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Transcript

00:00A ship limps back into port after a two-year-long expedition.

00:05Their crew has sailed to the far-flung reaches of the globe,

00:08visiting the most isolated places on the planet.

00:11After such a long time at sea,

00:13the ship is being held together by little more than pitch and hope.

00:17It used to be held together by iron nails,

00:20but the sailors had, uh, other uses for them.

00:25This is the HMS Dolphin,

00:27a sixth-rate frigate capable of carrying 24 cannons.

00:32It was commissioned in 1752.

00:34Shortly after it launched, Britain entered the Seven Years' War,

00:38and the Dolphin was sent to fight.

00:40After the war ended, it was used for a different purpose.

00:44For centuries, Europeans believed in what is known as the Unknown Southern Land,

00:49or Terra Australis Incognita,

00:52a supposed continent in the Southern Hemisphere that balanced out the Northern Hemisphere.

00:57Australia was revealed to the Europeans in the 17th century,

01:01but there was still a strong belief that there was another landmass

01:05somewhere in the huge expanse of the South Pacific.

01:08In 1764, the Dolphin was sent out to explore and exploit this uncharted part of the world.

01:15Captained by John Byron, the grandfather of the famous poet Lord Byron,

01:19the Dolphin set out from Britain across the Atlantic.

01:22After a brief stop in Rio de Janeiro and scoping out the Falkland Islands,

01:26the ship and crew headed further south to the Strait of Magellan,

01:30braving the rough and unpredictable waters at the tip of South America.

01:34The Dolphin then entered the Pacific Ocean,

01:36where they found a few islands in what is now French Polynesia.

01:40No Terra Australis Incognita, though.

01:43Disappointed, Byron ordered the ship west,

01:45reaching what is now Jakarta, Indonesia, for a refit,

01:48and then around the Cape of Good Hope of Africa.

01:51The Dolphin arrived back in Britain in May of 1766.

01:56Though they didn't find a mythical continent,

01:58they did return with reports of the animal and plant life found on these islands,

02:03as well as the indigenous populations.

02:06The Dolphin had completed one of the fastest circumnavigations of the globe,

02:10taking less than two years to finish the journey.

02:12Even though they failed to find any new continent,

02:15there was still excitement generated by the Dolphin's voyage,

02:18and in August of 1766,

02:21the ship, now captained by Samuel Wallace,

02:23set out for another voyage.

02:25Crossing the Atlantic was uneventful,

02:28though the Dolphin was forced to spend three months

02:30trying to navigate around the tip of South America.

02:33Although they fought against heavy winds and rough seas,

02:35the crew did manage to map out terrain features

02:38of one of the most dangerous parts of the ocean.

02:40Finally, in April, they managed to clear the Strait of Magellan

02:44and sail into the Pacific Ocean.

02:46The ship survived the treacherous waters,

02:49but the crew was badly in need of fresh provisions.

02:53Captain Wallace turned the Dolphin northwest

02:55to a little explored section of the Pacific Ocean,

02:58hoping to reach land for provisions.

03:01In early June, they spotted islands in the Tuamoto Archipelago.

03:04The crew was able to stock up on some food and fresh water before heading west.

03:09On June 18, 1767, more land was spotted,

03:14and on the 23rd, the HMS Dolphin dropped anchor in Tahiti,

03:18which Wallace named King George's Island.

03:20This was a massive relief,

03:22as much of the crew, including Wallace,

03:24was sick from their months at sea.

03:26Of course, they weren't alone.

03:29Tahiti had been inhabited by Polynesians

03:31who settled the island centuries earlier.

03:34When they saw the large British ships sailing in,

03:36they hopped in their canoes and paddled out to greet the newcomers.

03:41Captain Wallace saw that their canoes held not only the Tahitians,

03:44but also pigs, chickens, and fresh fruit,

03:47provisions that the crew desperately needed.

03:50When they approached the Dolphin,

03:52Wallace ordered the ship's gunner and two midshipmen to trade for them.

03:56In exchange, the British gave the Tahitians beads,

04:00knives, and iron nails,

04:01and fired cannons if they didn't get their way.

04:05On June 24, according to Wallace's report,

04:08the ship was surrounded by hundreds of canoes,

04:11which he described as, quote,

04:13furnished rather for war than trade.

04:16He states that the Tahitians gave a shout

04:19and began to converge on the Dolphin,

04:21hurling stones as they paddled closer.

04:23The British opened fire,

04:25and the Tahitians scattered

04:26when a cannonball tore one of their canoes in half.

04:29Things calmed down after that,

04:31and while there was no doubt some tension,

04:33friendly relations were soon established.

04:36The Tahitians traveled to the Dolphin

04:38and traded with the British,

04:40and in short order,

04:41the ship's holds were refilled with fresh supplies.

04:44George Robertson, the ship's master,

04:46kept detailed records of these exchanges.

04:49Above all, the Tahitians valued iron,

04:52especially iron nails,

04:53because they couldn't make any yet.

04:55Soon, a basic exchange rate was created,

04:58with certain goods being worth

04:59a specific length of nail.

05:01For example, a three-inch nail

05:03was claimed to be worth a 20-pound pig.

05:06Provisions weren't the only thing

05:08that nails were used for.

05:10One day, Robertson was ashore

05:11with a group of Liberty men,

05:13those who were allowed off the Dolphin.

05:15While there, he and the others

05:17were approached by three Tahitian women,

05:19who kept making a specific gesture.

05:22The Liberty men assured Robertson

05:24that the women only wanted an iron nail

05:26and didn't elaborate.

05:28Confused, Robertson gave them each a nail

05:31as a gift before departing.

05:33A while later, back on the ship,

05:35Robertson told this to the gunner,

05:37who explained the Tahitians were engaged in

05:39the world's oldest profession,

05:42and the price was an iron nail.

05:44Over the following weeks,

05:46the sailors soon expended

05:48the ship's supply of extra nails

05:50and started to pull nails

05:52from the Dolphin itself,

05:53including the nails used

05:55to secure the sailors' hammocks

05:56and also from the cleats,

05:58which were used to secure

05:59the ship's ropes in place.

06:01According to popular legend,

06:03the sailors were so eager

06:05for female companionship

06:06that they started pulling apart the ship,

06:08so the structural integrity

06:10was jeopardized.

06:11It's a funny story, no doubt,

06:13but highly exaggerated.

06:15It was reported that the sailors

06:16were forced to sleep on the deck

06:18rather than in their hammocks,

06:20and securing the miles of ropes

06:21needed on a sailing ship

06:22became that much more difficult,

06:24but the Dolphin was still seaworthy.

06:27These reports,

06:28combined with tales

06:29from other explorers

06:30of the tropical paradise

06:31and the perceived promiscuity

06:33of the locals,

06:34caused the tale to be exaggerated.

06:37On top of this,

06:38most of the accounts

06:39were written later,

06:40especially by Captain Wallace,

06:42who was bedridden on the Dolphin

06:44during their time in Tahiti,

06:45so his accounts

06:46were second-hand information,

06:47told well after the fact,

06:50which adds to more confusion.

06:52Of course,

06:53the accounts don't take

06:53into consideration

06:54the Tahitian perspective.

06:56Rather than simply being

06:57an overly promiscuous culture,

06:59there is much more involved.

07:01The three women

07:02Robertson and the Liberty Men

07:03encountered

07:04weren't random women,

07:06but more than likely

07:07followers of a god of war.

07:09They would travel around

07:10the Tahitian islands

07:11performing religious rituals

07:12to encourage fertility

07:14and prosperity,

07:15which did involve

07:16sexual acts.

07:18However,

07:18this was a very select portion

07:20of the population.

07:21The men had been

07:22unknowingly cutting

07:23a sacred grove of trees

07:24when the women

07:25confronted them.

07:27They were followers

07:27of the god of war,

07:28and the British

07:29had arrived during

07:30one of their seasonal festivals.

07:32The Tahitians

07:32may have believed

07:33that the sailors

07:34were somehow associated

07:35with their gods

07:37and included them

07:38in their rituals.

07:39With no common language,

07:41cultural confusion

07:42was inevitable.

07:44Structural integrity

07:45of the dolphin aside,

07:47there was another issue

07:48that was a major

07:48cause for concern.

07:50Many of the ship's officers

07:51were afraid

07:52that these activities

07:53would lead to an outbreak

07:54of venereal disease

07:56among the Tahitians.

07:57The ship's doctor,

07:58however,

07:59assured them

07:59that the crew was healthy.

08:01Unfortunately,

08:02when James Cook

08:03visited the island

08:04in 1769,

08:06there was a major

08:07syphilis outbreak

08:07among the native population,

08:09which they blamed

08:10on a French expedition

08:11that reached the island

08:12a year after the dolphin.

08:14Either way,

08:15Cook estimated

08:1690% of the Tahitian population

08:18was devastated

08:19by Western disease.

08:21After about a month,

08:22the crew of the dolphin

08:23had recovered

08:24and the ship's hold

08:25was filled

08:25with fresh provisions.

08:26And in late July,

08:28they raised anchor

08:28and departed.

08:30They continued westward,

08:31passing through

08:31the Gilbert and Ellis Islands

08:33and then the Marianas

08:34before navigating

08:35the Cape of Good Hope.

08:37The dolphin returned

08:38to Britain

08:38in May of 1768.

08:40and by completing

08:41this voyage,

08:42the HMS Dolphin

08:43became the first ship

08:44to circumnavigate

08:45the planet twice.

08:48Although they didn't discover

08:49the Terra Australis incognita,

08:51they did bring back

08:52valuable information

08:53about an exotic part

08:55of the world.

08:56The tale of the dolphin's crew

08:58tearing apart their ship

08:59for nails

09:00may seem humorous,

09:02but it belies

09:02a much different reality,

09:04one of cultural

09:05misinterpretations,

09:07exploitation

09:07and the ultimate destruction

09:09of a people's way of life.

💖Quand les Britanniques échangeaient des ongles contre des « faveurs » de la part des femmes tahitiennes💖💥ABONNES-TOI STP🙏💖 MERCI 🙏💖💥

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