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00:30Hello, thank you, and welcome once again to Think of a Number.
00:34Do you ever watch television?
00:36Yes.
00:37Oh, yes, of course, you're watching now, aren't you, most of you at home?
00:39The thing is, do you ever see people talking like this?
00:42They're saying, hello, and welcome to my show.
00:45On the show this week, we have a lot of guest stars,
00:48who I'm sure you're all going to know, for instance,
00:50and they keep looking somewhere else and not looking at the camera.
00:53Have you ever noticed that?
00:54The reason they do that is because they haven't learnt their lines,
00:57and they have cards with their words written on,
00:59and the words and the cards are called Idiot Boards.
01:02And I thought, if they can have idiot boards, I'll have idiot boards.
01:05I'm a bit of a idiot, so over here, I've got my idiot boards.
01:09Can you hold them all up to tell us what this week's show is all about?
01:13If I can remember, yes.
01:14H, how divers get to the bottom of things.
01:18I, ice, the hard, cold facts.
01:22J, gym, another hard case.
01:24K, the kind of things that get you into deep water,
01:29like L, left bridge's barrel, and why he rolled it out.
01:33Or M, making a splash with soap bubbles.
01:37Then there's N, something nautical, but nice.
01:40And O, O, O, O, of course,
01:45the deep, dark secrets of the oceans,
01:48which goes to show that the programme is all about H2O.
01:54And H2O is the chemical term for water.
01:58So, what do you think of it so far?
02:02Rubbish!
02:03Rubbish?
02:04Water, cheek.
02:06Water isn't rubbish.
02:07Water is the most important thing there is.
02:10We ourselves are 90% water.
02:11In fact, if our skin wasn't waterproof,
02:13we'd all be puddles.
02:15The Earth couldn't even sustain life without the oceans.
02:19And we couldn't live without water to drink,
02:22or to use in industry,
02:24to drive things, cool things,
02:26or to wash with.
02:27I wash behind my ears religiously, every Sunday.
02:30Now, with all this water about,
02:33you'd think it might affect a few people.
02:35In fact, I think water's affected this chap reading the news.
02:41Oh, hello, hello, hello, hello, good tidings,
03:03and here's the news, or a watered-down version.
03:07Extreme high tides were reported today
03:09when the QE2 docked at Huddersfield.
03:12The captain said he wasn't worried about the stormy weather,
03:15as his ship was completely on sink.
03:20A brightened man, Mr Hugh Nutcase,
03:22has given up his attempt to cross the Atlantic Ocean on a plank,
03:25because he can't find a plank long enough.
03:27He says, so far, all he's been able to find
03:29is two short planks about as thick as himself.
03:32A major oil company has announced
03:34that they're giving up drilling for oil in the North Sea
03:36as it's becoming boring.
03:38They said that one of their men did strike oil last week
03:40when he stubbed his toe on a tin of sardines.
03:44A man caught smuggling dolphins into the country
03:47has admitted they were for illegal purposes.
03:50He was caught by the customs men
03:52when he tripped over his shrimp.
03:54In a statement later, he said,
03:55I'm always tripping over shrimps.
03:56I must be accident, prawn.
03:57And just a moment.
04:01News from our under-seas correspondent.
04:03He'd been around the globe, you know.
04:05Yes, news to say that scientists have managed
04:08to cross a black electric eel with a jellyfish,
04:11and they're now producing blackcurrant jelly.
04:13And finally, a survey has proved
04:16that one can tell a person's occupation
04:18by the way they swim.
04:19For instance, jungle explorers swim like this.
04:24Whereas bankers swim like this.
04:25Cricketers swim like this.
04:30And tailors swim like this.
04:33Very short, football supporters swim like this.
04:37And vicars learning to swim swim like this.
04:43And that's the end of the news,
04:44except to say that when I'm doing this job,
04:46I get a very sore throat and have to gargle,
04:48so I usually swim like this.
04:55He was a bit wet, wasn't he?
05:00Now, what's this?
05:02A trip round the world.
05:05This is the planet that we have called Earth.
05:08When you look at it, it's surprising
05:10that the light bits are land
05:12and the dark bits are ocean.
05:14So, it might almost have been better
05:17to have called it ocean.
05:1970% of the Earth's surface is covered in water
05:21at an average depth of 2.5 miles.
05:25Now, slowly but surely,
05:26we're using up the resources that you find on land,
05:29and we're having to look to the oceans for our resources.
05:32But they're all there.
05:34Nearly all the elements we require
05:35can be found in the seas in some form or another.
05:39However, it's been estimated
05:40there's 100 times more gold in the oceans
05:43than has ever been found on land.
05:45But before you all rush off to the seaside with your sieves,
05:48you've got to remember
05:49that only 0.0005 of an ounce,
05:54or about a penny's worth of gold,
05:56can be found in a million gallons of water.
05:59However, the oceans are very important,
06:02and we must explore them.
06:03But that's easier said than done.
06:06Have a look at the map.
06:06Over here, we've got Europe.
06:11Tiptoe through Turkey.
06:13Why don't slip in Greece?
06:15And over here, we come to Great Britain.
06:18It's quite small.
06:20The top, what, two-fifths or so is Scotland.
06:23And somewhere around here,
06:25there's a lake called Loch Ness.
06:28Now, with all the facilities and technology at man's disposal,
06:32we cannot be certain whether or not Loch Ness contains
06:37the legendary Loch Ness monster.
06:40So if we can't explore Loch Ness,
06:43what chance have we got exploring all the oceans?
06:46All the lakes and all the rivers
06:49and all the streams in the world
06:51together only make up
06:53one ten-thousandth of the water on Earth.
06:56I'll explain that a different way.
06:59There are 80 people here.
07:00Can you all stand up?
07:01Everybody stand up.
07:04Lovely.
07:05Are you all standing?
07:06Good, good.
07:07Now, you're all the water on Earth.
07:09And everybody at home is looking at you,
07:10so give a wave.
07:12Tidal wave.
07:13Lovely.
07:13Right.
07:15Now, you're all the water on Earth.
07:17But if we took away the oceans,
07:20we'd ask all you to sit down
07:22and all of you,
07:26all of you,
07:28except you,
07:30you,
07:32and a quarter of you.
07:34Now, all we've done is taken the oceans away.
07:36And this is all the water we've got left.
07:38Now, if we take the water that's locked up in the ice caps away,
07:42we would take the quarter of you
07:43and all of you
07:44and half of you.
07:47So, about halfway, that's right.
07:49Which half do you want us to have?
07:51Top.
07:52Top half.
07:53No, you have the top half.
07:54We'll have the bottom half.
07:55That's all the water we've got left.
07:57Nearly all of that bottom half of water.
07:59Sit down.
08:00Nearly all of that bottom half of this chap here
08:04is the water that is tied up in the rocks
08:07and the soil under the surface of the Earth.
08:10Nearly all of it.
08:11All except a few little bits.
08:14Take your shoes and socks off.
08:18Oh, these...
08:19Grand.
08:24De-socked and de-shoed.
08:27Now, all the water's gone now
08:29except ten little toes.
08:31Let's put them down.
08:33Now, four of these toes
08:35are all the water in the air
08:37and in the clouds around the Earth.
08:40And the other six toes
08:41are all the water
08:42in all the lakes,
08:44rivers,
08:45and streams
08:45in the world.
08:46That's just six toes
08:48out of 80 people.
08:50Put your shoes and socks back on.
08:52Wonderful feet.
08:54Congratulations.
08:54Now, from this small amount of water,
08:59we each take 30 gallons of water a day.
09:04So it's obvious we're going to be short of water.
09:06And some people are so worried
09:07that we're going to be short of water
09:08that they're already considering
09:09looking to the only other source
09:11of fresh water in the world,
09:13the polar ice caps.
09:15Four-fifths of the Earth's fresh water
09:39is locked up in the polar ice caps.
09:42The snow has fallen for thousands of years
09:45and there's been nobody to shift it.
09:48And every spring,
09:50great chunks break off
09:52and form icebergs,
09:54sometimes called
09:55the cathedrals of the sea.
10:05Some icebergs are absolutely enormous.
10:08In 1956, there was one 60 miles wide
10:12by 200 miles long,
10:14which is bigger than the country of Belgium.
10:17During the Second World War,
10:19somebody had an idea
10:20to hollow out the inside of icebergs
10:22and make aircraft carriers.
10:24But they found when they started
10:26that it would cost more
10:27than to actually make aircraft carriers.
10:29So they scrapped the idea.
10:32But in the Middle East,
10:33they're so short of water now
10:34that they're seriously considering
10:36dragging an iceberg
10:37from the Antarctic
10:39all the way to the Persian Gulf.
10:42They're looking for one
10:42about seven miles long
10:44by a mile and a half wide.
10:46And it should contain
10:47about 250,000 million cubic feet of ice.
10:54They drag it at about 20 miles a day.
10:57And when they got it there,
10:58half of it would have melted.
10:59But it'll still be worth a fortune.
11:03And they've already inquired
11:04about insuring it
11:05against hijack.
11:07Oh, now I know what frozen fish fingers
11:26feel like.
11:28Ah, there we are.
11:30Ice water.
11:31You can also try peeling onions.
11:33That doesn't make your ice water.
11:34Water comes in three types,
11:38three kinds of water.
11:39Ice, which is hard and cold as ice.
11:42Water, which is runny and watery.
11:48And steam, which is a gas, man.
11:51Water vapour, which rises
11:54and rises
11:55and rises
11:57until...
11:59It drops as rain.
12:04And in this case,
12:04it's polystyrene.
12:06Oh, I'm ever so sorry.
12:07Are you all right?
12:08Brush it off.
12:09It looks like a dandruff epidemic.
12:12Now, what happens when rain falls?
12:15Well, it breaks into pieces.
12:17It goes to pieces
12:17like they did then.
12:19Are you OK?
12:21It brushes off.
12:22The rain breaks up
12:23into small globules,
12:25little round pieces of rain.
12:26And they're round
12:27and held together
12:29by surface tension.
12:31And I'll try and show you
12:31some surface tension now.
12:33I've got a tissue,
12:35a piece of tissue
12:36and a pin.
12:38Put it in the water.
12:39Put it in the water.
12:56And the tissue is sunk
12:58and the pin is floating.
13:02Held on the surface
13:03by surface tension.
13:05Sort of a skin
13:05or a meniscus
13:07which is strong enough
13:08to hold up the pin.
13:10That's surface tension.
13:11And in soapy water,
13:13we've got another kind of tension.
13:15The tension that makes
13:16soap bubbles.
13:18Everybody blow bubbles!
13:20Lots of them.
13:21Waft them.
13:22Look at that!
13:25Hundreds of bubbles!
13:27But all those bubbles
13:28you can see
13:29are all round.
13:32I've got some frames here
13:34and a dustbin full
13:36of liquid
13:37to make some bubbles.
13:39Well that
13:42is a flat
13:43film.
13:45A flat surface.
13:46And as I wag it about,
13:48it wags.
13:50So all the time
13:51it's pulling
13:52pulling in
13:54trying to make itself
13:57flat
13:58to take out
13:58the smallest area.
14:02Blink!
14:04Now with two of these
14:05you can make
14:06unusual shapes.
14:09Bink!
14:26Now,
14:28one last go of that.
14:31See?
14:32As you move the frames
14:33the bubbles
14:36always try to take
14:36up the smallest area.
14:39This is called
14:40a tetrahedron.
14:43Watch what happens
14:44when I dip it in.
14:47What kind of bubbles
14:49do you think
14:49it'll make?
14:51Triangle.
14:53Triangles?
14:54On the surface?
14:55Oh, it has.
14:56No, it's not.
14:58No, it hasn't,
14:59you see.
15:01It hasn't just
15:02covered the surface.
15:02It's taken up
15:04the smallest area
15:04it possibly can.
15:05So the surfaces
15:06have been pulled
15:07into the centre
15:07and four lines
15:09all meet in the middle.
15:12Now if you dip it twice
15:13you get the same shape
15:20as the outside frame
15:22except that the walls
15:23are curved
15:24because all these surfaces
15:25are all pulling
15:26trying to take up
15:28the smallest area
15:28they can
15:29and the middle one
15:30is full of air
15:31so it can't take up
15:33a smaller surface.
15:43Now.
15:43Once you start
15:56playing with bubbles
15:56you can't really stop
15:57so everybody have a go.
15:59Go on, blow out some bubbles.
16:00Lots of bubbles.
16:12Can't get it on.
16:13Beautiful blue bubbles.
16:26Now it must have occurred
16:27to someone
16:28at some time
16:29that
16:30if you can make a bubble
16:31big enough
16:32and strong enough
16:33to put a man inside
16:35it might be the ideal thing
16:37for exploring
16:38the bed
16:40of the ocean.
16:43and I've got
16:44not a bubble here
16:45but a barrel
16:47that was built
16:48by John Lethbridge
16:50in 1715
16:52so that he could
16:53dive beneath the sea.
16:54It's got a port hole.
16:56It doesn't have port in it.
16:57This end
16:57it's got a hole
16:58for a man to get in.
16:59It's a manhole
17:00so we need a man.
17:01Can you come and help?
17:02Lovely.
17:03Now can you climb in?
17:05It's not a cannon.
17:06Don't worry
17:06it looks a bit like one
17:07but it's not
17:08and put your arms
17:09that's right
17:10you've got it
17:10straight away
17:11that's it
17:11put your arms through there
17:12it's like milking a cow this
17:13now Lethbridge's arms
17:16were clamped there
17:18so that the water
17:19didn't get in
17:20and there was a port hole
17:21for him to look through
17:22and he could actually work
17:23on wrecks under the sea
17:25and he dived
17:26to a depth
17:26of
17:27can I have my rope?
17:29A depth of 12 fathoms
17:30now a fathom
17:31is measured
17:32like that
17:33see
17:34which is 6 feet
17:34and that's why
17:36water is measured
17:37in fathoms
17:37because it's so easy
17:38to measure fathoms
17:40when you pull the rope
17:41out of the water
17:42three fathoms
17:43water fathoms
17:44and so on
17:44now the records say
17:46that Lethbridge
17:46dived for 34 minutes
17:48but it's almost certain
17:50that that's incorrect
17:51and what they meant
17:52was he actually dived
17:53for between
17:533 to 4 minutes
17:55because after that
17:55I'm sure he'd get a bit fed up
17:57are you fed up?
17:59no
17:59oh good
18:00well it'll have to come out
18:00because we've got
18:01lots to get through
18:02come on then
18:03would you dive in it
18:05do you think?
18:05under the water?
18:06no neither would I
18:07thanks a lot
18:08you see the problems
18:11with diving
18:11beneath the surface
18:12of the sea
18:13is that for every
18:1410 metres
18:14or 30 feet
18:16the pressure
18:17of the water
18:18increases
18:18by one atmosphere
18:19so at 300 feet
18:21the pressure
18:22of the water
18:22pressing it all around
18:23is 10 times greater
18:24than it is
18:25at the surface
18:26have a look at this
18:27this equipment
18:37is to show
18:39the problems
18:40a diver has to conquer
18:41diving beneath the sea
18:43this tube
18:45brings the air
18:47down
18:47and into his helmet
18:48and into his suit
18:49and it's adjusted
18:51from the surface
18:52because the pressure
18:53that's needed
18:54varies according to
18:55the depth he's diving
18:56and on his helmet
18:57he's got a fine tuning
18:59so that he can make
19:00himself absolutely
19:01comfortable
19:01now
19:03what happens
19:04if the diver
19:05gets too much air
19:06now let's see
19:09he's giving him
19:11more air than he needs
19:12now
19:12and he's beginning
19:14to blow up
19:15like a balloon
19:16and he's getting
19:18fatter and fatter
19:19as the pressure
19:20inside increases
19:21and now he rushes
19:22to the surface
19:22and as he rushes up
19:24the pressure
19:25of the water
19:26decreases all the time
19:27and eventually
19:28he blows up so much
19:29he probably bursts
19:30that's getting back
19:30to normal
19:31quick quick
19:31there he is
19:37breathing again
19:39now
19:41similarly
19:42what would happen
19:42if the air was cut off
19:44or escaped from the suit
19:46well let's see
19:48his air's cut off now
19:52and the pressure
19:53of the water
19:54is pushing me in
19:55and pushing in
19:55oh it's getting thinner
19:57and thinner
19:57and it's collapsing
19:58oh
19:59he's disappearing
20:00inside his helmet
20:01quick give him some air
20:02poor chap
20:04oh he's blowing up again
20:07oh thank goodness
20:11there he's all right
20:13pressure must be kept
20:16absolutely constant
20:17and correct
20:18the health
20:19of the diver
20:20there's another way
20:22of exploring the bottom
20:23of the sea
20:23and that's to have a suit
20:24that itself
20:25absorbs the pressure
20:26of the water
20:27so that the diver
20:28himself
20:28acts and works
20:30as he normally would
20:31at the surface
20:32and here is such a suit
20:34his name's Jim
20:43say hello Jim
20:44hello Jim
20:46and there he is
20:47he carries his oxygen
20:49on his back
20:50he doesn't get it from a pipe
20:51it's all there
20:51with him
20:52he hasn't got four heads
20:53he's got four windows
20:55so they can look around
20:56and Jim
20:57is a one atmosphere suit
20:59just as the left bridge barrel was
21:00which means
21:02that the man inside
21:03feels
21:04just as he normally would
21:05at the surface
21:06he breathes
21:07and he can act
21:08just the same
21:08but the suit
21:09is incredibly strong
21:11to take the enormous
21:12pressure of the water
21:13pushing in from all sides
21:15with a man inside
21:16he weighs just under
21:18half a ton
21:18but he can actually perform
21:20forward somersaults
21:21and backward somersaults
21:23and if he falls down
21:24anyway
21:24he can pick himself up
21:26and the very latest Jim
21:28are fitted
21:29with two propellers
21:30so he's completely
21:32manoeuvrable
21:32and it's thanks to Jim
21:34and suits like this
21:36that slowly but surely
21:37man is able
21:39to explore
21:40and exploit
21:41more and more
21:42the unfathomable
21:43depths
21:44of the ocean
21:45so let's now
21:48have an unfathomable trick
21:49who'd like to do the trick
21:51somebody here
21:53you're nearest
21:53so you come and do it
21:54three watery objects
21:56one fish
21:57one duck
21:58one bar of soap
21:59that's never seen water
22:00never mind
22:01I'm going to turn my back
22:02and I want you to swap
22:04two over
22:05like this
22:05see
22:06or like that
22:08or like that
22:09but every time you do it
22:10you shout the numbers
22:11so you'll go
22:12two and three
22:13one and two
22:15one and three
22:17and so on
22:19and do it
22:19six times
22:20okay
22:21and then stop
22:22alright
22:23shout the numbers out clearly
22:24so I can hear
22:24ready go
22:26one and three
22:27one and two
22:30two and three
22:38one and two
22:43two and three
22:46one more
22:51one and two
22:53one and two
22:54right stop there
22:55now what I want you to do now
22:56is
22:57change two over
22:58but don't tell me which two
23:00have you done that
23:06yeah
23:07right
23:08and I'll tell you which two
23:09you changed
23:11you changed
23:12the soap and the duck
23:15yes
23:16amazing
23:17round of applause
23:19it really isn't all that amazing
23:26if you know how
23:27and if you'd like to know
23:28how that trick's done
23:29drop us a line
23:30think of a number
23:30BBC television
23:31London
23:32W12
23:33we'll be back next week
23:34but until then
23:35if you're feeling
23:36one degree under
23:37think of poor old Jim
23:38he could be 1400 feet under
23:40see ya
23:41I don't know
23:50come and leave
23:50the rocks me a line
23:52good bye
23:53thank you
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