial Worlds
00:29:26Discovered
00:29:28The subtitle is
00:29:30Conjectures Concerning
00:29:32The Inhabitants
00:29:34Plants
00:29:35And Productions
00:29:36Of the Worlds
00:29:38In the Planets
00:29:40He wrote this book
00:29:43Sometime shortly
00:29:44Before his death
00:29:45In the year 1690
00:29:47In this study
00:29:49By and large
00:29:57Huygens imagined
00:29:59That the environments
00:30:00Of the other planets
00:30:01And also
00:30:02The inhabitants
00:30:03Of the other planets
00:30:04Were pretty much
00:30:06Like those
00:30:07Of 17th century
00:30:08Europe
00:30:08I wonder
00:30:10If he imagined
00:30:11Traveling
00:30:12To those other worlds
00:30:13Which he had been
00:30:14The first to examine
00:30:16Close up
00:30:17To the telescope
00:30:18Perhaps he dreamt
00:30:21That voyages
00:30:22Of discovery
00:30:22To the planets
00:30:23Would one day
00:30:24Be rather like
00:30:25The voyages
00:30:26Of geographical discovery
00:30:27In his time
00:30:29And place
00:30:29He did imagine
00:30:33Of extraterrestrial beings
00:30:36That their whole bodies
00:30:38And every part of them
00:30:40May be quite distinct
00:30:41And different
00:30:42From ours
00:30:43Tis a very ridiculous opinion
00:30:45He says
00:30:46That it is impossible
00:30:48A rational soul
00:30:49Should dwell
00:30:50In any other shape
00:30:51Than ours
00:30:52You could be smart
00:30:54Huygens was saying
00:30:56Even if you looked funny
00:30:57But he then went on
00:30:59To argue
00:30:59That they didn't look
00:31:01All that funny
00:31:02That extraterrestrial beings
00:31:04Must have
00:31:05Hands and feet
00:31:07And stand upright
00:31:08And have writing
00:31:09And geometry
00:31:10And even
00:31:11That the four big moons
00:31:12Of Jupiter
00:31:12The Galilean satellites
00:31:14Were there
00:31:15In order
00:31:16To provide
00:31:17A navigational aid
00:31:19A convenience
00:31:19For the sailors
00:31:21In the Jovian oceans
00:31:22Well
00:31:23Maybe
00:31:25That bit of speculation
00:31:34Is probably wrong
00:31:36But think of a citizen
00:31:38Of the 17th century
00:31:39With the courage
00:31:41And insight
00:31:42To imagine
00:31:43Other landscapes
00:31:43And other intelligences
00:31:45Might there really
00:31:47Be mariners
00:31:49On a million other worlds
00:31:50In his book
00:31:55Huygens wrote
00:31:56What a wonderful
00:31:57And amazing scheme
00:31:59Have we here
00:32:00Of the magnificent
00:32:01Vastness
00:32:02Of the universe
00:32:03So many suns
00:32:06So many earths
00:32:07And every one of them
00:32:09Stocked
00:32:10With so many animals
00:32:11Adorned
00:32:13With so many seas
00:32:14How must our wonder
00:32:16And admiration
00:32:17Be increased
00:32:18When we consider
00:32:19The prodigious distance
00:32:20And multitude
00:32:21Of the stars
00:32:23The Dutch
00:32:31Called their ships
00:32:32Flying boats
00:32:34And the Voyager spacecraft
00:32:36Are their descendants
00:32:37True flying boats
00:32:40Bound for the stars
00:32:42And on the way
00:32:43Exploring some of those worlds
00:32:45Which Christian Huygens
00:32:46A man from earth
00:32:48Knew and loved so well
00:32:50Travelers tales
00:32:54One of the main commodities
00:32:56Returned by
00:32:58Those sailing ship voyages
00:33:00Of centuries ago
00:33:01Were stories
00:33:03Stories
00:33:04Of alien lands
00:33:06And exotic creatures
00:33:07They evoked the sense of wonder
00:33:13And stimulated further exploration
00:33:15Those tales of strange worlds
00:33:17Enabled some Europeans
00:33:18To see themselves
00:33:20Anew
00:33:21There had been accounts
00:33:23Of headless people
00:33:24Foot people
00:33:25Cyclops people
00:33:27Now
00:33:28The Dutch brought back
00:33:30Fantastic stories
00:33:31Of giant hunters
00:33:32Dodos
00:33:35Rhinos
00:33:37Leopards
00:33:39And
00:33:41Other creatures
00:33:43Modern voyagers
00:33:48Also return
00:33:49Travelers tales
00:33:51Tales
00:33:52Of a world
00:33:53Shattered
00:33:54Like a crystal sphere
00:33:56A place
00:33:58Where the ground
00:33:59Is covered
00:33:59With what looks like
00:34:01A network
00:34:02Of giant cobwebs
00:34:04A world
00:34:08With an underground ocean
00:34:10Tiny moons
00:34:13Shaped like potatoes
00:34:14A yellow and red
00:34:18Pockmarked land
00:34:19With lakes
00:34:20Of molten sulfur
00:34:21And volcanic eruptions
00:34:23300 kilometers high
00:34:25And a place called Jupiter
00:34:31So large
00:34:32That a thousand Earths
00:34:33Would fit inside
00:34:34There are no mountains
00:34:35Valleys
00:34:36Volcanoes
00:34:37Or rivers there
00:34:38Just a vast ocean
00:34:39Of gas and clouds
00:34:41Everything we see on Jupiter
00:34:42Is floating in the sky
00:34:44But there is much
00:34:49That is fascinating
00:34:50About Jupiter
00:34:51As the solar system
00:34:52Condensed out
00:34:53Of interstellar gas
00:34:54And dust
00:34:55Jupiter acquired
00:34:56Most of the matter
00:34:57That wasn't dejected
00:34:59Into interstellar space
00:35:00And which didn't
00:35:00Fall inwards
00:35:02To form the sun
00:35:02Jupiter is made
00:35:04Mostly of hydrogen
00:35:06And helium
00:35:06Just like the sun
00:35:07And had Jupiter
00:35:10Been a few dozen times
00:35:12More massive
00:35:13The matter in it
00:35:14Might have undergone
00:35:16Thermonuclear reactions
00:35:18In the interior
00:35:19And Jupiter
00:35:20Would have begun
00:35:21To shine
00:35:21By its own light
00:35:23Jupiter
00:35:24Is a star
00:35:27That failed
00:35:27Had it become a star
00:35:29We would be living
00:35:30In a double star system
00:35:32With two suns
00:35:34In our sky
00:35:35And the nights
00:35:36Would come more
00:35:37Rarely
00:35:38Deep below
00:35:39The clouds
00:35:40Of Jupiter
00:35:40The weights
00:35:41Of the overlying
00:35:42Layers of atmosphere
00:35:43Produce pressures
00:35:45Which are much greater
00:35:46Than any that are found
00:35:47Anywhere on the earth
00:35:48The clouds
00:35:49Are just this little
00:35:50Layer here
00:35:51The deep interior
00:35:52Is this high pressure
00:35:54Place
00:35:54The pressure
00:35:55Is so large
00:35:56That electrons
00:35:57Are squeezed off
00:35:58Hydrogen atoms
00:35:59Producing
00:36:01Liquid
00:36:02Metallic
00:36:04Hydrogen
00:36:05But at the very
00:36:07Core
00:36:08Of Jupiter
00:36:08There may be
00:36:10A lump
00:36:11Of rock
00:36:11And iron
00:36:12A giant
00:36:13Earth-like world
00:36:15Under astonishing
00:36:17Pressures
00:36:17Hidden forever
00:36:18At the center
00:36:19Of the largest planet
00:36:21Just before a Voyager
00:36:25Encountered Jupiter
00:36:27You could see that giant planet
00:36:30At night
00:36:31Shining in the sky
00:36:32As our ancestors have
00:36:34For the last million years
00:36:35And on my way
00:36:37To study the Voyager
00:36:39Data arriving here
00:36:40At the Jet Propulsion Laboratory
00:36:41I thought that Jupiter
00:36:43Would never be the same again
00:36:44Never again
00:36:45Just a point of light
00:36:47In the night sky
00:36:48But forever after
00:36:50A place to be
00:36:51Explored and
00:36:52Known
00:36:53To see the first
00:36:57Close-up images
00:36:58Of a world
00:36:59Never before known
00:37:00This moment
00:37:02Is one of the greatest
00:37:03Joys in the life
00:37:04Of a planetary scientist
00:37:05In the early morning hours
00:37:09Of July 9th
00:37:101979
00:37:10On the real-time
00:37:12Television monitors
00:37:13At the Jet Propulsion Laboratory
00:37:14We began to learn
00:37:16About a world
00:37:17Called Europa
00:37:18These are the modern explorers
00:37:20Men and women
00:37:22Trained in astronomy
00:37:23Physics
00:37:24Geology
00:37:25Or engineering
00:37:25Many of them
00:37:26Have devoted
00:37:27Five to eight years
00:37:28To this single mission
00:37:29Kasson's model
00:37:30For Europa
00:37:31Says that
00:37:32If you started off
00:37:33With a liquid
00:37:33You could probably
00:37:34Pump in enough energy
00:37:35To keep it liquid
00:37:36Let's see
00:37:36But the Kasson thing
00:37:38Said that
00:37:39In order for there
00:37:40To be enough heating
00:37:40Going on
00:37:41You sort of had to
00:37:42Start the heating
00:37:42Before Europa
00:37:43Basically
00:37:44Cooled off
00:37:46If I recall
00:37:46Yeah but Gene
00:37:47What about the relief
00:37:48From the cracks
00:37:48Shouldn't the cracks
00:37:49And yield and flow also
00:37:50They gotta be
00:37:52They gotta be
00:37:52They gotta be
00:37:52Rejuvenated
00:37:52I own Europa
00:37:53There's a twin
00:37:54A pair there
00:37:55And then there's a pair
00:37:55Out of Gammy's
00:37:56You can't look
00:37:58At the surface
00:37:59Of a world
00:37:59So different from ours
00:38:01Without wondering
00:38:02How both were made
00:38:03Just rotate it out
00:38:04A little bit
00:38:04Voyager presented us
00:38:08With six new worlds
00:38:09In the Jupiter system alone
00:38:10Maybe
00:38:10The more you learn
00:38:12About other worlds
00:38:13The better you understand
00:38:15Our own
00:38:15We speculate
00:38:17Criticize
00:38:18Argue
00:38:18Calculate
00:38:19Reflect
00:38:19And wonder
00:38:20We return again and again
00:38:22To the astonishing data
00:38:23And slowly
00:38:25We begin to understand
00:38:27The Dutch sailing ships
00:38:40Brought back rare
00:38:41And valuable commodities
00:38:42From the new worlds
00:38:43They visited
00:38:43Our Voyager spaceships
00:38:45Return rare
00:38:46And valuable information
00:38:47To computerized wharves
00:38:50On this shore
00:38:51Of the sea of space
00:38:53Here the data
00:38:54Are unloaded
00:38:55To be stored
00:38:56Enhanced
00:38:57Processed
00:38:57And treasured
00:38:59Maps of alien lands
00:39:01Will be generated
00:39:01From this information
00:39:02In this electronic warehouse
00:39:05Are tens of thousands
00:39:06Of images
00:39:07Of previously unknown worlds
00:39:09How does a picture
00:39:13From the outer solar system
00:39:14Get to us
00:39:15Sunlight shines
00:39:17On Europa
00:39:18And is reflected
00:39:18Back to space
00:39:19Where some of it
00:39:20Strikes the phosphors
00:39:21Of the Voyager
00:39:22Television cameras
00:39:23Generating an image
00:39:24The image
00:39:26Is radioed back
00:39:27Across the immense
00:39:28Intervening distance
00:39:29Of half a billion kilometers
00:39:31To a radio telescope
00:39:32On earth
00:39:32One in Australia
00:39:33Say
00:39:34The telescope
00:39:35Then passes
00:39:36The information
00:39:37Via communication
00:39:39Satellite in earth orbit
00:39:40To southern California
00:39:42There
00:39:43It's transmitted
00:39:44By a set of
00:39:45Microwave relay towers
00:39:46To a computer
00:39:47At the jet propulsion laboratory
00:39:49And there
00:39:51It is processed
00:39:53The picture is fundamentally
00:40:02Like a newspaper
00:40:02Wire photo
00:40:03Made of perhaps
00:40:05A million individual dots
00:40:06Of differing shades of gray
00:40:08So fine and close together
00:40:09That at a distance
00:40:11The constituent dots
00:40:12Are invisible
00:40:13We see only
00:40:15Their cumulative effect
00:40:16The information
00:40:18From the spacecraft
00:40:19Specifies how bright
00:40:20Or dark
00:40:21Each dot is to be
00:40:22After processing
00:40:23The dots are then
00:40:24Stored on a magnetic disc
00:40:26Something like
00:40:27A phonograph record
00:40:28By this day
00:40:29There were already
00:40:3011,000 pictures
00:40:31From Voyager 2
00:40:32In our electronic
00:40:33Library
00:40:34Finally
00:40:36The end product
00:40:37Of this remarkable
00:40:39Set of links
00:40:40And relays
00:40:41Is a hard copy
00:40:43Which comes out
00:40:44Of this machine
00:40:45Showing
00:40:46In this case
00:40:48The wonders
00:40:49Of Europa
00:40:49Which were recorded
00:40:51For the first time
00:40:52In human history
00:40:52Today
00:40:53Is absolutely
00:40:56Is absolutely
00:40:56Astonishing
00:40:57See Voyager 1
00:41:00Got very good pictures
00:41:02Of the other
00:41:02Three big moons
00:41:03Galilean satellites
00:41:04Of Jupiter
00:41:05But not of Europa
00:41:06It was left
00:41:08It was left to Voyager 2
00:41:09Today
00:41:10To get the first
00:41:11Close up pictures
00:41:12Of Europa
00:41:13Where we see things
00:41:14That are only
00:41:14A few kilometers across
00:41:16And at first glance
00:41:18It looks like nothing
00:41:19So much as
00:41:20The canal network
00:41:22Of Mars
00:41:22That Percival Lowell
00:41:24Imagined to exist
00:41:25On that planet
00:41:25We see an amazing
00:41:27Intricate network
00:41:29Of crisscrossing
00:41:31Straight and curved lines
00:41:33Are these straight lines
00:41:35Ridges
00:41:36Are they troughs
00:41:37Is it connected
00:41:38With plate tectonics
00:41:39On the earth
00:41:40How does it illuminate
00:41:42The other satellites
00:41:43Of the Jovian system
00:41:44At this moment
00:41:46The vaunted technology
00:41:48Has produced
00:41:49Something astonishing
00:41:50But it remains
00:41:52For the limitations
00:41:55And cleverness
00:41:57Of another device
00:41:58The human brain
00:41:59To figure it out
00:42:01Fortunately
00:42:04We have plenty
00:42:06Of pictures
00:42:06To help us
00:42:07What about
00:42:09Gene's idea
00:42:10Of geysers
00:42:11Down the troughs
00:42:12Geysers down the troughs
00:42:14Well you gotta have
00:42:16A mechanism
00:42:17To drive it
00:42:18Larry Soderblom
00:42:20Voyager imaging team
00:42:21Some wild
00:42:22Idea a few months ago
00:42:24So that we might have
00:42:25Sort of champagne bottle models
00:42:28And what that is
00:42:29Is you seal the crust
00:42:30And you have liquid
00:42:31Underneath that solid crust
00:42:32The question is
00:42:33Do you have
00:42:34That kind of condition
00:42:35Which is an explosive
00:42:36Lonnie Lane
00:42:38Deputy project scientist
00:42:39Of a large area
00:42:40And I thought you'd have
00:42:42Enough resolution
00:42:42With some of these pictures
00:42:43That you don't see
00:42:45Something that would spread
00:42:46Laterally
00:42:47Do we have the
00:42:48High resolution piece
00:42:49The block
00:42:49Yeah it was here somewhere
00:42:51There it is
00:42:52This is where we pick out
00:42:53The relief
00:42:54And if we're gonna see
00:42:55The things we can recognize
00:42:57This is what I was
00:42:58Weeks after the pictures
00:42:59From Europa were received
00:43:00We were still debating
00:43:02What was in them
00:43:02It's as if
00:43:03We almost got to the
00:43:06Here's another thing
00:43:06Look at the little mesas
00:43:07They almost got to the
00:43:10Limit of resolution
00:43:10Required to see the craters
00:43:12The craters which would last
00:43:13Indefinitely on a crust
00:43:15This thing
00:43:15Apart from the Rousseau's
00:43:18There's a set of
00:43:19Very fine small
00:43:21Dots markings
00:43:22Which are mostly
00:43:23In the model terrain
00:43:24Yeah like those guys
00:43:26Now do you think
00:43:27Those are sites of
00:43:29Outgassing calderas
00:43:31Fumerals
00:43:31Sulfateras
00:43:32I don't know
00:43:32But I tell you one thing
00:43:33I just picked out
00:43:34Let's look at this
00:43:35Here
00:43:36Look right here
00:43:38It disappeared
00:43:41Look right there
00:43:42Oh yeah
00:43:43That's fine
00:43:43You see a central peak
00:43:44Yep
00:43:45Yep
00:43:45A little hole
00:43:46Yep
00:43:47I don't see a radio
00:43:49I think it's got to be
00:43:51Impact
00:43:51Look at the central peak
00:43:52On it
00:43:52There's almost no
00:43:53Impact rators
00:43:54On this planet
00:43:55Wait wait
00:43:55We just found one
00:43:56Almost none
00:43:57Therefore
00:43:59Finding
00:44:00Exception
00:44:00Finding one
00:44:01Which is alleged to be
00:44:02The exception
00:44:03Maybe
00:44:03Maybe it's not the exception
00:44:05But something else
00:44:06Perhaps
00:44:07But on the other hand
00:44:08You asked about
00:44:08All those little holes
00:44:09That we can't quite make out
00:44:10So you'd argue
00:44:11That the
00:44:11Resolution
00:44:12The big craters
00:44:14Go away by some
00:44:15Rheological deformation
00:44:16And the little ones
00:44:17Stay but they're just
00:44:18At the edge
00:44:19Of our resolution
00:44:20That's because
00:44:20They're one tenth
00:44:21The depth of the solid
00:44:22The rigid crust
00:44:24Well maybe
00:44:24Computer processing
00:44:27Of the pictures
00:44:28Has revealed
00:44:28At least a few features
00:44:30On Europa
00:44:30Which seem to be
00:44:31Impact craters
00:44:32But something
00:44:33Has wiped out
00:44:35The big craters
00:44:35Computer processing
00:44:37Also played a major role
00:44:38In one of the most
00:44:39Amazing Voyager discoveries
00:44:41Made on the moon
00:44:42Next door to Europa
00:44:43A world called
00:44:44EO
00:44:45Even from Earth
00:44:48We could tell
00:44:48That EO
00:44:49Had a strange color
00:44:50We knew that
00:44:51Somehow sulfur
00:44:52Had been removed
00:44:53From its surface
00:44:54And ejected
00:44:55Into a great
00:44:56Donut of gas
00:44:57Orbiting Jupiter
00:44:58Then
00:44:59Voyager 1
00:45:00Sailed close to EO
00:45:01There were a few
00:45:05Places on EO
00:45:06Which looked like
00:45:06The mouths of volcanoes
00:45:08But it was hard
00:45:09To be sure
00:45:10Then
00:45:11Linda Morabito
00:45:13A member of the
00:45:13Voyager navigation team
00:45:15Used a computer
00:45:16To enhance a picture
00:45:17Of the edge of EO
00:45:18In order to bring out
00:45:19The stars behind
00:45:20Four days after
00:45:22The Voyager 1
00:45:23Encounter with Jupiter
00:45:25I was looking at
00:45:26An optical navigation frame
00:45:28Now in enhancing
00:45:30This particular quadrant
00:45:32Became very evident
00:45:33To me
00:45:33Was an anomalous
00:45:34Crescent
00:45:35In the upper
00:45:36Left-hand corner
00:45:37Just off the
00:45:38Limavio
00:45:38What was it?
00:45:41The plume
00:45:41Turned out to be
00:45:42Exactly in the position
00:45:43Of one of the
00:45:43Suspected volcanoes
00:45:44So basically
00:45:46We realized
00:45:47At that point
00:45:48That what we
00:45:48Were observing
00:45:49Was a volcanic
00:45:51Plume
00:45:51And in fact
00:45:52A volcanic eruption
00:45:53Voyager had discovered
00:45:57The first active volcano
00:45:59Beyond the earth
00:45:59We then found
00:46:03That EO
00:46:04Has many volcanoes
00:46:05There are at least
00:46:06Nine intermittently
00:46:07Active plumes
00:46:08And hundreds
00:46:09Maybe thousands
00:46:10Of extinct ones
00:46:11The plumes
00:46:12Can eject sulfur
00:46:13And other atoms
00:46:14Off EO altogether
00:46:15And account
00:46:16For the sulfur cloud
00:46:17Surrounding Jupiter
00:46:18Rivers of molten sulfur
00:46:21Flow down the sides
00:46:23Of the volcanic mountains
00:46:24And are the probable
00:46:26Source of EO's
00:46:27Distinctive colors
00:46:28The volcanoes
00:46:29May be tapping
00:46:30Some vast
00:46:31Underground ocean
00:46:32Of liquid sulfur
00:46:33Beneath a surface
00:46:34That is only
00:46:35A few thousand years old
00:46:37So far
00:46:42In our voyages
00:46:43To the outer solar system
00:46:45We humans
00:46:46Have stayed home
00:46:46And sent our robots
00:46:48And computers
00:46:49To explore in our stead
00:46:50Someday perhaps
00:46:52We'll go ourselves
00:46:53But suppose
00:46:56Like those Dutch
00:46:58Sea captains
00:46:58Of the 17th century
00:47:00The computers
00:47:01Aboard Voyager
00:47:02Could keep a ship's log
00:47:03That log
00:47:05A combination
00:47:05Of the events
00:47:06Of Voyagers 1 and 2
00:47:08Might read
00:47:09Something like this
00:47:10Day 1
00:47:14After much concern
00:47:16About provisions
00:47:17And instruments
00:47:18We successfully lift off
00:47:20From Cape Canaveral
00:47:21On our long journey
00:47:23To the planets
00:47:24And the stars
00:47:25Day 13
00:47:35We have taken
00:47:36The first photograph
00:47:37Of the earth and moon
00:47:38As worlds together
00:47:39In space
00:47:40A pretty pair
00:47:41Day 170
00:47:47A problem
00:47:48In the deployment
00:47:49Of the boom
00:47:49That supports
00:47:50The science scan platform
00:47:52If the problem
00:47:53Is not solved
00:47:54We will be unable
00:47:55To take most
00:47:55Of our pictures
00:47:56Day 207
00:48:02Boom problem solved
00:48:04But failure
00:48:05Of main radio transmitter
00:48:06If the backup transmitter
00:48:07Also fails
00:48:08No one on earth
00:48:09Will ever hear
00:48:10From us again
00:48:11Day 215
00:48:14We cross the orbit
00:48:16Of Mars
00:48:16And enter the main
00:48:17Asteroid belt
00:48:18Day 570
00:48:22We can now make out
00:48:23Finer detail
00:48:24On Jupiter
00:48:25Than the largest
00:48:26Telescopes on earth
00:48:27Have ever obtained
00:48:28Day 640
00:48:35That cloud patterns
00:48:37That cloud patterns
00:48:37Are distinctive
00:48:38And gorgeous
00:48:39No painter trapped
00:48:41On earth
00:48:41Ever imagined
00:48:42A world
00:48:43So strange
00:48:43And lovely
00:48:44The white clouds
00:48:48Are ammonia crystals
00:48:49High and cold
00:48:51We do not know
00:48:52The nature
00:48:52Of the red brown clouds
00:48:53Maybe phosphorus
00:48:55Or sulfur
00:48:56Is a stain
00:48:57Or perhaps
00:48:58Complex organic molecules
00:48:59Of the sort
00:49:00That led
00:49:004 billion years ago
00:49:02Back on earth
00:49:02To the origin of life
00:49:04And what is
00:49:05The great red spot
00:49:06It is an immense
00:49:11Swirling column
00:49:13Of gas
00:49:13Reaching high
00:49:14Above the adjacent clouds
00:49:15So large
00:49:17That it could hold
00:49:17Half a dozen earths
00:49:19Its motion
00:49:20Hypnotizes us
00:49:21Some think
00:49:27That the red spot
00:49:28Is a great
00:49:28Spinning storm
00:49:30A million years old
00:49:32Day 650
00:49:37Encounter
00:49:38A day of wonders
00:49:40The ship maneuvers
00:49:45So we can take pictures
00:49:46Of the multi-ringed basin
00:49:47On Callisto
00:49:48Images of the astonishing
00:49:55Lined surface
00:49:56Of Ganymede
00:49:58A close passage
00:50:04By Europa
00:50:05And a view
00:50:08Of volcanic Eo
00:50:10We successfully negotiate
00:50:16The treacherous
00:50:16Radiation belts
00:50:17And accomplish
00:50:19The ring plane crossing
00:50:20Looking back
00:50:23We marvel at the rings
00:50:24And see the sun
00:50:26Emerge
00:50:27From behind
00:50:28The giant planet
00:50:29We are outward bound
00:50:36On our mission
00:50:37To explore
00:50:38The outer solar system
00:50:4010,000 years from now
00:50:42Voyager
00:50:43Will plunge onward
00:50:45To the stars
00:50:46We have made the ships
00:50:49That sail
00:50:50The sea of space
00:50:52We travel past Jupiter
00:50:58Three quarters of a billion
00:50:59Kilometers from the sun
00:51:01Saturn
00:51:02One and a half billion
00:51:03Uranus
00:51:04Three billion
00:51:04And Neptune
00:51:06Four and a half billion
00:51:08Kilometers away
00:51:09In our ship of the mind
00:51:14We retrace the itinerary
00:51:16Of the two Voyager spacecraft
00:51:18On their journeys
00:51:19To Saturn
00:51:20And beyond
00:51:21Saturn was first glimpsed
00:51:26Through the telescope
00:51:27By Galileo
00:51:28Its rings first understood
00:51:30By Huygens
00:51:30But only now
00:51:32Do we begin to penetrate
00:51:33Its deeper mysteries
00:51:35Saturn is the second largest planet
00:51:43In the solar system
00:51:45Like Jupiter
00:51:47It is cloud covered
00:51:48And rotates once every ten hours
00:51:50It has a weaker magnetic field
00:51:52A weaker radiation belt
00:51:54And a grand
00:51:55Magnificent
00:51:57Exquisite system
00:51:58Of rings
00:52:00The rings are composed
00:52:03Of billions of tiny moons
00:52:04Each circling Saturn
00:52:06In its own orbit
00:52:07The biggest gap in the rings
00:52:10Is called the Cassini division
00:52:12After the colleague of Huygens
00:52:14Who first discovered it
00:52:15There are many other gaps
00:52:18Each produced
00:52:19By the periodic gravitational tugs
00:52:21Of one of the larger
00:52:22Outer moons
00:52:24From just beneath
00:52:42The ring plane
00:52:43We see a sky
00:52:44Full of moons
00:52:46Within the rings
00:53:08The individual moons
00:53:10Become visible
00:53:11They are orbiting
00:53:14Chunks
00:53:15Of snow
00:53:16And ice
00:53:17Each
00:53:18Perhaps a meter across
00:53:20In young parts
00:53:27Of the ring system
00:53:28There has not been enough time
00:53:29For collisions
00:53:30To round the edges
00:53:32Of these fragments
00:53:33The snowballs
00:53:36Of Saturn
00:53:37And a large
00:53:47janice
00:53:47In the middle
00:53:48To move
00:53:49To the countries
00:53:50Of witness
00:53:50Of�묻
00:53:51In the middle
00:53:51Ofrain
00:53:52To the Arrived
00:53:52Of
00:54:03The air
00:54:04Far from the rings, bathed in its red light, we encounter Saturn's immense cloud-covered
00:54:32moon Titan.
00:54:48It has an atmosphere denser than that of Mars, and a thick layer of red clouds which are probably
00:54:53composed of complex organic molecules produced by solar ultraviolet light and other energy
00:54:59sources from the methane rich air.
00:55:09No ship from Earth has ever penetrated those clouds and viewed close up the surface of this
00:55:16tantalizing world.
00:55:20It seems likely that the ground is covered, encrusted with organic molecules raining from
00:55:30the sky.
00:55:33There may be volcanoes and valleys of ice, and just perhaps, hiding in the warm places,
00:55:47some very different kind of life.
00:55:58Near an ice cliff of Titan, through a rare break in the clouds of organic molecules,
00:56:03we can see, looming and lovely, the ringed planet Saturn.
00:56:09It is a view that will still be appreciated centuries from now by our descendants, who will know
00:56:15it well, as well as we have come to know Hudson's Bay and the Barents Sea, Indonesia and Australia,
00:56:25and New York.
00:56:28They will look back to the time when Titan was first glimpsed by the Voyager's spaceships,
00:56:33on their epic journeys past the giant planets, out of the solar system, to the great dark between the stars.
00:56:59Since Cosmos was first shown, Voyager spacecraft have explored the systems of the planets Saturn, Uranus and Neptune,
00:57:06and have now passed the outermost planets on their way to the stars.
00:57:14We inserted the flavor of those encounters in our captain's log, but with image processing,
00:57:21we've been able to reconstruct astonishing movies of some of these worlds.
00:57:27Here, for example, is Jupiter with its great red spot, and volcanic Eos spinning before us.
00:57:36Icy Enceladus, a tiny moon of Saturn on much of which, somehow, the craters have melted.
00:57:44And Miranda of Uranus, austere blue Neptune.
00:57:51Or consider Titan, the giant moon of Saturn.
00:57:57We've taken the nitrogen and methane in its atmosphere, irradiated it in the lab with electrons of the sort that have beamed the Titan from Saturn's magnetic field,
00:58:07and we make this stuff, which matches almost perfectly the observed properties of the Titan haze.
00:58:14What is it?
00:58:16It's a mixture of complex organic molecules.
00:58:19You drop some of the stuff into water, and, among other things, you make amino acids, the building blocks of proteins.
00:58:26So, the starting materials of life are raining from the skies of Titan, like manna from heaven.
00:58:33I can't wait until the Cassini mission sends an entry probe through the organic haze of Titan to its enigmatic surface.
00:58:42The Voyager spacecraft rush on past the planets and to the stars, still returning data.
00:58:50As it left the planetary part of the solar system, Voyager 1 turned back to take one last portrait of the planets of the solar system.
00:59:00And one of those pictures was of the Earth.
00:59:03A tiny blue dot set in a sunbeam.
00:59:08Here it is.
00:59:10That's where we live.
00:59:11That's home.
00:59:12We humans are one species, and this is our world.
00:59:16It is our responsibility to cherish it.
00:59:19Of all the worlds in our solar system, the only one, so far as we know, graced by life.
00:59:46We humans will light the solar system, and reflect the first ones as we-
00:59:56M undertaken along the ocean.
00:59:58We How come here nd up here it is our backyard.
01:00:01We're having plant field还, shall we?
01:00:05This is my job.
01:00:07This experience where everything but feels like, don't worry elastic.
01:00:09You dreams, like, hold it off and worry exactly.
01:00:12You've done everything.
01:00:13Transcription by CastingWords
01:00:43CastingWords
01:01:13CastingWords
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