00:00Quand j'ai changé mon téléphone, quand j'ai changé mon téléphone, j'ai appris ce qui s'est passé.
00:07Et je regardais ça et je ne pouvais pas croire qu'il y avait été tellement de personnes mortes.
00:14C'était, pour moi, très reminiscente de l'attaque de septembre 11, 2001, dans les États-Unis.
00:30Je suis en train de retourner en Afghanistan.
00:45Et, comme c'est souvent le cas, il n'y avait pas de Wi-Fi à travailler sur le train.
00:50Donc, j'ai landé très, très early dans le matin.
00:53Et quand j'ai changé mon téléphone, quand tout le monde sur le train,
00:59ils apprennent ce qui s'est passé.
01:01Et je regardais ça et je ne pouvais pas croire qu'il y avait tellement de personnes mortes.
01:08J'ai été éveillé.
01:10Je ne savais pas comment dire.
01:12Et à ce moment-là, il y avait des gens autour de moi,
01:16sur leur téléphone, et c'était très quiet dans le train.
01:19J'ai travaillé pour le New York Times.
01:21Le New York Times immédiatement calls in reinforcements
01:25quand il y a un grand event.
01:27J'ai été techniquement le bureau chief,
01:30mais il y avait beaucoup d'autres personnes qui ont commencé
01:33à partir de l'Italie, de l'Allemagne, de l'Allemagne, de l'Allemagne,
01:37de l'Allemagne et de l'Allemagne.
01:38Et puis, finalement, les États-Unis, les États-Unis.
01:40J'ai été perdu sur ce qui s'est passé,
01:44ce qui s'est passé pour moi.
01:46C'était, pour moi, très reminiscent
01:48of the attacks of September 11, 2001,
01:52in the United States.
01:54I think for my French colleagues,
01:57it was horrifying in a different way
01:59because they had a close relative who was there.
02:02it was personal, in a very immediate way.
02:11Collective Traumat was very clear,
02:14and in some ways,
02:15much as September 11 did in the United States,
02:19I think it created a sense of solidarity among people.
02:25I remember very quickly people going again
02:29to the restaurants and cafes in support,
02:32and everyone came with candles shortly after the event.
02:37It was extremely moving.
02:39I felt that there was a great and deep resilience,
02:44and there was also, as is often the case as well,
02:47a desire to find a way to guarantee safety,
02:52and that was familiar to me as well
02:56from what happened after September 11.
02:59Because one of the sad lessons of that,
03:03at least for me,
03:04was that there is no way to guarantee safety.
03:07So, it's not really worth spending so much time on.
03:19It certainly changed attitudes,
03:23attitudes that were enunciated,
03:25that were said aloud about Muslims.
03:29Many of them felt terrified.
03:31That became one of the areas I covered the most.
03:35You know, there was a tendency to think that
03:38wearing a hijab, looking devout as a Muslim,
03:43was somehow meant that you approved of terrorism.
03:47And, of course, that's not true at all.
03:49I think when your country is struck,
03:54whether it's in a war or in a large-scale attack,
03:59it does change society's assumptions.
04:03I wouldn't want to say that all the changes
04:06that we are seeing now in both societies
04:09are the result of terrorism.
04:12They're not.
04:13They're way, way more complicated,
04:15and there are many, many factors.
04:17But, certainly, the acceptance of restrictions
04:23on all kinds of information,
04:27on movement, on explanations by police
04:32of terrorism, for instance,
04:34it became very accepted,
04:37and ordinary people were willing to accept
04:40these restrictions because they were afraid.
04:42And that was something we saw after September 11th
04:46with the Patriot Act,
04:48and in France we saw something similar
04:51with the state of emergency,
04:52which was extended and extended,
04:54and that gave the police, I believe,
04:56the ability, if I'm remembering correctly,
04:59to tap phones and all kinds of things
05:02that would have been really viewed very negatively.
05:11For better or worse, I came overseas
05:14just a couple of months before
05:16the September 11th attacks,
05:19and that attack ended up shaping my career
05:23in a way that nothing else has,
05:26and I've really not gotten away
05:29from covering war in some form since then.
05:33And terrorism, it's one face of war.
05:36I became really obsessed
05:38with trying to understand
05:40how people made that leap
05:42from misery to violence,
05:44and I also really became interested
05:47in what it takes for a society to recover.
05:50I think I'll die,
05:51and it'll still be going on,
05:53those repercussions.
05:54There are signal events
05:56that become symbolic for a society.
05:58That's what we call it for a society.
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