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00:00The Ottoman Empire's failure to capture Vienna in 1683 was a turning point,
00:06marking not just the end of Ottoman expansion into Europe,
00:10but signalling the start of the empire's slow decline.
00:16By the 19th century, a new world order was emerging
00:19that would leave the Ottoman Empire struggling for its very existence.
00:23Vienna may have dashed Ottoman hopes of further expansion into Europe,
00:30but it perfectly coincided with the emergence of a new threat
00:34on Europe's eastern horizons, Russia.
00:38For the next two centuries, these two imperial powers
00:41would be locked in a deadly embrace,
00:43the fallout from which would have profound consequences
00:47for the destiny of Europe.
00:53Founded in 1703, St. Petersburg expresses perfectly
01:12Russia's early imperial ambitions.
01:17The city was the creation of one of the country's most celebrated songs,
01:21Peter the Great,
01:22who wanted to build a new Russian capital
01:24to rival those of the great European powers.
01:35Peter the Great is still hugely revered in St. Petersburg,
01:39and every day at noon,
01:40a cannon salute is fired off in his honour.
01:43I believe it's a very big battle.
01:52Peter the Great was a moderniser, a reformer,
02:03which in Russia in the early 18th century meant a westerniser,
02:06so his model of reform was to import everything he thought useful for Russia
02:11in terms of technology.
02:13He dictated to his nobles that they should shave their beards
02:17and bring women into society and build their palaces in a certain way
02:21for his new capital in St. Petersburg.
02:28In 1721, just four years before his death,
02:32Peter the Great was proclaimed Emperor of all the Russias.
02:36It was a bold statement and it announced its intention
02:39to turn Russia into a major European superpower,
02:43an agenda that was subsequently followed by all the Tsars that came after him.
02:48But this was an ambition that was not so easily realised.
02:52Russian expansion brought them into direct confrontation
02:56with the Ottoman Empire.
02:58And the Ottomans were not about to relinquish their own imperial dreams
03:02without a fight.
03:09If Russia was to become a great power,
03:11it would need a strong navy.
03:14And that required access to warm water ports.
03:17This drove Russian expansion southwards towards the Black Sea.
03:22Throughout the 18th century,
03:24Russian forces confronted the Ottomans repeatedly.
03:27They pushed into Ottoman territory on the northern coast of the Black Sea
03:30and the Caucasus and occupied the Ottoman vassal states of Moldova and Wallachia.
03:36Russia needed to expand southwards in the 18th century
03:40because it saw that its economy needed to diversify.
03:44And that depended on the development of ports on the Black Sea
03:48to open up Russia's trading routes
03:51through the Dardanelles into the Mediterranean.
03:55But Russian expansion was not limited to Ottoman domains.
03:59Poland and Lithuania were absorbed into the empire as well,
04:04raising tensions with Western Europe.
04:08But it was Russia's role in bringing Napoleon's armies to their knees
04:12that secured its position as a new superpower.
04:16By the 19th century,
04:18Russia had become the fastest-growing empire in Europe
04:21and a major force to be reckoned with.
04:23Russia's defeat of Napoleon was accompanied by a burgeoning sense of nationhood,
04:31of imperial pride.
04:33This column behind me,
04:35standing in the middle of St Petersburg's main square,
04:38was erected as a celebration of that triumph.
04:41But, as one empire rises,
04:44so another slips into decline.
04:46And by this time,
04:47the Ottoman Empire was so diminished
04:49that it would soon come to be known as
04:51the sick man of Europe.
04:58From its territorial height
05:00at the end of the 17th century,
05:02the Ottoman Empire slowly contracted,
05:04losing Croatia, parts of Romania,
05:06and all of Hungary to Austria.
05:11The Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century
05:13was seen throughout Europe as an empire in decline.
05:17It had large Christian minorities
05:19that were increasingly becoming conscious of the need
05:25for religious liberation from the Ottoman Empire.
05:30There were lots of armed bands going about the place.
05:33There were local warlords
05:34setting themselves up as dictators
05:37in various areas,
05:38in the Balkans in particular.
05:41Rebellions flared up across Ottoman lands,
05:44in the Balkans, Wallachia, and Moldova.
05:47And a Greek independence movement
05:49was gaining momentum.
05:52In the 1820s,
05:53the Greek communities of the Ottoman Empire
05:56were beginning to rise up against Muslim rule.
06:00And they were encouraged by fellow Hellenic sympathies
06:05of Western intellectuals such as Byron,
06:07and in particular by the support of officials in St. Petersburg.
06:14Central to the empire's problems
06:16were the army's elite corps,
06:18the Janissaries,
06:20who had become corrupt and resistant to change.
06:22The army really needed modernisation,
06:27but it meant pushing back the influence of this caste
06:32of Ottoman military leaders,
06:35the Janissaries,
06:36who had inherited their positions,
06:38who passed them on to their sons,
06:39and who were really fiefdoms within the army.
06:42The famous Janissary Corps,
06:46these were the,
06:48originally had been a sort of Praetorian guard
06:50around the Sultan.
06:52They had become a very disruptive,
06:54power-hungry element,
06:56jealous of their own privileges.
06:57They rose in rebellion in 1826
06:59and were suppressed,
07:01but remained an element within the army
07:03that was going to oppose any modernisation
07:06even after 1826.
07:08So that was the sort of problem
07:09facing Ottoman military leaders.
07:12The Sultan at the time realises
07:14that he has to do something about this.
07:16There has to be reform.
07:18So he dumped them into the bosphorus
07:21with cannonballs tied to their feet.
07:23Hundreds of them,
07:24thousands of them.
07:26The Janissaries,
07:27once famed for their discipline
07:29and loyalty to the Sultan,
07:31had come to a tragic end.
07:34But when it came to the rebellions
07:36raging across the empire,
07:38the new Ottoman army
07:39was no better at keeping order.
07:42Stories of brutal massacres
07:44stoked old resentments and divisions
07:46and, in the case of Russia,
07:48provided a pretext for invasion.
07:51Like so many times before,
07:53the Danube River
07:54became the front line
07:56of Ottoman defence.
07:57In 1828,
08:00the Russian army once again
08:02invaded the Romanian province of Wallachia,
08:05just over there.
08:07But they weren't content to stay put this time.
08:09They crossed over the Danube
08:11into Bulgaria there.
08:13Now, Bulgaria had been part of the Ottoman Empire
08:15for centuries
08:16and suddenly here was the Russian army
08:19in the Ottoman heartlands.
08:21In spring the following year,
08:24Russian forces swept southward,
08:26capturing the city of Erdene,
08:28just 200 kilometres west of Istanbul.
08:31As Russian battleships
08:32closed in on the Ottoman capital,
08:35the Sultan had no option
08:36but to sue for peace.
08:43As a result,
08:44Greece was given autonomy
08:45that would lead to independence
08:47and the Dardanelles Straits
08:49were open to Russian shipping.
08:51For rebels across the Balkans,
08:53it was a rallying cry.
08:55For the powers of Western Europe,
08:57a distressing turn of events.
08:59But for Russia,
09:00the Ottoman Empire's near collapse
09:02had a more profound significance.
09:04By the 19th century,
09:18the Russian Empire
09:19had religion at its heart.
09:21More Russian Orthodox pilgrims
09:23visited Jerusalem
09:24than any other branch
09:25of the Christian church.
09:29Since the fall of Constantinople,
09:32Russia saw itself
09:33as the natural heir to Byzantium
09:35and protector of all
09:37Orthodox Christians.
09:45Russian nationalists
09:47dreamed of conquering Istanbul
09:48and transforming it into Zagrad,
09:51a Russian capital
09:52for an Orthodox Christian empire
09:54stretching from Siberia
09:56to Jerusalem.
10:00Until that dream could be realized,
10:02Moscow would be the capital
10:04of the Orthodoxy
10:05and its New Jerusalem monastery,
10:07here just outside the city,
10:09a symbol of its intense faith
10:11and ambitions.
10:16The monastery of the New Jerusalem
10:18was an extraordinary project,
10:21an attempt to replicate the Holy Land
10:24in the heart of Mother Russia.
10:26And this was the very centerpiece
10:29of the church,
10:30the tomb of Christ, no less.
10:32And it's an incredible idea, really,
10:35as if by replicating
10:37the sacred architecture
10:38of the Holy Land
10:39could provide Russian Christians
10:41with a place of pilgrimage
10:43until such a time
10:45that Orthodox Christianity
10:47could reclaim Jerusalem
10:49for its own.
10:50It's a strange
10:53and rather dislocating experience.
11:06The monastery was founded
11:08in 1656
11:09by the Russian patriarch Nikon,
11:11who wanted its central church
11:13to be a faithful replica
11:14of the holiest Christian site
11:17in Jerusalem,
11:18the church of the Holy Sepulchre.
11:21Василий Матисович
11:23is a spokesman
11:24for the monastery.
11:26In 17世,
11:27it was very difficult.
11:29And the patriarch Nikon
11:30in 17世,
11:31he understood
11:32that,
11:33by building
11:34a copy
11:35of this
11:37temple of the Holy Land,
11:40he
11:41made the dreams
11:43of a Russian person
11:46who wished
11:48to get to this
11:49holy place
11:50so that,
11:51to be
11:52worshiped
11:53to the holy
11:53that there is,
11:55he could
11:56to turn into the spirit
11:57and see
11:59that everything
12:00is in Jerusalem.
12:04Where we're standing
12:05right now,
12:05actually,
12:06inside the church,
12:07what are the specific features
12:09that we see around us?
12:10How do they relate
12:11to Jerusalem?
12:12What does that tell us about
12:28the idea of Jerusalem
12:29and Christianity
12:30in relation to Russia
12:31as a country?
12:331-й
12:33Paul,
12:33in 5-ом
12:34веке,
12:35Византийская
12:35империя
12:36берет на себя
12:36идею
12:382-го Рима.
12:39И в 15-ом
12:40веке
12:42Византийская
12:44империя
12:45под ударами
12:46турок
12:47падает.
12:48И вот
12:48наступает
12:50то время,
12:50когда
12:51начинается
12:52искание
12:533-го Рима.
12:55Москва
12:55могла говорить
12:56о том,
12:56что она
12:57на себя
12:57может взять
12:58эту идею,
12:58то,
12:59что Москва
12:59была 3-й Рим.
13:00К этому
13:00толкали
13:00многие
13:01публицисты
13:03того время.
13:03Многие писали,
13:04что два Рима
13:06пали,
13:06третья Москва
13:07стоит,
13:08а четвертому
13:09не бывать.
13:10То есть
13:11с этой
13:11идеей
13:12многие
13:12связывали
13:13постройку
13:13нового
13:14Иерусалима.
13:18Россия's
13:19религиозный
13:19перфор
13:19gained
13:20added
13:21momentum
13:21when
13:21in 1825
13:22цар
13:23Николас
13:23I
13:24became
13:25emperor
13:25of
13:25all
13:25the
13:26Russians.
13:26He
13:27was
13:27a
13:27devout
13:28Christian
13:28and
13:29champion
13:29of
13:29the
13:29Orthodox
13:30Church
13:30whose
13:31advancement
13:32he
13:32placed
13:32at
13:32the
13:33center
13:33of
13:33his
13:33foreign
13:34policy.
13:38Nicholas I
13:39was a
13:40man of
13:40order.
13:41He
13:41was a
13:41military
13:42man.
13:42He
13:42saw
13:43the
13:43Napoleonic
13:44Wars.
13:45To a
13:46certain
13:46extent,
13:47he
13:47was
13:47hostile
13:48to
13:49European
13:49powers
13:50because
13:51he
13:52saw
13:52the
13:53West
13:53as
13:54a
13:54source
13:55of
13:55infection
13:55for
13:56his
13:56Russian
13:57empire.
13:58His
13:58own
13:58religious
13:59ideas
14:00were
14:00strongly
14:01messianic.
14:03There
14:03was a
14:03strong
14:04sense
14:04that
14:05Russia
14:05had
14:05to
14:06promote
14:06an
14:07idea
14:08of
14:08Russianness
14:09which
14:09was
14:09inseparable
14:10from
14:11the
14:11protection
14:12and
14:12promotion
14:13of
14:13orthodoxy
14:14right
14:15across
14:15the
14:16world.
14:16This
14:16went
14:16way
14:17back
14:17in
14:17Russian
14:17history
14:18to
14:18the
14:18idea
14:19of
14:19Moscow
14:20as
14:20the
14:20third
14:21room.
14:21Tsar
14:23Nicholas
14:23visited
14:24New
14:24Jerusalem
14:24in
14:251818.
14:26This
14:27was the
14:27same
14:27year
14:27that
14:28his
14:28son
14:28was
14:28born.
14:29He
14:29saw
14:29this
14:30conjunction
14:30as
14:30a
14:30kind
14:31of
14:31divine
14:32providence.
14:33Nicholas
14:34was a
14:34very
14:34religious
14:35fan.
14:35There's
14:35no doubt
14:36about
14:36that.
14:37But
14:37he
14:37also
14:37suffered
14:38from
14:38mental
14:39illness
14:39and
14:40affliction
14:40of
14:40the
14:41Romana
14:41family.
14:42Sometimes
14:43it's
14:43hard
14:44to
14:44unravel
14:44the
14:45religious
14:45enthusiasm
14:46from
14:47imperial
14:48ambitions
14:48from
14:49the
14:49delusions
14:50of
14:50a
14:50madman.
14:52This
14:52is what
14:52he
14:52had
14:52to
14:53say
14:53to
14:53King
14:53William
14:54of
14:54Prussia
14:54I
14:55wage
14:56war
14:56not
14:56for
14:57worldly
14:57advantage
14:58or
14:58conquest
14:58but
14:59solely
14:59for
14:59a
15:00Christian
15:00purpose.
15:02Am I
15:02to be
15:02left
15:02alone
15:03to
15:03fight
15:04under
15:04a
15:04holy
15:04banner
15:05and
15:05see
15:06others
15:06who
15:06call
15:07themselves
15:07Christians
15:08unite
15:09around
15:09the
15:09crescent
15:10and
15:10to
15:10attack
15:11Christendom?
15:12There
15:12is
15:12nothing
15:13left
15:13for
15:13me
15:14but
15:14to
15:14fight
15:15to
15:15win
15:16or
15:16to
15:17perish
15:17with
15:17honor
15:17a
15:18martyr
15:19to
15:19our
15:19holy
15:19faith
15:20and
15:21when
15:21I
15:21say
15:21this
15:22I
15:22declare
15:23it
15:23on
15:23behalf
15:24of
15:24all
15:24Russia.
15:38Tsar
15:38Nicholas's
15:39Christian
15:39zeal
15:39may
15:40have
15:40been
15:40genuine
15:40but
15:41the
15:41Western
15:41powers
15:42weren't
15:42buying
15:43it.
15:44By
15:45the
15:4519th
15:45century
15:46a
15:46third
15:46of
15:46all
15:47Russian
15:47exports
15:47were
15:48passing
15:48through
15:49Black
15:49Sea
15:49ports.
15:50They
15:51feared
15:51Russian
15:51expansion
15:52was less
15:52about
15:53religion
15:53and more
15:54about
15:54empire.
16:00Eager
16:01to thwart
16:01Russian
16:02ambitions
16:02Europe
16:03threw
16:03its
16:03weight
16:03behind
16:04Ottoman
16:04reforms
16:05hoping
16:06to shore
16:06up
16:06the
16:06empire
16:07and
16:07its
16:08ties
16:08with
16:08Western
16:08Europe
16:09while
16:09protecting
16:10its
16:10Christian
16:11populations.
16:13The
16:13result
16:14was a
16:14series
16:14of
16:15reforms
16:15known
16:16as
16:16the
16:16Tanzimat.
16:19What
16:20the
16:20Tanzimat
16:20reforms
16:21did
16:21slowly
16:22over
16:23a
16:23long
16:23period
16:23beginning
16:24in
16:241839
16:25was
16:26to
16:26give
16:26more
16:27religious
16:29rights
16:30more
16:30autonomy
16:31to the
16:31Christian
16:32minorities
16:32to
16:33make
16:34government
16:34in
16:35those
16:35areas
16:36a
16:36little
16:36more
16:37autonomous
16:37and
16:39accountable
16:40and
16:41to
16:42reform
16:43administration
16:44along
16:44more
16:45Western
16:45lines.
16:46This
16:46then
16:47bleeds
16:47out
16:48into
16:48having
16:48an
16:48impact
16:49on
16:49how
16:49people
16:50live
16:50their
16:50lives
16:51on
16:51the
16:51streets
16:52and
16:52so we
16:53start
16:53to
16:53get
16:53reforms
16:54in
16:54clothing
16:55that
16:55suddenly
16:55women
16:56and
16:57men
16:57are
16:57encouraged
16:58to
16:58wear
16:58Western
16:59style
16:59clothes
17:00so
17:00the
17:01fez
17:01replaces
17:02the
17:02turban
17:03and
17:04a
17:04frock coat
17:05and
17:05a shirt
17:05with a
17:06collar
17:06replaces
17:07what was
17:08the
17:08kind of
17:08typical
17:09Ottoman
17:09gear
17:09and
17:10even
17:10Western
17:11shoes
17:11are
17:12worn
17:12on
17:12the
17:12streets
17:12women
17:14are
17:14allowed
17:14to
17:14be
17:14educated
17:15you
17:16have
17:16women
17:16who
17:16are
17:16allowed
17:16to
17:17be
17:17actresses
17:18and
17:18they
17:18perform
17:19on
17:19the
17:19stage
17:20some
17:20of
17:21the
17:21sultan's
17:21harem
17:22are
17:22taught
17:22to
17:23paint
17:23in
17:23the
17:24Western
17:24style
17:24and
17:24to
17:25play
17:25the
17:25piano
17:25Ottoman
17:28reforms
17:28coincided
17:29with a
17:29sudden
17:30enthusiasm
17:30for
17:31all
17:31things
17:32Eastern
17:32in
17:32the
17:33West
17:33the
17:34exotic
17:34and
17:35erotic
17:35allure
17:36of an
17:36Orientalist
17:37fantasy
17:38was
17:39literature
17:40and
17:40art
17:41with
17:41the
17:41Ottoman
17:41court
17:42perceived
17:43as
17:43the
17:43ultimate
17:44realization
17:44of a
17:45decadent
17:46world
17:46of
17:46opulence
17:47and
17:47indulgence
17:48in
17:51the
17:5118th
17:52and
17:5219th
17:52centuries
17:53certain
17:53elements
17:54of
17:54Western
17:54society
17:55become
17:56obsessed
17:57with
17:57the
17:57East
17:58this
17:59is
17:59something
17:59that
17:59we
17:59now
18:00call
18:00Orientalism
18:01and
18:01at
18:01the
18:01time
18:02was
18:02sometimes
18:02called
18:02Ottomanian
18:03men
18:04and
18:04women
18:05particularly
18:05those
18:05with
18:06money
18:06and
18:06standing
18:07and
18:07influence
18:07start
18:08to
18:08wear
18:09Ottoman
18:09style
18:10clothes
18:11to
18:11parties
18:11we
18:12even
18:12have
18:12this
18:12lovely
18:13little
18:13sketch
18:13of
18:13Jane
18:14Austen
18:14who's
18:14wearing
18:15what's
18:15called
18:15a
18:15Mamluk
18:16cap
18:17people start
18:19to commission
18:19paintings
18:20describing
18:21the Orient
18:21and the
18:22East
18:22so rather
18:23than being
18:24somewhere
18:24that was
18:25considered
18:25dark
18:26and dangerous
18:26it becomes
18:27somewhere
18:28which is
18:28exciting
18:29and
18:29enticing
18:30there
18:32there is
18:33a sort
18:33of
18:33Western
18:34Orientalism
18:36which
18:36softens
18:37Western
18:37perceptions
18:38of
18:39Islam
18:40and
18:40the
18:40Turk
18:41I
18:42think
18:42it's
18:42partly
18:43to do
18:44with
18:44increased
18:45Western
18:46travel
18:46to
18:47the
18:48Holy
18:48Land
18:49the
18:49Ottoman
18:49territories
18:50the
18:52Islamic
18:52religion
18:53is
18:53sort
18:54of
18:54quiet
18:55contemplative
18:56peaceful
18:57they
18:58luxuriate
19:00in this
19:00sense
19:00of
19:01liberation
19:01and
19:02that
19:02does
19:02change
19:03attitudes
19:03I
19:04think
19:04towards
19:05the
19:05Turk
19:05it
19:06definitely
19:07has
19:07this
19:08erotic
19:08tinge
19:09to it
19:09the
19:10idea
19:11of
19:11women
19:11in
19:12the
19:12harem
19:12shut
19:13up
19:13and
19:13they're
19:13only
19:14there
19:14to
19:14service
19:15the
19:15sultan
19:15and
19:15to
19:16bring
19:16him
19:16pleasure
19:16is
19:17something
19:17which
19:17men
19:18to be
19:18honest
19:18cannot
19:19get
19:19enough
19:20of
19:20they
19:20love
19:20hearing
19:21harem
19:21stories
19:22there
19:22are
19:23paintings
19:23of
19:23women
19:24in
19:24the
19:24harem
19:24and
19:25the
19:27Ottomans
19:29this
19:30was
19:30an
19:30incredibly
19:31mundane
19:32thing
19:32that
19:33women
19:33would
19:33do
19:33they
19:33would
19:33go
19:34to
19:34get
19:34clean
19:34and
19:35to
19:35have
19:35a
19:35gossip
19:35basically
19:36and
19:36they'd
19:36come
19:36home
19:37there
19:37was
19:37nothing
19:38erotic
19:38about
19:38it
19:39the
19:42craze
19:42for all
19:43things
19:43eastern
19:43reached
19:44new
19:44heights
19:45in
19:45the
19:4519th
19:45century
19:46when
19:46English
19:47painter
19:47and
19:47sculptor
19:48Lord
19:48Leighton
19:49designed
19:50his
19:50sumptuous
19:50London
19:51residence
19:52Lord
19:54Leighton
19:54was one
19:54of the
19:54real
19:54drivers
19:55who
19:55brought
19:56an
19:56Ottoman
19:57aesthetic
19:57into
19:58the
19:58British
19:59middle
19:59and
19:59upper
20:00classes
20:00he
20:01was
20:02a
20:02passionate
20:02collector
20:03he
20:03was
20:03a
20:03brilliant
20:03painter
20:04himself
20:04and
20:05he
20:05really
20:05appreciated
20:06the
20:06beauty
20:07that
20:07he
20:07saw
20:07around
20:08him
20:08in
20:08North
20:08Africa
20:08in
20:09Istanbul
20:09in
20:10the
20:10Balkans
20:11in
20:11the
20:11Middle
20:11East
20:11and
20:12he
20:12started
20:12to
20:12bring
20:13back
20:13both
20:13the
20:13inspiration
20:14and
20:14the
20:14influence
20:15and
20:15actual
20:16things
20:16from
20:17that
20:17world
20:17here
20:19here
20:19we
20:19have
20:19beautiful
20:19ceramic
20:20tiles
20:20that
20:20were
20:21made
20:21in
20:21the
20:2117th
20:21century
20:22there
20:22are
20:23inscriptions
20:23from
20:24the
20:24Quran
20:24and
20:25the
20:26actual
20:26shape
20:26of
20:27this
20:27room
20:27is
20:28based
20:28on
20:28an
20:29Arab
20:29influenced
20:30hole
20:30from
20:31Sicily
20:31so
20:32you
20:32can
20:32feel
20:33the
20:34orient
20:34around
20:34you
20:35when
20:35you
20:35sit
20:35here
20:35Tsar
20:43Nicholas
20:44ensconced
20:45in
20:45his
20:45luxuriously
20:46appointed
20:46winter
20:47palace
20:47in
20:47St
20:47Petersburg
20:48seemed
20:49oblivious
20:49to
20:50European
20:50attitudes
20:51regarding
20:51the
20:51Turks
20:52assuming
20:53Western
20:54powers
20:54would
20:54always
20:55support
20:55a
20:55fellow
20:56Christian
20:56nation
20:57over
20:57a
20:57Muslim
20:57one
20:58he
20:58decided
20:59to
20:59discuss
21:00the
21:00Ottoman
21:00problem
21:00with
21:01the
21:01British
21:01ambassador
21:02this
21:06throne
21:06room
21:07was
21:07where
21:07the
21:07Tsars
21:08gave
21:08audience
21:08to
21:09foreign
21:09dignitaries
21:10ambassadors
21:10emissaries
21:11that
21:12kind
21:12of
21:12thing
21:12and
21:13it
21:13was
21:13in
21:13one
21:14such
21:14exchange
21:14between
21:15Tsar
21:15Nicholas
21:15the
21:16first
21:16and
21:16the
21:16British
21:17ambassador
21:17that
21:18he
21:18famously
21:18declared
21:19we
21:20have
21:20a
21:20sick
21:21man
21:21on
21:21our
21:21hands
21:22a
21:22man
21:23gravely
21:23ill
21:23it
21:24would
21:24be
21:25a
21:25great
21:25misfortune
21:26if
21:26he
21:26were
21:26to
21:27slip
21:27through
21:27our
21:27hands
21:28especially
21:28before
21:29the
21:30necessary
21:30arrangements
21:31have
21:31been
21:31made
21:31well
21:32there
21:33was
21:33no
21:33mistaking
21:33who
21:33the
21:34sick
21:34man
21:34was
21:34that
21:34was
21:35the
21:35Ottoman
21:35Empire
21:35and
21:36that
21:36rather
21:37chilling
21:37phrase
21:38before
21:39the
21:39necessary
21:39arrangements
21:40have
21:41been
21:41made
21:42Nicholas
21:43believed
21:43that
21:44the
21:44Ottoman
21:44Empire
21:45was
21:45going
21:45to
21:46collapse
21:46and
21:46that
21:46it
21:47was
21:47therefore
21:47wise
21:49even
21:50legitimate
21:50for
21:51the
21:51Western
21:51powers
21:52to
21:52take
21:53measures
21:53so
21:54that
21:54the
21:54Ottoman
21:55territories
21:55were
21:56split
21:57between
21:58themselves
21:59in a
22:00way
22:00that
22:01would
22:01give
22:02Russia
22:02if
22:02not
22:03direct
22:03control
22:04of
22:04the
22:04Balkans
22:04then
22:05at
22:05least
22:05a
22:06dominant
22:07influence
22:07over
22:08those
22:08areas
22:09of
22:09the
22:09Balkans
22:10where
22:10the
22:11Orthodox
22:11were
22:12in
22:12the
22:12majority
22:12the
22:14sick
22:14of
22:14Europe
22:14becomes
22:15sicker
22:15everybody
22:16gathers
22:17around
22:17it
22:18with
22:19keener
22:19intent
22:20to
22:20work
22:20out
22:21what
22:21their
22:22best
22:22interests
22:22are
22:23Russia
22:35Russia
22:35was
22:35poised
22:36to
22:36deliver
22:36the
22:36fatal
22:37blow
22:37but
22:38the
22:38catalyst
22:38for
22:38action
22:39would
22:39not
22:39take
22:40place
22:40in
22:40Istanbul
22:41or
22:41the
22:41Balkans
22:42but
22:42in
22:43the
22:43Ottoman
22:43controlled
22:44holy
22:44city
22:45of
22:45Jerusalem
22:45built
22:49on
22:49what
22:49is
22:49believed
22:49to
22:50be
22:50the
22:50location
22:50of
22:51Jesus
22:51Christ
22:51crucifixion
22:52and
22:53resurrection
22:53the
22:54church
22:55of
22:55the
22:55holy
22:55sepulchre
22:56is
22:56the
22:56city's
22:57most
22:57important
22:58Christian
22:58site
22:58and
22:59has
22:59long
22:59been
23:00a
23:00contested
23:00property
23:01between
23:01various
23:02branches
23:02of the
23:03Christian
23:03faith
23:04the
23:09ceremony
23:10of the
23:10holy
23:10fire
23:11held
23:11every
23:11Easter
23:12is
23:12one
23:13of
23:13the
23:13church's
23:13most
23:13spectacular
23:14events
23:15but
23:16it
23:16has
23:16also
23:16been
23:16a
23:17flash
23:17point
23:17for
23:17conflict
23:18in
23:191846
23:20disputes
23:21between
23:21French
23:22Catholics
23:22and
23:23Orthodox
23:23Russians
23:24over
23:25privileges
23:25to
23:25the
23:25site
23:26became
23:26so
23:27embittered
23:28that
23:28an
23:28all-out
23:29riot
23:29erupted
23:30during
23:30the
23:30Easter
23:31celebrations
23:31pilgrims
23:33joined
23:33priests
23:34on both
23:34sides
23:34in a
23:35spree
23:35of
23:36violence
23:36when
23:37the
23:37fighting
23:37was
23:38eventually
23:38quelled
23:39more
23:39than
23:3940
23:40people
23:40lay
23:40dead
23:41on
23:41the
23:41floor
23:41France
23:48had the
23:49idea
23:49that it
23:50was
23:50the
23:50main
23:51protectorate
23:52of
23:52the
23:53Christian
23:53community
23:54in the
23:55Holy
23:55Lands
23:56an idea
23:57of
23:57France's
23:58mission
23:58going back
23:59to the
23:59Crusades
24:00of the
24:01Middle Ages
24:01and they
24:03had secured
24:03from the
24:04Ottoman
24:05government
24:05which ruled
24:06in Jerusalem
24:07what they
24:08thought
24:08was a
24:09privileged
24:10access
24:10to the
24:11Church
24:11of the
24:11Holy
24:12Sepulchre
24:12in
24:13Jerusalem
24:13but that
24:15was
24:15for the
24:16Russians
24:17negated
24:17by their
24:18own
24:19treaties
24:19with
24:20the
24:20Ottomans
24:21which
24:22they
24:22thought
24:23gave
24:23the
24:24orthodox
24:24privileged
24:25access
24:26to these
24:26very
24:27same
24:27places
24:28you can
24:28imagine
24:28the
24:29position
24:29of
24:29the
24:29Ottomans
24:30they
24:30prevaricated
24:31saying
24:32yes
24:32to
24:32everybody
24:33in order
24:33to
24:34let
24:35the
24:35problem
24:35they
24:35hoped
24:36go
24:36away
24:36but it
24:37didn't
24:37go
24:37away
24:38to
24:40force
24:40the
24:40issue
24:41Russian
24:41troops
24:42once again
24:42occupied
24:43the
24:43principalities
24:44of
24:44Wallachia
24:45and
24:45Moldavia
24:45and amassed
24:46forces
24:46on the
24:47Ottoman
24:47frontier
24:48in the
24:48Caucasus
24:49for
24:51Tsar
24:51Nicholas
24:52the
24:52situation
24:53was
24:53becoming
24:54intolerable
24:55determined
24:56to
24:56fulfill
24:57Russia's
24:57Christian
24:58duty
24:58he
24:58issued
24:59an
24:59ultimatum
25:00the
25:02Russians
25:02demanded
25:03a
25:03restoration
25:03of
25:04orthodox
25:04privileges
25:05in
25:05Jerusalem
25:05and
25:06also
25:06that
25:07Russia
25:07be
25:07recognized
25:08as
25:09the
25:09protector
25:09of
25:10orthodox
25:10Christians
25:11not just
25:12in the
25:12holy lands
25:12but throughout
25:13the Ottoman Empire
25:14well obviously
25:16this was going to
25:17greatly compromise
25:18Ottoman sovereignty
25:19the Russian invasion
25:20of the Danube
25:21provinces
25:22had already
25:23compromised
25:23Ottoman
25:24territorial
25:25integrity
25:25and so
25:26Sultan
25:27Abdul
25:28Mesut
25:28felt compelled
25:29to declare war
25:31Russia
25:35Russia was a
25:35major power
25:36but its army
25:37was obsolescent
25:38unprofessional
25:39and ill-equipped
25:40Russia's navy
25:42however
25:42was another
25:43story
25:43since its
25:49founding by
25:50Peter the Great
25:50in the 17th century
25:51it had developed
25:53into a
25:53formidable force
25:54by the
25:5519th century
25:56it was turning
25:57the Black Sea
25:58into a Russian
25:59lake
25:59and threatening
26:00western shipping
26:01by making
26:02repeated incursions
26:03into the
26:04Mediterranean
26:04in the north
26:08the island
26:08fortress of
26:09Kronstadt
26:09here just
26:10outside of
26:11St. Petersburg
26:11dominated the
26:13Gulf of Finland
26:14protecting the
26:15city from
26:15invasion
26:16Kronstadt
26:19continues to be
26:20an important
26:21naval base
26:22local historian
26:31Roman
26:32Shapochnik
26:32is going to
26:34show me
26:34one of the
26:34Russian
26:35navy's
26:35most impressive
26:3619th century
26:37creations
26:38Roman
26:45this is a
26:45fantastic
26:46landscape
26:47you brought
26:47me to
26:48sea
26:49sky
26:49and everywhere
26:50I look
26:50fortifications
26:51tell me
26:52something about
26:52the history
26:53this
26:54battery was built
26:55in times of
26:56Nicholas the
26:57first
26:58all these
26:58fortifications
26:59artificial islands
27:02imagine how difficult
27:04was to create
27:05and this fort
27:06was armed by
27:08137 guns
27:10wow
27:11in 1854
27:14the English
27:15and French
27:16naval forces
27:17came to the
27:18Gulf of Finland
27:19and Admiral
27:21the commander
27:22said in the
27:23telegraph newspaper
27:24that his
27:25breakfast
27:26will be in
27:27Kronstadt
27:27and his
27:28dinner will be
27:28in St. Petersburg
27:29but when
27:30he saw it
27:31first time
27:32I think
27:32he changed
27:34his plans
27:34a bit
27:35understandably
27:36so I imagine
27:37with all these
27:38fortifications
27:39this very complex
27:40system of
27:40lines of fire
27:41and
27:42in this period
27:43of time
27:43Russia
27:44had very
27:44sophisticated
27:45and very
27:46strong navy
27:47and the Kronstadt
27:48fortress
27:48became the
27:49strongest naval
27:50fortress
27:50in Europe
27:51the Russian navy
27:56may have been
27:57largely defensive
27:57in the north
27:58but here
27:59in the Black Sea
28:00it was on the
28:01attack
28:01prowling the
28:02waters
28:03in search
28:03of Ottoman
28:04warships
28:04and supply
28:05convoys
28:05heading for
28:06the Caucasus
28:07initially
28:09they met
28:09with little
28:09success
28:10in November
28:131853
28:14Russian fortunes
28:15changed completely
28:16when they came
28:18across the
28:18Ottoman squadron
28:19quite by chance
28:20sheltering from
28:21the storm
28:22in the port
28:23of Sinop
28:23on the northern
28:24coastline
28:25of Anatolia
28:25completely
28:27unprepared
28:28for battle
28:28the Ottoman
28:29vessels were
28:30sitting ducks
28:31Russian guns
28:37bombarded
28:38the ships
28:39relentlessly
28:39as the bombs
28:41ripped into
28:42the wooden
28:42planking
28:43they exploded
28:44tearing the
28:45ships apart
28:45and setting
28:46them alight
28:47it was the
28:48first time
28:49explosive shells
28:50had been used
28:50in naval
28:51warfare
28:51the effect
28:52was devastating
28:53Russian assault
28:56destroyed the
28:57entire Ottoman
28:57squadron
28:58and laid waste
28:59to the port
29:00killing thousands
29:01of sailors
29:01and civilians
29:02it was a great
29:05victory for
29:05Russia
29:06but for
29:07Western Europe
29:07a troubling
29:08turn of events
29:09Britain and
29:12France realised
29:13they have to
29:14intervene
29:14because there is
29:15now nothing
29:15left to stop
29:17the Russians
29:18getting hold
29:19of the
29:21Bosphorus
29:21and potentially
29:22taking consent
29:23now
29:23they have to
29:24enter the
29:24war at this
29:25point
29:25in March
29:281854
29:29Britain and
29:30France declared
29:31war on Russia
29:32the Ottoman
29:34Empire
29:34once the
29:35embodiment of
29:36evil
29:36had become
29:37an ally
29:38like so many
29:44times before
29:45the Danube
29:46river
29:46became the
29:46front line
29:47in the early
29:48stages of
29:48the war
29:49stretching
29:52from the
29:52Black Sea
29:53through the
29:53Balkans
29:54and into
29:54central Europe
29:55the Danube
29:56was a hugely
29:57strategic prize
29:58whoever
30:02controlled it
30:03gained a
30:03military
30:03and economic
30:04advantage
30:05the
30:07Ottomans
30:08had fought
30:08hard to
30:09take it
30:09back in
30:10the 15th
30:10century
30:11and they
30:12certainly
30:12weren't going
30:13to give
30:13it up
30:13without a
30:14fight
30:14this
30:17stretch of
30:17the Danube
30:18is where
30:18in 1853
30:19Russian troops
30:21crossed
30:21to lay siege
30:22to the
30:22fortified
30:23Ottoman town
30:24of Solistra
30:25just there
30:25the idea
30:26was that
30:27once they'd
30:27taken
30:27Solistra
30:28they would
30:28then march
30:29on Istanbul
30:30as they had
30:31done 25
30:31years earlier
30:32but as so
30:34often in war
30:35the best laid
30:36plans
30:36just don't
30:37happen that
30:37way
30:38Russian forces
30:41positioned
30:42themselves
30:42on hilltops
30:43overlooking
30:44the city
30:44and began
30:45a relentless
30:46bombardment
30:47day and
30:48night
30:48it was in
30:49effect
30:50a shock
30:50and awe
30:51offensive
30:51designed
30:52to topple
30:53the town
30:53quickly
30:54to the
30:57casual observer
30:58it was
30:59simply
30:59a fantastic
31:00spectacle
31:01the young
31:02Leo Tolstoy
31:03who was
31:03an officer
31:04in the
31:04Russian army
31:05here at the
31:06time
31:06provides us
31:07with a vivid
31:08picture of
31:08the scene
31:09in a letter
31:10that he wrote
31:10to his aunt
31:11I amused
31:13myself
31:14watch in hand
31:15counting the
31:16cannon shots
31:16that I heard
31:17and I counted
31:18100 explosions
31:19in the space
31:20of a minute
31:20the spectacle
31:23was truly
31:24beautiful
31:24especially at
31:25night
31:26what had
31:34what had first
31:35seemed like
31:35a spectator
31:36sport to
31:36Russian
31:37onlookers
31:37soon
31:38turned into
31:39a nightmare
31:39the Ottomans
31:43had learned
31:44from the last
31:44Russian siege
31:45of Solistra
31:46and built
31:47a ring of
31:47sturdy
31:48fortifications
31:48around the
31:50city
31:50the Russians
31:52found themselves
31:53held up
31:53in Solistria
31:54by Turkish
31:56forces that
31:57turned out to be
31:58much better
31:58than they'd
31:59expected
31:59the Turks
32:00were good
32:01at fortifications
32:03artillery
32:04they were
32:05used to
32:06siege warfare
32:07against
32:08fortresses
32:09as the siege
32:11dragged on
32:11the death toll
32:12steadily rose
32:13numbering
32:14thousands
32:15on both sides
32:16and the war
32:18descended into
32:19particularly
32:20grisly
32:21hand-to-hand
32:22combat
32:22Tsar Nicholas
32:25urged his
32:26commanders
32:26to put a
32:27speedy end
32:27to the siege
32:28but the Ottoman
32:29resistance
32:30was ferocious
32:31the Turks
32:32fight like
32:33devils
32:33reported a
32:34captain
32:34in the
32:35Russian
32:35artillery
32:36after one
32:37particularly
32:38bloody
32:39assault
32:39there were
32:402,000
32:40Russian
32:41dead
32:41lying on
32:42the field
32:42of battle
32:43the very
32:44next day
32:44the people
32:45of Solistra
32:46came out
32:46and cut off
32:47their heads
32:47hoping for
32:48prize money
32:49when this
32:50was refused
32:50they simply
32:51bunged their
32:51grisly
32:52trophies
32:53outside the
32:54city walls
32:54where they
32:55lay unburied
32:56for the
32:56longest time
32:57the huge
33:01loss of
33:02Russian life
33:03fears that
33:04Austria would
33:05join the
33:05campaign
33:05and news
33:06that British
33:07and French
33:07troops had
33:08landed at the
33:09Black Sea
33:09port of
33:10Varna
33:10little more
33:11than 100
33:11kilometers away
33:12compelled the
33:14Russian general
33:15to call an end
33:15to the siege
33:16and retreat
33:17back across
33:17the river
33:18the Russian
33:20offensive had
33:21been a complete
33:22failure
33:22and the war
33:24was just
33:24beginning
33:25the Russian
33:30withdrawal from
33:31Solistra
33:31removed any
33:32immediate threat
33:33to the Ottoman
33:33Empire
33:34and the war
33:35could have
33:35ended there
33:35and then
33:36but the
33:37sultan
33:37didn't want
33:37to let the
33:38Russians go
33:39that easily
33:39and the
33:40French and
33:41the English
33:41they'd come
33:42too far
33:43they didn't
33:43want to go
33:44home without
33:44a fight
33:45moreover
33:46they were
33:46keen to put
33:47an end to
33:47Russian influence
33:48in the Black
33:49Sea
33:49once and for
33:50all
33:50so they
33:52re-embarked
33:52their soldiers
33:53on the troop
33:53carriers
33:53and set sail
33:54for the
33:55Crimean Peninsula
33:56with the
33:56intent of
33:57destroying the
33:58Russian naval
33:58base at
33:59Sebastopol
33:59unfortunately
34:01what looked
34:02like an easy
34:03victory on
34:04paper
34:04turned out
34:05to be a
34:05disastrous
34:06military
34:07quagmire
34:07for all
34:08concerned
34:09waged almost
34:16entirely on
34:16the Crimean
34:17Peninsula
34:17what became
34:19known as the
34:19Crimean War
34:20would drag on
34:21for two more
34:22years
34:22and enter
34:23history as
34:24one of the
34:25most disastrous
34:26military campaigns
34:27of its time
34:28famed for
34:31Florence Nightingale
34:32and the
34:32Charge of the
34:32Light Brigade
34:33the Crimean War
34:34was plagued by
34:35incompetence
34:36and mismanagement
34:38thousands of
34:40soldiers on all
34:40sides met their
34:41death in battle
34:42but many more
34:43died of disease
34:44or froze to
34:45death over the
34:46winter months
34:47when Russia
34:48finally surrendered
34:49the estimated
34:50loss of life
34:51had reached some
34:53700,000
34:54at least half
34:56a million of
34:56those were
34:57Russian
34:57in Russia
35:01the neglect of
35:02the troops
35:02the poor supply
35:03this was all
35:05blamed on
35:06Nicholas
35:06and the
35:07defeat
35:07for a war
35:09that many in
35:10Russia believed
35:10hadn't been
35:11necessary in the
35:12first place
35:12it was a war
35:14fought for
35:14delusional goals
35:16and so when
35:17Nicholas I dies
35:19in February
35:201855
35:21he knew that
35:23it was his
35:24responsibility
35:25this was a
35:26catastrophe for
35:27him because it
35:27was the collapse
35:28of his ideology
35:29his world view
35:30his religious
35:31belief
35:32his sense
35:33that he was
35:33on a divine
35:35mission
35:35this failure
35:36was a
35:37personal
35:38catastrophe
35:38the
35:41legacies
35:42of the
35:42Crimean
35:42war
35:43were
35:43equally
35:44profound
35:45Russia's
35:46ambitions
35:46in that
35:47area
35:48would not
35:48go away
35:49the
35:49pan-slav
35:50movement
35:50was
35:51strengthened
35:51by the
35:52Crimean
35:52war
35:53the sense
35:54of Russia's
35:55mission
35:55in the
35:56Balkans
35:56also
35:57strengthened
35:58in the
35:59ethnic
35:59religious
36:00faultline
36:01between
36:02Christian
36:02and Muslim
36:03Europe
36:04remains
36:05and indeed
36:06is
36:06exacerbated
36:07by the
36:08Crimean
36:08war
36:08the
36:14Russians
36:14may have
36:15been
36:15defeated
36:15in
36:15Crimea
36:16but
36:17their
36:17incursions
36:17into
36:18the
36:18Balkans
36:18opened
36:19a
36:19Pandora's
36:20box
36:20of
36:21nationalist
36:21movements
36:22across
36:23the
36:23Ottoman's
36:23European
36:24territories
36:24with
36:25Russia's
36:26encouragement
36:26Christian-led
36:27rebellions
36:28erupted
36:29throughout
36:30the
36:30Balkans
36:30Ottoman
36:31reprisals
36:32were
36:33savage
36:33stoking
36:34the
36:34flames
36:35of
36:35religious
36:35division
36:36one of
36:42the most
36:42infamous
36:43examples
36:44occurred here
36:45in the
36:45small
36:45Bulgarian
36:46town
36:46of
36:46Batak
36:47in the
36:48spring
36:48of
36:481876
36:49joining
36:56the wave
36:57of uprisings
36:57spreading
36:58across
36:58Bulgaria
36:59the
37:00townsfolk
37:00of
37:00Batak
37:01overthrew
37:02their
37:02Ottoman
37:02overlords
37:03but
37:04their
37:04success
37:05was
37:05short
37:06lived
37:06Ottoman
37:07retaliation
37:08was so
37:09brutal
37:09the memory
37:10of it
37:11continues
37:11to haunt
37:12the
37:12collective
37:12consciousness
37:13of Bulgarians
37:14to this
37:15day
37:15the
37:18Ottoman
37:18retribution
37:19when it
37:19came
37:19was terrible
37:20at the
37:21time
37:22the
37:22regular
37:22army
37:23was in
37:23Serbia
37:23putting down
37:24an
37:24uprising
37:25there
37:25so
37:26they
37:26sent
37:26in
37:26the
37:26bashi
37:27bazooks
37:27the
37:28crazies
37:28to
37:29quell
37:29the
37:29rebellion
37:30here
37:30in
37:31Batak
37:31now
37:32many
37:32were
37:32local
37:33men
37:33so
37:33there's
37:34an
37:34element
37:34of
37:34old
37:35scores
37:35being
37:36settled
37:36which
37:36made
37:37things
37:37particularly
37:38nasty
37:38Christian
37:40versus
37:40Muslim
37:41the
37:41massacre
37:42was
37:42frightful
37:43thousands
37:44dead
37:44women
37:45and
37:45children
37:45babes
37:46in
37:46arms
37:47the
37:47bodies
37:48piled
37:48up
37:49what
37:53became
37:53known as
37:53the
37:54Batak
37:54massacre
37:54culminated
37:55in the
37:56Sveida
37:56Nadelia
37:57church
37:57here in
37:58the
37:58centre
37:58of town
37:58where
37:59hundreds
38:00of
38:00villagers
38:00fleeing
38:01attack
38:01took
38:01refuge
38:02in an
38:06effort
38:06to
38:06flush
38:07them
38:07out
38:07the
38:08bashi
38:08bazooks
38:08laid
38:09siege
38:09to
38:09the
38:09church
38:10setting
38:10it
38:10alight
38:11by the
38:12time
38:13the
38:13ordeal
38:13had
38:13ended
38:14thousands
38:15of
38:15villagers
38:15had
38:16died
38:16today
38:18the
38:19church
38:19stands
38:20as
38:20memorial
38:20to
38:21the
38:21tragedy
38:21and
38:22the
38:22skulls
38:23of
38:23the
38:23many
38:23victims
38:23are
38:24kept
38:24on
38:24display
38:25as
38:25a
38:25sobering
38:26reminder
38:26of
38:27the
38:27atrocities
38:27that
38:28took
38:28place
38:28here
38:28stories
38:33of the
38:33massacre
38:33were widely
38:34reported
38:34in the
38:35western
38:35press
38:36causing
38:36a huge
38:37upswell
38:37in public
38:38disgust
38:39at what
38:39the
38:39Turks
38:40had
38:40done
38:40Disraeli
38:41was
38:42dismayed
38:42Gladstone
38:43wrote a
38:44pamphlet
38:44Charles Darwin
38:45Oscar
38:46Weil
38:46Victor
38:47Ugo
38:47were the
38:47outraged
38:48celebrities
38:49of their
38:49day
38:49but nowhere
38:51was the
38:51trauma
38:51more deeply
38:52felt
38:52than in
38:53Bulgaria
38:53and especially
38:54here in
38:55Batak
38:55where the
38:56shockwaves
38:57of those
38:57ancient
38:58killings
38:58still
38:59reverberate
39:00the
39:03Batak
39:03massacre
39:04has become
39:05a national
39:05tragedy
39:06in the
39:06story
39:07of
39:07Bulgarian
39:08independence
39:08to learn
39:10more
39:10I'm meeting
39:11Stevka
39:11Dimitrova
39:12former
39:13director
39:13of the
39:13Batak
39:14museum
39:14of
39:14history
39:15in
39:17the
39:17church
39:18and the
39:18church
39:19there were
39:20about 2,000
39:21men,
39:22women
39:23and children
39:24a
39:25called
39:25Kale
39:26to
39:26tia
39:28служile
39:28kato
39:29защит
39:30na
39:30stena
39:30srešto
39:31napadatelite
39:32продължение
39:35na
39:363
39:36deno
39:36noštie
39:37te
39:37bili
39:38bez
39:38chlap
39:39bez
39:39voda
39:40bez
39:42oraje
39:42no
39:43za
39:44da
39:44prenudiat
39:45tezi
39:45koito
39:46sa
39:46võtri
39:46da
39:47se
39:47predadat
39:48te
39:49dokarali
39:50kuli
39:52sa
39:52slama
39:52koshire
39:54s
39:55pšeli
39:55zapali
39:57li
39:57slamata
39:57zapochnali
39:58da
39:58hvõrljat
39:59võtre
39:59da
40:00hvõrljate
40:00pšelite
40:01i võtre
40:03nastanala
40:03istinski
40:04ad
40:05võrljate
40:08tõgavah
40:08jedna
40:09част
40:09od
40:09tia
40:09izlezli
40:10od
40:10võn
40:10da
40:10si
40:10vzema
40:11võzdoh
40:11i
40:13bili
40:13pleneni
40:13od
40:14войска
40:15предложение
40:19to
40:19im
40:19bilo
40:19takova
40:20или
40:21da
40:21stanat
40:21misilumani
40:22kato
40:23сложat
40:24fesovete
40:24na
40:24главata
40:25или
40:26ще
40:26bõdat
40:27zaklani
40:28ni
40:30to
40:30един
40:31батач
40:31ni
40:32to
40:33един
40:34mõž
40:34žena
40:35или
40:35дете
40:36не
40:36se
40:37е
40:37съglasil
40:37да
40:38промени
40:38своята
40:39вяra
40:40да
40:40стане
40:41misiluman
40:41всички
40:43от
40:43tia
40:44доброволno
40:44са
40:45отишli
40:45на
40:46дравника
40:47и
40:48са
40:48предложили
40:49да
40:50бъдат
40:50по-добре
40:54да
40:54бъдат
40:55закlani
40:55отколкото
40:58да
40:58приемат
40:58чужда
40:59вяра
40:59Целият
41:00батак
41:01бил
41:01усеен
41:02с телата
41:02на
41:03млади
41:03момичта
41:05в
41:05бели
41:07ризи
41:07на
41:08деца
41:09на
41:09мъже
41:10на
41:10жени
41:11Те учат
41:25своите
41:25внуци
41:26и
41:26правнуци
41:27и
41:28разказват
41:29за
41:29тяхния
41:30героизъм
41:31и
41:31за
41:32отдадения
41:33живот
41:33за
41:34свободата
41:34без
41:37батак
41:37нямаше
41:38да има
41:38свободна
41:39България
41:39българия
41:40българия
41:41българия
41:42българия
41:43българия
41:44българия
41:45българия
41:46българия
41:47българия
41:48българия
41:49българия
41:50българия
41:51българия
41:52българия
41:53българия
42:24българия
42:25българия
42:26българия
42:27българия
42:28българия
42:29българия
42:30българия
42:31българия
42:32българия
42:33българия
42:34българия
42:35българия
42:36българия
42:37българия
42:38българия
42:39българия
42:40българия
42:41българия
42:42българия
42:43българия
42:44българия
42:45българия
42:46българия
42:47българия
42:48българия
42:49българия
42:50българия
42:51българия
42:52българия
42:53българия
42:54in the Caucasus, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire occupied and eventually annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina.
43:06The Balkan nationalist movement seemed unstoppable, but their success had profoundly altered
43:11the balance of power in the region. Fears of Austro-Hungarian dominance
43:16fuelled a rise in secretive and extreme nationalist groups like the Black Hand Society in Serbia.
43:25The defining moment came in the summer of 1914, when Black Hand member Gavrilo Princip
43:33assassinated the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Ferdinand and his wife,
43:38while they were on a state visit to Sarajevo.
43:43What began as an extreme act of Serbian nationalism quickly spiralled out of control.
43:49Austro-Hungary, followed by Germany, declared war on Serbia.
43:55In retaliation, Russia declared war on Germany and Austro-Hungary.
44:00France, Great Britain and Belgium joined Russia, while the Ottoman Empire sided with Germany and Austro-Hungary.
44:07In little more than a month, World War I had begun.
44:19As battles raged across Western Europe, one of the bloodiest theatres of the conflict took place far away,
44:25in the Ottoman heartland of the Gallipoli Peninsula,
44:30the very spot where Ottoman warriors first crossed into Europe some 600 years before.
44:35In an effort to break through the Dardanelles Straits and occupy Istanbul itself,
44:43French, British, Australian and New Zealand forces engaged the Ottomans in a grueling eight-month-long struggle.
44:50When it was over, the Ottoman army could claim victory at Gallipoli, but at a price.
45:11The Gallipoli campaign was the final act in the Ottoman Empire's long history of military engagement on European soil.
45:17The Turkish War Memorial, here at Gallipoli, at the entrance to the Dardanelles Straits,
45:24stands as a powerful reminder of the devastation that the war brought to all those who took part in it.
45:31Kenancelik is a local guide and a veteran of the Turkish army.
45:45His relatives fought and died at Gallipoli.
45:47The Battle of Gallipoli, a moment of nationhood for modern Turkey.
45:52But the soldiers who were fighting here, they were fighting for their homeland, an Ottoman Empire.
45:58It was a matter of survival, was it not?
46:00Of course, it was a matter of survival.
46:03As you know, a navy attacked the force through Dardanelles.
46:05It was the church's idea.
46:07It would be easy to get through and occupy Istanbul.
46:10And then the city would be sandwiched.
46:12Meanwhile, the Russians were supposed to come from north and invade Istanbul.
46:15And then the Turkish existence in Europe would be exterminated.
46:20And Turks would have no lands in Europe at all.
46:23This was the idea in 1915.
46:24So then what about Turkish people? Where they go? Where they have a nation?
46:29Right. I mean, this was the heartlands, as well as the homelands.
46:34It was the heartlands of the Turkish Empire by this time.
46:37There was nowhere to run to, nowhere to hide.
46:40We'd rather die here in the battlefield rather than see this.
46:43So it was homeland, of course.
46:46For the Allies, Britain, Australia, New Zealand, we remember this battle for the huge loss of life.
46:50But equally, on the Turkish side, there was also many, many casualties.
46:5557th Regiment, for example, joined the fighting.
46:59Turkish regiments at that time had nearly 3,000 men.
47:03And only dozens arrived from this regiment.
47:06The distance between trenches is eight yards, that is certain.
47:09Eight yards? Eight yards.
47:11And men in the first row die.
47:13And then men behind in the second row know they will replace them in a few minutes and they will die.
47:18And knowing this, without any hesitation, without any orders, they move and they replace the first line which was wiped out already.
47:26It was the spirit of the Turkish army which saved the country, motherland for us.
47:31And that was a very important, significant thing.
47:34Well, you built a fantastic memorial to all these dead.
47:37A lot of Turks visit this memorial and try to find their relatives.
47:42My family lost two members.
47:44My great uncle died here.
47:46My grandmother used to say, when he was called to join the army, he said, before leaving home, if I go to Gallipoli, don't expect me anymore.
47:56A month later, army sent a report to the village, he was killed here.
47:59In war, everybody suffered. We know this, definitely.
48:04We welcome people and we think there's no point in keeping hatred or animosity anymore.
48:12And we see this as a place of reconciliation. Gallipoli should be a place of peace, not war anymore.
48:19By the end of the Gallipoli campaign, there were a hundred thousand dead.
48:30For the Allies, it was a military disaster.
48:34For the Ottoman Empire, which was pretty much on its knees by this time, it was a last glorious victory.
48:40A shout of defiance.
48:42For the modern Republic of Turkey, Gallipoli is remembered as a moment of nationhood.
48:47A defence of the motherland, when all else was lost.
48:51Gallipoli can be all these things.
48:55When it comes to Gallipoli, the Turks are fighting for their own independence, in a sense, in the same way that the Bulgarians, the Serbs, the Montenegrins, the Greeks had.
49:08And they're, in a sense, the last country in the Ottoman Empire to declare independence.
49:20The Ottoman Turks may have won the battle for Gallipoli, but they were on the losing side of the war.
49:25And in the aftermath, they found themselves fighting for their very existence, as the map of Europe and the Middle East was redrawn.
49:33The Allied powers occupied Istanbul and carved up Ottoman lands in the Levant, Arabian Peninsula and Anatolia, reducing the empire to a small area within Anatolia.
49:46As for the Balkans, Serbia merged with Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia and Croatia to form the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
49:59In Central Europe, Hungary and Czechoslovakia became independent states.
50:03Under the leadership of army commander Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Turkish forces launched a war of liberation, regaining Anatolia and territory in south-eastern Europe corresponding to modern-day Turkey.
50:23By November 1922, Atatürk had dissolved the Ottoman Empire.
50:27The last sultan, Mehmed VI, was exiled and the Turkish Republic was born.
50:37Built on principles of democracy and secularism, it aimed in many respects to become the model of a modern European nation.
50:46After nearly six centuries, the Ottoman Empire was no more.
50:50But its legacy endures to this day, not just in Turkey, but throughout its former lands.
51:00The Ottomans ruled huge swathes of both the East and the West.
51:05So we cannot escape their influence today.
51:07It is all around us.
51:09A lot of the national boundaries that were created were created in reaction to the Ottoman Empire.
51:14It's a legacy that can be seen in a very positive light because it was an empire which lasted for centuries, that was multicultural, was successful.
51:25It proved that groups could live together, that is religious groups, Muslims, Christians, Jews.
51:31They certainly did enable some form of cultural cohabitation, if not mutual tolerance.
51:39And the creation of national states created the atmosphere in which cultural aggression could more easily take place.
51:47A huge area has been affected by that long engagement with this superpower that perhaps stopped the development of these countries.
51:54And when that was withdrawn, things have degenerated, you might say, in all kinds of ways.
52:03I think there are less legacies from the history of Ottoman incursions into Europe than there are legacies of European incursions into the Ottoman Empire.
52:11And if we have learnt anything from the history of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century, it is that you intervene in the Islamic world at your peril.
52:24Gallipoli, a narrow stretch of water separating Asia from continental Europe.
52:44This is where the Ottomans first crossed over into Europe and where they fought their last great battle against a European army.
52:51Five and a half centuries separate these two events which bookend the Ottoman engagement with Europe.
52:58This is a period of history which is often portrayed as a clash of civilizations.
53:04But the reality is much more complex than that.
53:07More a meeting of civilizations.
53:10A cross-cultural exchange of people, commodities, ideas, even religious precepts.
53:15One can no more take the Ottomans out of Europe than Europe out of the Ottomans.
53:20Theirs was a shared destiny.
53:22But it was a shared destiny.
53:23It was a shared destiny.
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