- 23 hours ago
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Τι έκανε τους προγόνους μας να εξελιχθούν τόσο εξαιρετικά σε σύγκριση με όλα τα άλλα ζώα; Το ντοκιμαντέρ διερευνά τις τελευταίες θεωρίες που προσπαθούν να δώσουν απάντηση σε αυτό το ερώτημα, το οποίο είναι μέρος του μεγαλύτερου αινίγματος που έχει προβληματίσει εξαρχής τον επιστημονικό κόσμο: τι είναι αυτό που πραγματικά ξεχωρίζει τους ανθρώπους από τα άλλα είδη ζώων;
Τι έκανε τους προγόνους μας να εξελιχθούν τόσο εξαιρετικά σε σύγκριση με όλα τα άλλα ζώα; Το ντοκιμαντέρ διερευνά τις τελευταίες θεωρίες που προσπαθούν να δώσουν απάντηση σε αυτό το ερώτημα, το οποίο είναι μέρος του μεγαλύτερου αινίγματος που έχει προβληματίσει εξαρχής τον επιστημονικό κόσμο: τι είναι αυτό που πραγματικά ξεχωρίζει τους ανθρώπους από τα άλλα είδη ζώων;
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00:00Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
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01:35We've always been thought to be the only rational beings,
01:38as our rapid progress and our ingenious creations would seem to attest.
01:46So there are various things that we've tended to look at
01:49to define what makes us human,
01:51like intellect or intelligence, like culture,
01:54and thought of barriers between ourselves and other species.
01:59Those are increasingly getting eroded.
02:01We're beginning to see evidence for culture in other animals,
02:04particularly other apes.
02:05We're beginning to look at intellect and intelligence in different ways.
02:17When we think about humans,
02:19we like to think about what makes us different,
02:21what makes us special.
02:22There's a whole bunch of different ideas about that.
02:25So pretty much every mammal, every bird,
02:29many animals with brains, even octopuses,
02:32can feel the world and deal with the challenges of the world.
02:42The unquestionable evolutionary leadership of our species
02:45has popularly been attributed mainly to our great intelligence.
02:52We always congratulate ourselves on being the summit of creation,
03:02on being the best-endowed species on the planet, but we're not.
03:05When we talk about the special human properties of intelligence,
03:15I think we're usually just talking rubbish.
03:18I mean, intelligence is a vacuous concept.
03:21When we talk about intelligence,
03:22we really just mean thinking the way we think
03:26and being interested in the problems that we're interested in.
03:30There's no reason to expect other animals to be interested in the same things that we are.
03:35My dog thinks I'm really dumb because I spend my time reading these stupid books
03:42instead of taking a proper interest in reading the sniffs that he finds interesting.
03:48So it's really all a question of your standards.
03:57The concept of intelligence is changing.
04:01Science is recognising that humans aren't the only beings with great mental faculties.
04:07A chimpanzee.
04:16There are foundations and centres for the rehabilitation and scientific study of chimpanzees
04:21where their level of intelligence has been observed.
04:24If you ask me if chimpanzees are intelligent,
04:31then the answer is yes, they're extremely intelligent
04:34because they have the capacity to learn by trying themselves,
04:39by not managing to do something and learning from their mistakes
04:44to get it right the next time.
04:45They can learn socially from others of their social environment,
04:50of their social group.
04:51But they can also learn from other species.
04:53They have so many possibilities to learn, to absorb.
04:56You just have to provide them with the right motivation,
04:59provide them with the right environment to do so.
05:04And if needed, they can go really, really far.
05:07They can even go as far as to learn things that are abstract,
05:10that doesn't really make sense.
05:12But just because of the logic of having learned that this is the certain order
05:15of having to do something to achieve something,
05:17they are capable of learning it.
05:19So they have the capacities of memorising certain activities as well.
05:34While in captivity there is a limited space,
05:37there is a limited social group
05:39and there is a limited amount of possibilities
05:42to really activate these animals,
05:44to keep them active, to keep them entertained,
05:46both physically as well as mentally.
05:48So one of the tricky parts of taking good care of these animals
05:52is providing them with continuous stimulation and activity.
05:57One possibility, one type of enrichment, one type of exercise we can provide them,
06:04for example, is imitating activities they find in the wild.
06:08So while many chimpanzee populations do termite fishing and termite mounds,
06:13obviously we don't want to have termites here at the centre,
06:17but what we can have is an imitation.
06:20An artificial termite mound made out of cement that has some holes in there,
06:25and these holes can be filled by the caregivers with tubes that we fill,
06:30depending on the day, with a puree of fruit or vegetable.
06:34There might be some corny bits in there, some seeds in there,
06:38something they like, something that is motivating for them.
06:41And what we can see there is similar behaviours than what they would be doing in the wild.
06:46They can't reach it with their fingers or they can only reach the first little bit with their fingers,
06:51so they actually have to make use of sticks as tools to really be able to take out the food.
06:58So we can find animals that are very, very creative and they really prepare their tools,
07:04they bite them off, they give them a little bit of a brush shape,
07:08so it takes more of the puree perhaps, while others would be taking four or five sticks at a time and put them in there.
07:14So you can see there is creativity in there, we can see there is a difference of more than intelligence
07:20of how smart the animals are in terms of their creativity,
07:23but this has a lot to do with personality as well.
07:31The use of tools is a clear sign of intelligence.
07:34Many animals use them and even modify them.
07:46The striped mongoose is a mammal that uses natural elements as tools
07:50to break and split pieces of bone and meat that are too large for their teeth.
08:00They only choose hard tree trunks or rocks.
08:04The crab-eating macaque uses stones to break mollusk shells open.
08:22The crab-eating macaque uses stones to break mollusk shells open.
08:26Some tooth whale species are capable of performing multiple tasks at once.
08:28They just build the macaque and they can do a lot of other searching for a number of birds,
08:30some tooth whale species are capable of performing multiple tasks at once,
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09:41We can see that the great difference between human beings and other animals doesn't reside in intelligence.
09:49Could it simply be a question of degree?
09:52If it were the case simply that humans have a higher intelligence quotient, would it be enough to cause such a colossal inequality with the rest of animals?
10:02In one matter there is consensus. The cause of this great difference must be sought in the human brain.
10:16Perhaps the explanation lies in having developed a very large brain. Could that be the reason for our great evolutionary success?
10:25We are the most encefalized species. That doesn't mean that we are the most incefalized species.
10:33We are the most incefalized species. We are the most incefalized species.
10:40We are the most incefalized species. We are the most incefalized species.
10:47We are the most incefalized species. We are the most incefalized species.
11:02Ο πεδιονομός, ο πρίπου, αλλά και πολλοί Οιλοι όλοι,
11:05ο οποίωνων ήχ recharge λιού,
11:08όλοι έτσι, και θα αλλάθουμε τον πρόσφυα στο καθήριο Μασάγοντο wirklich.
11:13Δε θεμαστε να πραγματοθυμίσουμε ότι ο τελευθυμός μας έχει σαν την κοινωνία σαφή.
11:19Η κοινωνία σαφή, αυτό το πρόσφυα, είναι σαν την κοινωνία,
11:23είναι γιατί μαζί με ένα τελευματικότητα,
11:25ο οποίος θέλει να δημιουργήσει σαν τον Σαφή.
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11:57Especially as our species has become increasingly social, we are not the only animal that possesses a large brain and exhibits complex social behaviours.
12:08Therefore, the size of our brain is not really what has allowed us to be so exceptional.
12:15So, what compelling reason could explain the rapid evolution of our ancestors that led our species to such an unprecedented level of progress?
12:28We know that humans are capable of performing highly complex tasks that require learning.
12:35We can also perform several simultaneously.
12:40This is mental ability.
12:42Is this where the most determining cause of our fast evolution lies?
12:49And the explanation for the enormous difference between us and other species?
12:54Until recently, if knowledge couldn't be expressed in words or numbers, science no longer considered it as such.
13:04It was thought that since other animals didn't know mathematics or couldn't speak, they didn't possess knowledge and everything was attributed to instinct.
13:14Birds are capable of performing highly complex tasks that require sophisticated learning and training, and they would not be able to do so without a remarkable mental capacity.
13:30A golden eagle goes out to hunt. This bird decides to fly in a specific direction where it has to deal with unpredictable things such as gusts of wind, strong tomas, etc.
13:59And to deal with all those inconveniences the bird uses in a very precise way, it wins until to stay on the right track.
14:10Meanwhile it is scouting for a potential prey, checking every single movement in the area over several kilometers.
14:18Once the prey is located, the eagle has to calculate while it keeps flying, the chances of success, distance and speed of the prey, speed and wind direction, possible ways of escape from the prey, and it also has to decide how to proceed in a matter of seconds, where and how to attack.
14:39Once the decision is made, it accelerates without losing sight of the rabbit, calculating the exact moment of impact.
14:48With a sudden acrobatic movement, it decides to dive straight down, digging its closing to the prey.
15:06This display requires knowledge and an outstanding mental skill. This definitely is not just instinct. No eagle is capable of doing all this right after leaving the nest.
15:21Flying does not only depend on having wings and a tail, it requires a sophisticated and well trained technique, only possible with a well developed brain.
15:38They are able to stay suspended in the air. Despite the strength of the wind, they keep balance by combining subtle movements with their wings and tail with great mastery.
15:51This technique is learned and improved over time, but obviously these birds can't explain to us how they do it.
15:58Some birds organize themselves in a strategic way of flying. Cranes, for example, develop certain shapes in the air to become more aerodynamic, positioning themselves one after the other to be more effective at cutting the wind.
16:18Other species such as geese, cormorant and flamingos also use this smart fly technique.
16:24But there are many more examples of these kind of skills that not even humans with the most advanced technologies are able to develop.
16:33Thousands of starlings are able to fly close to each other without colliding, forming spectacular shapes with sudden and fast turns.
16:43Science has not been able to demonstrate how they do it yet.
16:48Science has finalized pergunta.
16:59But know-how also is intelligence.
17:03New theories indicate that the concept of knowledge should be more linked to know-how than to the ability to communicate it.
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19:48Most vertebrate species also have a considerably developed body language.
19:56It's an effective form of communication and sometimes requires learning as well as technique.
20:01Death always calls to a species with a very particular body language.
20:17When vultures arrive at a carcass they've interpreted already the behaviour of other vultures which have seen dropping from the sky like stones and that attracts them to the site where there's a dead animal.
20:31At the carcass there will be a great deal of communication between the individuals establishing the dominance using signals of body language.
20:42So for example opening the wings and stretching the neck forward will be a threat signal meaning I am big and strong, do not mess with me.
20:52If the bird then slowly presses its foot onto the ground this is a stronger threat signal meaning I am going in, get out of my way.
21:05Lifting the foot up, opening the toes and then pulsating the foot is an even stronger threat signal meaning I am going in, if you don't get out of the way I will fight you.
21:20And any vulture that ignores that signal has a guaranteed fight in its hands.
21:26All animals communicate and body language is very common and varied.
21:56Dogs are very expressive. Their body postures denote their mood and hierarchical rank.
22:08When two dogs meet they communicate through body language.
22:13The larger dog moves his tail keeping it upright to show superiority.
22:19The smaller dog pleads for approval by licking his mouth.
22:24The larger dog communicates that he doesn't accept him willingly, baring his teeth and symbolically biting him.
22:31The smaller dog pleads with a submissive whimper.
22:35This is just one example of an exchange of messages, but they have a broad repertoire of body language.
22:43When they place their tail between their legs, they are nervous or showing submission.
22:48If they move it quickly, they are expressing excitement and happiness.
22:53If their mouth is slightly open and their tongue is hanging out, they are calm and relaxed.
22:59Most members of the Canid family use very similar languages.
23:06This is obviously a direct threat from an alpha wolf to a lower ranking wolf.
23:14This lower ranking individual has her belly up, showing the alpha that she is aware of her low position in the hierarchy.
23:21With an upright tail and growling, showing her fangs, the alpha is telling her to show even more submission.
23:31These are only some examples of the language of dogs, wolves or foxes.
23:38But their language is not only corporal, it is also olfactory.
23:44The smell emitted by their bodies, especially from their genital areas and their faces, says a lot about their mood or their hierarchical rank.
23:53They can do this because they are capable of detecting pheromones emitted by other individuals, even those of humans.
24:01Our species is not capable of this sophisticated form of communication.
24:07And of course, animals also make sounds that have their own meaning.
24:13Could we classify the vocalisations emitted by other species as language?
24:18Bird vocalisation is extremely complex, but we can divide sound into two types.
24:37Calls are acoustically very simple and often brief, and they convey a specific piece of information.
24:45So, for example, a bird might use an alarm call to alert other birds of danger.
24:53And the interesting thing is that birds of other species can recognise that call as an alarm call.
25:00There are also contact calls between birds flying in a flock to keep them together and between, say, parent birds and young birds.
25:10Song is much more complex and often quite harmonic with melodies.
25:21The complexity of the song will vary between species.
25:26Some species have more complex songs than others, and also within the species.
25:30So some individuals have more complex songs than others.
25:34And song is something that's usually acquired by learning.
25:39So if birds have less opportunity to learn the song, their song will often be more rudimentary.
25:46Now, song has the function of attracting a mate or defending a territory, or perhaps both.
25:54And what's interesting is that we know that birds can identify individuals by the sound of their song or the sound of their call
26:02in exactly the same way as we can identify a particular person by the sound of their voice.
26:08We see that birds can identify the voices of their peers in the same way that humans do.
26:18However, we think that no other species except ours gives a personal name to each individual.
26:27It is true that individuals in some two-led whale species have their own individual label.
26:33In bottlenose dolphins, for example, there is a vocalization that we call the signature whistle
26:39because it is a whistle that each bottlenose dolphin uses to tell the other members of the group who they are.
26:46Like if I were to say, hey, I'm Audra and I'm over here,
26:50which you can imagine would be super critical information to communicate in these situations where you have many animals,
26:58and sometimes hundreds of animals traveling or socializing together,
27:02and you're trying to maintain contact with your closest associates among those many animals.
27:09And not only does each dolphin have its own signature,
27:13but they potentially choose their own signature in the early stages of life.
27:18And there's a growing body of evidence that other toothed whale species also do this as well.
27:23I find it a bit difficult to call these signature sounds names
27:27because they are not quite used like how we use names,
27:32but certainly individuals have their own labels.
27:38Surprising findings like these cast a doubt on the concept of language we've always had.
27:43Some animals even seem to use something similar to a name.
27:48All birds, and many mammals like canids or cetaceans,
27:54have a much more complex and rich capacity for communication than we thought.
28:07Some animals, such as the lyrebird, mimic the voices of other species.
28:11They even imitate sounds of human technology.
28:26They do this to impress others.
28:30But all these animals, would they be able to understand languages of other species such as ours?
28:37Do they understand us when we speak to them?
28:41This dog follows his trainer's instructions.
28:43He can't see his face and therefore can only listen to him.
28:46He is capable of understanding his words as long as they're simple.
28:48Yes. Sit.
28:50Yes. Lay.
28:52Lay.
28:54Lay.
28:55Yes.
28:56Tabout…
28:57last time.
28:58Yes.
28:59Sit.
29:00Yes.
29:01Lay.
29:06Lay.
29:07Yes.
29:08Debout.
29:09Yes.
29:11Sit.
29:13Debout.
29:14Yes.
29:15Sit.
29:16Debout.
29:18Yes.
29:19άλλο είναι δημόσια και θα δείχνει πολλούς συμφωνίες να τα μεταφέρει και ενάχνει το μόνο.
29:29Όσο όταν όλοι θέλουμε να συναντάξει με τους ανιμάτους,
29:32θα χρειάζεται να γίνει τη βλέπωση στο μέλλον.
29:35Αυτή θα πρέπει να παράξει αδίκτ樂,
29:37επειδή όμως αισθάνονται σε κάποιους σαν τέστης taraf,
29:41και η σημανό αυτά είναι πάλι πολύ εμάς,
29:43quindi πρέπει να��ζονται να περιμένει να διαβάζουν τα πράγματα,
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35:18για να δημιουργήσουν όλους ανθρώπους και να δημιουργήσουν με την εξηγητική θέση για να δημιουργήσουν.
35:36Ορκες, για παράδειγμα, δημιουργήσουν τους ανθρώπους ανθρώπους.
35:40Όλες που ιδιαύουν ιδιωτική θεαλαμον fatal 투ást یہ incumbent wholesale اورκες επίσης,
35:59medo Βόδο independence ή κοντά την ποργηети κατέ 안에 ανθρώπους τελευταίς μου όλα μedge Kingston,
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38:27και θα μιλήσουμε την οφήμασία μου όμως.
38:31Γεννώστείτε, είδε ο ίδιόγης, δημιού αντίστον μας.
38:35Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE, όμως, όμως, δευσμόνται στον δευσκόματοτε.
38:37Με όμως, όμως, δευσκόματοτε, τόσο αρκετοί, όμως, όμως, όμως, οι μαζίτες βρίσκονται από παιδιά παιδιά.
38:41Με στιγμούς και όμως, οι αρκετοί που είναι στους δευσκόρους είναι σημαντικούς που καθόματοτες.
38:48Δευσκόματοτε αν θάλαμβάνει πάνω από την οctopία, αυτά είναι πολύ δευσκόματοτε.
38:54Ωραίδα, όμως, 우리는 εκείνον να μας έχουμε πιο προσωπικό
38:58μέρι να μάσουμε το ότι δημοσιογράφημεaza.
39:17plants, όμως, όμως η ίδιότητα, δεν είναι μάθος όμως ο άγγης.
39:24Υπότιτλοι AUTHOR allora
39:48και πιστεύω ότι το πραγματάλει αλλάζει διαφαρμό.
39:52Και όταν πιστεύω ότι το πως δημοσιογηθείς τρόπο διευθύνουμε επιμένει κανέρα,
39:57και όταν πιστεύει η κατηγορευτευμένη.
40:00Αλλά τρόπο πιστεύει σε τραπεζοποιηθείς.
40:02Και αυτά το τρόπο με τα μετάλλοντρια ιδρό πιστεύουν οι οποίοι μας σκέφτειρυρα,
40:07οι οποίοι μας χωρίζουν...
40:09...και στηνφορία πραγματικότητας της Χουσικής χωρίς.
40:14και με δηλαδή απλώς αλλάζουμε το πρόβλημα.
40:17Αλλά πιέντε ότι η αμαγγινή είναι το σημαντικό.
40:20Αυτό να δημιουργήσουμε το πόσο, να δημιουργήσουμε νέα, νέα δημιουργήσουμε να κάνουμε νέα,
40:27είναι και ένα χωμό πιο χωμό.
40:29Αναγγινή είναι το σημαντικό χωμό από μόνκες, αφινού, σκυρίες, και ακόμα και μόντια.
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41:48σχεδάζει με το αυτοδιογραφείο,
41:50συντυχώς με το σύνολο οικονομικών και τους ανεπτώδους.
41:53Κατάλληλα, η αλευταία για ημαγγινάση εγώρει πραγματικά.
41:58Όταν αρχόμαστε να κατασκευαρδόν,
42:01όταν αρχόμαστε πολύ εμπιδιόματος,
42:03όταν το κόσμο πραγματικότημα έργαζει αυτά τα πέρα,
42:07που αρχίζει ότι αλλαγόνες σημαντικές εξαρμόνες και εξωτερές.
42:11Είναι αρχόμαστε.
42:12Παρά πόσο, κολαβικοί, αντιγραφερικοί, αντιμεία, πλαίσεις μου για Γιατήρα,
42:17ο σημακτικότητας γιατί φυγή,
42:20κάποια ουσμό επιδικές δημιουργήσεις.
42:22Παρά πανή των μυρίων, συμβολία, ενότυπαν για μία ιδιαίτερα,
42:28Μετά από την στους δυσκολεία, μην καταφερνά την κάθε φυσική, μην καταφερνά την καταφερνά την κυρία,
42:33μην καταφερνά την καταφερνά την οικονομία και ο κόσμος.
42:37Μην μπορεί να μην πειράσουμε,
42:39να μας πειράσουμε πάντα από διάσκολεία, μόνος χρόνια,
42:42μόνος χρόνια από την πιθανία σχέση.
42:50Οι ειμαγγενες, λοιπόν, έχει δημιουργήσει σχεδόν την ιστορία,
42:54Αλλά για την κατάσταση του τρόπος πρόβλημα και ανοιχόμαστε την κατάσταση του παιδιού.
43:03Με οικογέντρας, τότε χρόνος, υπάρχει αλληλευταία από την κατάσταση του εξηγητών μας.
43:11Αλλά πράγματα είναι η κατάσταση του παιδιού, στην εξηγητών μας.
43:17Well, there's many ways in which imagination is important,
43:20but I would argue that the most important way
43:22is the way imagination affects us emotionally,
43:25the types of emotions that imagination makes possible.
43:30I can only feel grateful to someone, for example,
43:33if I can imagine whether or not they genuinely had my interests at heart
43:39when they did something for me.
43:41And yet gratitude is incredibly important
43:43in the way in which we form relationships and friendships,
43:46the way we form bonds that last for years,
43:49and people with whom we can develop relationships
43:53with a great deal of give and take.
43:56So for me, I think imagination is important
43:58because of how it influences the way in which we can feel.
44:06Creativity, imagination, that's at the heart of it.
44:08So think about humans, think about our ancestors.
44:11Once they had a stone that they could knock some pieces off
44:13and have an edge, that edge then allowed them to eat new foods.
44:16Eating new foods allowed them to maybe grow their brain.
44:18Growing their brain allowed them to do new ideas and new things.
44:21Always collaborating, working together, coordinating, sharing information
44:26so that a new bit of knowledge, a new bit of information,
44:29a new bit of being intelligent doesn't just stay with someone.
44:32It's shared and it explodes.
44:35Human creativity, human imagination is why we're here.
44:39So where do we see imaginative collaboration in the past?
44:46Well, there's lots of cases where we see shared rituals,
44:49where we can sense that what people have done
44:52is had an imagination together about what should be done.
44:57What should be done when someone dies,
44:59what should be done at a particular time of year.
45:02and all of these examples of imaginative collaboration
45:06foster our sense of belonging
45:08and they play a really important part in society.
45:11That is the creation of symbolic identities that we can call religion,
45:25or we can call it patria, or we can call it football,
45:29which we can call it football, which we can call it football.
45:31It is to say, simply the ability to create identities
45:34that go beyond the biology of the world,
45:37that can unify individuals who are not of the same family,
45:42which has allowed us to expand the size of the group
45:46much beyond the limits of the biology of the world,
45:50and therefore, that is what has given us the strength,
45:53the strength of the group, the strength of the tribe,
45:56the strength of the etnia,
45:57It is to say, the belonging, that is what is exclusively human.
46:02We belong to super-individual entities
46:07that are formed by people who share beliefs, many times.
46:18Collaborative imagination has allowed us to create
46:20many large groups of associations.
46:23This brings strength in numbers, camaraderie,
46:26and a sense of belonging, which help us progress even more.
46:32What about religion?
46:34Is it a product of our imagination?
46:37Why does only our species practice religion?
46:41So, people ask me all the time,
46:43what about religion?
46:45What does that mean, to imagination, to creativity?
46:48Well, let's put it this way.
46:50I'm going to tell you that all humans
46:52are capable of religiousness,
46:54that is the sense of the transcendent,
46:56the knowing that there's more than the here and now.
46:58But religions,
47:00organized institutions and structures,
47:02those are pretty recent.
47:03So, let's think about this.
47:05This ability to believe, to commit,
47:08to experience the transcendent,
47:10that's a very human capacity,
47:11and it's tied to our imagination.
47:13It's tied to our ability to feel more than the here and now.
47:15specific religions, institutions, churches, practices, laws,
47:20that's all recent stuff created by humans,
47:23also part of our creativity.
47:25So, we can all be religious and experience,
47:30but how we do that is dependent on cultures and histories,
47:34and everything is tied to our imagination.
47:37But, does imagination always mean progress and improvement?
47:52And things like war,
47:55things like our reckless behaviour with our own environment,
48:00and our propensity to pollute it,
48:05to winnow species from it,
48:08to aggravate the dangers of climate change,
48:13to intervene in the environment with technologies that just create more problems.
48:21Those things seem to be,
48:24I don't know, the downside of the human imagination.
48:28We talk about imagination and creativity and cooperation
48:31in this amazing, optimistic tone,
48:34but there's a dark side.
48:36Cooperating, imagining, creating,
48:38also allows us to do the worst things that humans do,
48:41to imagine the other as inhuman,
48:44to cooperate, to kill, to maim, to be cruel.
48:47All of those things are our capacities.
48:49We can imagine ourselves into the incredible,
48:52the wonderful,
48:53but also, we can imagine the horrible and make it happen.
49:05Even so, it is undeniable that our imagination is also capable of the best.
49:11Art is a product of our imagination,
49:15but our imagination is also a product of our art.
49:19Working together, imagining the world,
49:21seeing the world as it is and creating new possibilities
49:24and painting them on cave walls,
49:26carving them out of bone and stone and wood
49:29and sharing them with each other,
49:30not only expresses our imagination,
49:33but it feeds back, creating new opportunities,
49:36new ideas, new imaginings and more art.
49:39Imagination and everything associated with it
49:48is the greatest differential aspect that humans have
49:51compared to other species.
49:53It has made us different,
49:55allowing us to mentally evolve much faster than other animals.
50:00It has allowed us to make discoveries,
50:04create inventions and uncover findings that have changed our lives forever.
50:09Even Albert Einstein said that to devise his mythical equation,
50:18he used imagination and not mathematics.
50:22Recent works from several scientists confirm and expand on this theory.
50:30It is surprising that in order to solve this great mystery
50:34that has intrigued the scientific community so much,
50:37experts have had to resort precisely to imagination
50:40without realising that it was itself
50:44the answer to the great enigma.
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51:39Ευχαριστώ.
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