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Food And Discovery
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00:00Is there water on the moon? The obvious answer seems to be no because during a day on the moon
00:07which lasts two earth weeks the temperature on the lunar surface gets up to 123 degrees celsius
00:14which would be enough to boil away any water if the moon had an atmosphere like earth's which it
00:19doesn't and the reason that it doesn't is because the moon's gravity is weak just a sixth of earth's
00:26gravity which means it can't hold on to light fast moving molecules like water anything going faster
00:31than 2.4 kilometers per second the moon's escape velocity is gone now that might sound pretty
00:37quick but at any given temperature there are always a small number of molecules going significantly
00:42faster than the average on the moon these molecules fly off into space and then other molecules take
00:47their place until all the light fast moving molecules are gone plus since the moon has a
00:53very weak magnetic field there's little to protect the lunar surface from the solar wind that's the
00:58stream of charged particles coming from the sun these particles can effectively blast molecules
01:03from the surface of the moon into space in fact that's how mars lost most of its atmosphere so
01:09in short if the moon ever had any water it should be long gone by now and this appeared to be confirmed
01:15by the moon landings rock samples brought back by apollo astronauts contained virtually no hydrated minerals
01:22some water was detected but it was assumed just to be terrestrial contamination rather than actual moon
01:27water because seals on some of the sample return containers were damaged by the gritty moon dust but in 2009
01:34a very different picture emerged when scientists intentionally crashed part of a rocket into the surface
01:40of the moon now it was going 2.5 kilometers per second on impact making a crater 25 meters wide and 4 meters deep
01:48that ejected 10 000 tons of material with half of it making it high enough to be lit by the sun that
01:55allowed cameras on an orbiting spacecraft to look for the emission lines of water in the dust and what
02:00did they find well the water emission lines were bright scientists estimated that 5.6 percent the mass of the
02:07ejected debris was water but how is this possible where did the water come from and how did it remain on the moon
02:14well strangely enough there are actually three different sources of lunar water to understand the
02:20first source you just have to look at where they crashed that rocket into the moon now it's a
02:25misconception that the moon has a dark side although the same side always faces earth all sides of the
02:31moon do receive sunlight however at the poles there are some craters which due to their location and depth
02:38are always in shade they're called the permanently shadowed regions now since they never see the sun
02:44these craters are some of the coldest places in the whole solar system colder than the surface of pluto
02:50they can reach negative 249 celsius and it is here that scientists decided to crash that piece of rocket
02:57since the permanently shadowed regions maintain such a consistently low temperature
03:01they act as cold traps places where volatiles like water remain frozen as ice but where would the
03:08water come from in the first place well from water containing comets and asteroids that have struck
03:14the moon over time any water molecules that found their way to the permanently shadowed regions would be
03:20trapped there forever as ice but this is not the only source of water on the moon in the lunar samples
03:26from apollo 15 and 17 scientists found tiny glass beads these beads were formed back when the moon
03:32was still volcanically active fire fountains launched droplets of lava into space where they cooled rapidly
03:39and then fell back to the surface in 2007 these beads were sliced in half and tested for water the
03:45results showed significant amounts of water with concentrations highest in the middle of the beads now
03:51this indicates that the water must have been trapped there during the initial eruption rather than
03:56leaching in due to contamination once those beads were back on earth now this water came from the
04:02interior of the moon so the moon must have contained water to begin with which kind of makes sense
04:08considering the moon is likely a piece of earth that broke off billions of years ago in an impact with
04:13a mars-sized body the third and final source of water on the moon is water created on the moon's surface
04:20from the reaction of oxygen and hydrogen now the source of oxygen is easy oxygen makes up 45 percent of
04:28the lunar surface mostly bound in oxide minerals but where do you get the free hydrogen the answer is
04:35in the solar wind which is constantly bombarding the moon's surface with protons these can react with
04:41oxygen to form hydroxide and ultimately water this water can then drift over the surface of the moon until
04:48either it flies off into space or it lands in the cold traps and becomes ice so there is water on the
04:55moon and this is important because it means that future missions can take advantage of this valuable
05:00resource not only for moon colonists to drink and grow crops but also for processing into rocket fuel
05:06if you can make your own rocket fuel on the moon that dramatically reduces the challenges and costs of
05:12space travel for a long time we used to think the moon was completely dry but now we know that
05:19hypothesis is all wet big news i have a brand new channel called scientium where i'm posting videos
05:28in this format so if you enjoyed this video you should go check out that channel and subscribe to it
05:32the more of you who do the more videos i will make over there now making this new channel was made
05:37possible by google's making and science initiative a team that seeks to inspire people to learn more
05:42about science and pursue their science goals and of course none of this would be possible without your
05:46support on patreon so i want to thank you for supporting me and i want to thank google for making
05:51it possible for me to pursue my science goals and make a new channel all about awesome discoveries in
05:57science so if you click on this link i will see you over on the new channel
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