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Escape from Extinction (2021) is an inspiring documentary that explores the global effort to protect endangered animals and preserve the planet’s natural beauty. Narrated with compassion and insight, the film showcases how conservationists, scientists, and communities are working together to ensure a brighter future for wildlife. Through breathtaking visuals and uplifting storytelling, Escape from Extinction (2021) reminds us of the importance of compassion, awareness, and collective action to protect life on Earth.
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Escape from Extinction, Escape from Extinction 2021, Escape from Extinction movie, Escape from Extinction film, Escape from Extinction full movie, 2021 documentary, wildlife documentary, nature film, animal conservation, inspiring documentary, environmental film, uplifting movie, educational film, planet earth, conservation story, global awareness, emotional storytelling, lifetime documentary, inspiring story, human spirit, environmental awareness, wildlife protection, nature preservation, powerful documentary, heartwarming film, 2021 lifetime movie, inspiring journey
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00:07:06In the fight to save those animals on the edge of existence, we already have crucial allies
00:07:12on our side, zoos and aquariums.
00:07:19Once synonymous with exhibition and entertainment, modern zoological facilities are leaders in
00:07:26the fight against mass extinction.
00:07:28extinction is a natural process, we have intervened to such an extent that there's no possibility of natural selection anymore because that takes time and there's no opportunity
00:07:49for that adaptation to that adaptation to take place for that adaptation to the target that we're in the other half of the planet.
00:07:55And so it's the human intervention that makes this a completely different situation than anything that the planet's ever experienced.
00:08:02man-made extinctions are happening every day we have to stop it as human beings we just got to
00:08:12stop it what zoos have become now are tools for conservation an accredited zoo is a zoo that is
00:08:18dedicated to saving endangered species
00:08:21the animals are in trouble because of things that we did to them we destroyed their habitat
00:08:32we've removed their prey so we could just leave them alone if we're willing to lose them
00:08:35for people working in conservation that's not an option we have to step in protect them from the
00:08:42threats they're facing increase the numbers and get them back to a healthy level so they can be
00:08:47on their own again if we don't do something to bring them into a rescue situation and into a
00:08:59conservation breeding effort we know that they're just going to disappear forever
00:09:02zoos have an important role to play in these recoveries because the methods that we use
00:09:25to grow a species are things that very often are designed or created in zoos
00:09:29once numbering in the millions there are only about 6,000 gray wolves left in the continental
00:09:40united states in the 19th and 20th centuries the wolves were hunted nearly to extinction
00:09:48in government-sponsored poison and trapping campaigns in yellowstone national park the last wild wolf pack
00:09:59was killed in 1926 for the next 70 years yellowstone's top predator was effectively extinct inside the park
00:10:12it was only through human managed breeding and reintroduction programs that we were able to rescue them from the brink
00:10:19the yellowstone wolves are an example of a keystone species a species with an outsized effect on many others in its ecosystem
00:10:34the disappearance of wolves in yellowstone triggered a trophic cascade
00:10:41the disappearance of wolves in yellowstone triggered a trophic cascade
00:10:57elk populations swelled and they overgrazed on trees and plants fewer trees led to increased soil erosion and attracted fewer beavers
00:11:17without the beavers to create natural dams there were fewer fish in the rivers
00:11:23even the micro organisms that depend on the fish were affected
00:11:33when the wolves were returned the effects were dramatic
00:11:40elk stopped overgrazing and trees grew back inviting more birds and more beavers
00:11:46the beavers built new dams spawning new pools which attracted more otters muskrats
00:11:53reptiles and fish the wolves also killed coyotes fewer coyotes meant more rabbits and mice
00:12:00which led to more foxes weasels badgers hawks and even bald eagles
00:12:05the wolves restored the balance of an entire ecosystem
00:12:20the balance of an entire ecosystem.
00:12:38What we learn in the zoo is now really becoming
00:12:40practical conservation in the field as well.
00:12:43How to do small population management.
00:12:45Well, wolves are highly social.
00:12:47They live within family packs.
00:12:48So if we just took an adult wolf and released in the wild,
00:12:51it wouldn't know the area,
00:12:52it wouldn't know the other wolves.
00:12:53It would be in trouble.
00:12:54The two strategies that have been used
00:12:55to get wolves back into the wild
00:12:57are either to release a whole family together,
00:12:59so at least they have each other to depend on,
00:13:01or even better, take pups from the zoo population
00:13:04and put them into a litter in the wild.
00:13:06Then they grow up in that family.
00:13:08They know the environment.
00:13:09They know the other animals.
00:13:10And a highly social species, such as a wolf,
00:13:12you need to use that kind of a trick.
00:13:13That whole process is called cross-paw stream.
00:13:18Some pups that were born at Brookfield Zoo
00:13:32were moved down to Arizona to be put into a pack
00:13:35where there was a newborn litter of pups.
00:13:37And then some of those pups from the wild
00:13:38were brought back to Brookfield to be added
00:13:40to the litter back at the zoo.
00:13:41The moms are perfectly happy to accept the new pups
00:13:44into their family, which is convenient for us,
00:13:46because it allows us to give them better genetic diversity.
00:13:53When the populations have very few choices for mates,
00:13:56they end up having to mate with, say, cousins,
00:13:58past siblings, and that causes genetic defects.
00:14:01When they started the aggressive program
00:14:02for the Mexican wolf, they were down to just seven wolves
00:14:05that were already in protective care.
00:14:25There are lots of positive, encouraging conservation outcomes.
00:14:28But when you see it all scale up, the sheer range of species
00:14:31needing their help, you'll realize how big that problem is.
00:14:38We focus a lot of urgency in conservation.
00:14:40And the kinds of indicators of urgency that we use are things
00:14:44like, for example, the red list of threatened species of IUCN
00:14:47continues to grow.
00:14:48The red list of the three daughters of our clan
00:15:06is the largest number of men in the home.
00:15:09It's not that the one is not that the two are the ones that
00:15:11we use with the two are the two.
00:15:13It's a huge number of men.
00:15:15We're adding threatened species at a much higher rate than against the historical evolutionary background.
00:15:25It might be that there's lots more species for us to find, but if we destroy those habitats, we're never going to be able to find them.
00:15:45So the best time to act would be when there are still hundreds or thousands in the wild, but you know that they're in trouble, and not wait until you're down to the last few animals.
00:16:07Blackfooted ferrets is another example where we let it go too long.
00:16:11We let the population crash down to the last handful of individuals, and that meant we needed a massive protection program.
00:16:22The blackfooted ferret was thought to be extinct by 1979, after ranchers had wiped out their main prey, the prairie dog.
00:16:31But in 1981, a Wyoming rancher's dog found several ferrets living on his property.
00:16:38Suddenly, there was an opportunity to save a species thought erased.
00:16:52American zoos have committed millions of dollars to saving the blackfooted ferrets.
00:16:58They had been released back into the wild.
00:17:01The problems they faced, however, are still there.
00:17:04And those problems include decimated prairie dog populations, and their primary prey are prairie dogs, but also diseases.
00:17:13The protected population that we're breeding has to be maintained until we can get the numbers up high enough in the wild,
00:17:19so that even if a local disease decimates a population in one area, others can then move in and repopulate that area.
00:17:26We know how to save nature.
00:17:30And if you look at the world of threatened species, and species that have recovered from extinction,
00:17:35you can see that we have the tools, we have the knowledge, we have the experience.
00:17:39Some species have gone from one breeding pair, two breeding pairs, left in the wild, to now be hundreds or thousands of individuals.
00:17:45And there are many examples of these where you get the right experts together, sufficient resources,
00:17:50resources, and they can turn around the situation, we can save species from extinction, we know how to do it, we just have to do more of it.
00:17:56The zoos and aquariums are our most crucial partners in the war against mass extinction.
00:18:16They're actually on the front lines, saving species, providing and funding conservation programs around the world,
00:18:22and, importantly, rehabilitating many animals and re-releasing them back into the wild.
00:18:39Even as more zoological facilities increase their conservation efforts, skeptics still remain.
00:18:45Now another bigger question is taking center stage. Should we even have zoos to begin with?
00:18:50A group of animal rights activists lined up outside as well, calling for a boycott.
00:18:54Animals deserve better. They deserve better than to be put on display for our entertainment.
00:19:01A number of people do say we should just leave them alone and sort of let nature take its course,
00:19:04but it's not nature taking its course. It's we killed them.
00:19:11Visitors heading into SeaWorld were greeted by loud protesters today.
00:19:14It was part of a worldwide rally where animal activists called for the release of all mammals living in captivity.
00:19:21Don't go to SeaWorld!
00:19:23There are a lot of people who are talking about zoos and using examples from 30, 35 years ago.
00:19:31We're in this industry because we're passionate about animals,
00:19:34and we wouldn't stay in the industry if it wouldn't be willing to grow with that.
00:19:38This morning, SeaWorld announced that orcas currently in our care will be the last generation of orcas at SeaWorld.
00:19:44For some animal rights protesters, that change was not enough.
00:19:48These animals live in the sea. That's where they're from. That's where they belong.
00:19:51I don't actually believe that zoos should exist at all.
00:19:57Boycotting zoos in a blanket way hurts because there are a lot of zoos that are doing a lot of good work
00:20:03in their local communities for their local wildlife and worldwide.
00:20:06And so by indiscriminate boycotting, you're harming a lot of good work.
00:20:12We have to get our priorities straight in the conversation.
00:20:15There's a talk right now about whether zoos and aquariums should exist.
00:20:18But in fact, they're our arc against the sixth extinction.
00:20:21We really need to make a differentiation between accredited zoos
00:20:32and those that are not.
00:20:40I think like any business, there are bad players. There are bad zoos.
00:20:44There are what we call roadside zoos. There are bad zoos and aquariums that actually should be shut down.
00:20:49Zoos that are not accredited should not be visited. It's just as simple as that.
00:20:54American Humane saw an opportunity to improve and evolve existing industry certification programs.
00:21:00And we created the American Humane Certified Program for zoos and aquariums.
00:21:04It's an evolution on existing accreditation standards.
00:21:07Global Humane is the only third party accrediting body.
00:21:11So they go to zoos and aquariums around the world
00:21:14and they look at the status of the welfare of those species.
00:21:17And only institutions that measure up actually become accredited.
00:21:24Often the thing with zoos is you always aspire to be the best,
00:21:27but you often end up being judged by the worst.
00:21:30My name's Joe Exotic and this is Sarge.
00:21:32There's a wonderful range of excellent institutions doing incredible work,
00:21:36both for helping to conserve species in their breeding programs
00:21:40and to inspire educational awareness,
00:21:42but also to contribute field conservation support.
00:21:51They do so much more than just inside their doors.
00:21:56So much research around the world is funded by zoos and aquariums.
00:21:59A lot of people think that the ticket they buy to the zoo
00:22:12just goes to the running, operational running of the zoo.
00:22:15Zoos are involved with a lot of conservation projects in the field
00:22:18and they either provide financial help,
00:22:20but more and more actually they provide the skills and the staff
00:22:23and your money contributes to all of that.
00:22:31When you boycott a good zoo and aquarium,
00:22:33you're actually impacting conservation projects around the world.
00:22:35You're not just impacting your local hometown zoo,
00:22:38you may be actually impacting the ability to save an entire species
00:22:41in another continent.
00:22:42Wildlife experts believe that some activists
00:22:56misunderstand or misrepresent the conservation role played by modern zoos.
00:23:02SeaWorld paints their wells because they have so much fungus
00:23:05and rakes and nasty marks from being in captivity.
00:23:08Wow, I didn't know that. They paint their wells?
00:23:11Yes.
00:23:12Can you tell us where you get your research from?
00:23:14Uh...
00:23:14Maybe you weren't inspired,
00:23:15but what do you say to the kids that were inspired by SeaWorld
00:23:19and have grown up to, like, care for the environment?
00:23:21Well, I did learn to care for the environment,
00:23:24but I don't want to scratch that.
00:23:28It hurts me that some people actually boycott zoos
00:23:31because there's many, many very good zoos
00:23:33and we really need to support good zoos
00:23:35because they do amazing work for conservation.
00:23:37Those animal extremists are sitting on the sidelines.
00:23:39They're not even in the game.
00:23:42Only in the sheriff's area.
00:23:44Zoos receive,
00:23:45I think if I'm not mistaken,
00:23:47something on the order of 800 million visitors per year.
00:23:56And they also invest hundreds of millions of dollars
00:23:59in conservation in the wild.
00:24:00So what you see at a zoo is just part of the picture.
00:24:04There are many other things going on behind the scenes.
00:24:13So the Sumatron rhino is one of the most
00:24:14threatening species in the world,
00:24:16and it is reduced to very small, isolated populations.
00:24:26What we're doing with this project,
00:24:28the Sumatron Rhino Rescue, is to identify
00:24:31some of these individuals that exist in populations
00:24:34of one or two in very small pockets of forest
00:24:36and put them into human care, they can reproduce
00:24:39and create a population of about 30 rhinos,
00:24:42which are the minimum that we think
00:24:43that are necessary to reintroduce them to the wild.
00:24:45And if we were to just let the rhino go and not intervene,
00:24:49most likely it would be extinct within a few years.
00:24:52It requires lots of expertise,
00:24:53and the zoos and the people in the zoo world,
00:24:55much of this expertise has been developed there.
00:24:58Is that normal imagining, in other words?
00:25:02Is it adding more things?
00:25:03It's all poignant and jagged.
00:25:05If you feel her jaw, that tooth is sticking out right here.
00:25:14The level of professional expertise and training and science
00:25:18and stewardship that is happening in all of these institutions
00:25:21is remarkable.
00:25:24It's actually boots on the ground working today to care for animals
00:25:30and to extend the care of our animals to animals in the wild.
00:25:33I've spent a lot of my career in rescue and rehab,
00:25:37and when I'm, you know, 3 a.m. on a holiday,
00:25:41neck deep in freezing cold water helping a stranded animal,
00:25:44the person next to me is somebody from a zoo or an aquarium.
00:25:48Oh my gosh, it's in there.
00:25:50I just don't want it to, oh my gosh.
00:25:53I'm sorry, big girl.
00:25:55Okay.
00:25:56You're doing good, right, girl?
00:25:58Oh my gosh.
00:25:59I think I feel awesome.
00:26:01I mean, this is the whole reason I wanted to be a wildlife veterinarian,
00:26:04is helping animals out, especially those ones affected by us, right?
00:26:07So, oh my gosh, it feels really good.
00:26:09My heart's kind of going, that was good.
00:26:11A lot of people think that whales and dolphins living in the ocean
00:26:32have a pretty easygoing existence,
00:26:34but the bottom line is we've created so many problems for them
00:26:37as a species, humans have,
00:26:39that we're seeing significant declines in the populations of wild dolphins and whales.
00:26:44Everything that we do as a growing species on our planet
00:26:48has implications for the ocean and for the animals that live in the ocean.
00:27:05The Baiji, a freshwater dolphin,
00:27:08once roamed the Yangtze River.
00:27:18Their population declined drastically as China industrialized.
00:27:25In the 1950s, the Baiji population was estimated as 6,000 individuals.
00:27:31By 1997, fewer than 50 remained.
00:27:41By the time a conservation plan was approved by the Chinese government in 2001,
00:27:47it was already too late.
00:27:49The Baiji was the first documented extinction of a large marine mammal in over 50 years.
00:27:56the 21st century.
00:28:00If humans had acted sooner,
00:28:01a cetacean breeding program aided by the work of scientists at leading aquariums
00:28:07may have saved the Baiji.
00:28:12Some protesters have successfully pressured tourism providers and governments
00:28:17to cut ties with zoological facilities that breed cetaceans.
00:28:41There are so many ways that knowledge we gain of animals and human care
00:28:46and zoos and aquariums contribute to their preservation in the wild.
00:28:48It's impossible, really almost impossible to list or itemize that.
00:29:00We know so much from learning how to care for animals and human care
00:29:04that translates to understanding those animals in wild habitats.
00:29:10To breeding experts, this move was contradictory.
00:29:14Observation and study in controlled habitats is crucial to saving cetaceans in the wild.
00:29:20Why create new obstacles to protect cetaceans when so many are in dire need of help?
00:29:26The Chinese White Dolphin is beloved by the people of Hong Kong
00:29:33for their friendly disposition and unique pink color.
00:29:39Pollution and boat traffic have reduced their numbers to critical levels in Hong Kong's Pearl River estuary.
00:29:47This time, the government has stepped in and created new marine reserves to safeguard the dolphin.
00:29:53There is still hope for the Chinese White Dolphin, but threats to cetaceans and all marine life continue to multiply.
00:30:08Boat traffic, shipping traffic, not just hitting whales and dolphins with their propellers and killing them,
00:30:27but the noise they make, interfering with their ability to find the food that really isn't there anymore.
00:30:41Noise pollution from commercial shipping, oil and gas drilling and military sonar is another danger to marine habitats.
00:30:49Whales and dolphins rely on sound to communicate and hunt.
00:30:57Environmental noise greatly reduces their range of hearing.
00:31:01But there's another threat to ocean life that's harder to measure.
00:31:05There's a lot of disinformation, there's misinformation and there's deliberate misinformation.
00:31:14Shark attack numbers reach an all-time high.
00:31:19They're attacking humans more than ever before.
00:31:26Millions of sharks are killed a year. We shouldn't be afraid of them.
00:31:28We should find the right place and the right way to take care of them and let them live.
00:31:32It's just devastating to think that we don't take care of the animals that we're afraid of.
00:31:44Sharks are universally feared.
00:31:50Bees, ants, dogs, horses and jellyfish each kill more humans every year than sharks do.
00:32:02Fear persists, in spite of the facts.
00:32:06As a result, sharks are more vulnerable than ever.
00:32:19Humans have proven to be much more lethal for sharks than vice versa.
00:32:24Shark finning presents the most immediate threat to sharks today.
00:32:32Shark fins are typically removed while the shark is still alive.
00:32:39To be used in soup or traditional Chinese medicine.
00:32:42The finless shark is then discarded to slowly suffer a barbaric death.
00:32:47The loss of sharks has dire consequences on the ocean's ecosystem.
00:33:01Much like the wolves of Yellowstone, sharks are a keystone species affecting every part of the ocean around them.
00:33:09The shark's plight does not generate the same level of empathy as other animals, despite their ecological importance.
00:33:32Most of us will never see a wild shark in our lifetime, and yet we are instinctively afraid.
00:33:46Decades of misinformation have defined the human shark relationship.
00:33:51Depictions of hunting sharks are typically presented with a dark, ominous tone.
00:33:56Depictions of hunting dolphins tend to be playful and upbeat, yet both species are top predators.
00:34:13They call him flipper, flipper, faster than lightning.
00:34:18It's movies like Jaws that have scared a generation of people, especially younger children,
00:34:22about the shark and how ugly and dangerous and, you know, it's a menace.
00:34:37When our decisions about animals become driven by a cauldron of emotion,
00:34:43we oftentimes do more damage than good.
00:34:46I'm Kristen Ritter for PETA.
00:34:48We are doing a campaign to raise awareness about orcas being trapped in captivity.
00:34:54Words have power.
00:34:55These words like captivity, they force us to think that there's something evil happening here when there's not.
00:35:01So we don't tell people that I have a golden retriever in captivity,
00:35:05because we don't think about it that way.
00:35:06We think about it from a language of love.
00:35:08A big misconception is that animals in zoos aren't loved.
00:35:17In all the zoo environments I've worked in over my career, I cannot think of an environment that is more loving,
00:35:24that is a better example of human-animal bond and relationship than the zoos and aquariums that I've worked at.
00:35:30We know the difference between happy vocal or when something's happening.
00:35:35We don't just train behaviors.
00:35:38We rub them down.
00:35:39They love being rubbed down.
00:35:40We play with them.
00:35:41We can tell these animals are happy.
00:36:02Anti-zoo disinformation revolves around inflammatory language and factually questionable claims.
00:36:09Phrases like animal prison or slavery imply that animals in zoos and aquariums are abused or otherwise mistreated.
00:36:21Protesters have especially focused on cetaceans,
00:36:24claiming they can simply be removed from human care and deposited into wild habitats.
00:36:30Empty the tanks for so many animals is a death sentence.
00:36:32We're talking about killing these animals that have been raised in human care.
00:36:35Keiko, the orca whale known to millions as the star of the Free Willy movies is dead.
00:36:49He was released before he was really able to catch his own food.
00:36:53His name is Keiko, but millions know him as the star of the hit movie, Free Willy.
00:37:02It was a grand experiment.
00:37:04The release of a captive killer whale taken home to Iceland after so many years in an aquarium.
00:37:13The greatest adventure of the summer.
00:37:15The Keiko project started after the movie Free Willy came out.
00:37:19So a lot of public opinion and of course organizations that had the idea that
00:37:23they wanted to show the world that a whale under human care could be released.
00:37:29The success of Free Willy in 1993 made Keiko into a global icon.
00:37:39Activists launched a campaign to return him to the wild.
00:37:43The movement was soon incorporated into the marketing for the Free Willy sequel.
00:37:51You can order the Keiko adoption kit and become part of Keiko's family.
00:37:54There's stickers and even a Free Willy poster.
00:37:56There's also an amulet to keep you connected with Keiko.
00:37:58Generally the idea that the group had was that once Keiko was in native waters,
00:38:04he would remember what he needed to survive and swim off into the sunset.
00:38:08That didn't happen.
00:38:09In a way they somewhat panicked and brought in people that had worked with killer whales,
00:38:13myself included.
00:38:19We started systematically working on a rehabilitation program.
00:38:24Reintroduction is not easy. Reintroduction is a very complex process.
00:38:29It's not just releasing animals back to the wall.
00:38:32Keiko was not a good candidate for release by many different measures.
00:38:35First of all, he'd been in it with his human foster family for his entire adult life.
00:38:39He was never in the wild long enough to acquire survival skills.
00:38:43Most North Atlantic killer whales use complex behaviors to herd and stun their prey.
00:38:48Things about which Keiko doesn't have a clue.
00:38:51Part of their survival is based on the highly social animal that they are.
00:39:00Dolphins and whales, once they've learned where their food comes from,
00:39:04and learned to live with people who provide care for them,
00:39:06they don't generally go back and operate on instinct.
00:39:09We've seen in a very short time span that a dolphin that knows it's being fed by a person,
00:39:14once it learns that, it never forgets it.
00:39:18It would be like you raise a puppy from its earliest days at your house,
00:39:22and then you take it out into the woods and you let it go and you say,
00:39:25there you go, go fend for yourself.
00:39:27From Keiko's perspective, he was simply being deprived of everything he'd ever known.
00:39:34He's going to seek out that which is familiar, and not only familiar, but that which is positive,
00:39:40and that's his relationship with humans.
00:39:42Keiko was so attached to people, he looked for a fisherman boat,
00:39:45and he approached the fisherman boat to ask for food.
00:39:47He was never documented as eating live fish, ever, not once.
00:39:51There was never any evidence, any sighting of it. We had tried many different ways.
00:39:55Keiko suffered a very long, drawn-out death.
00:40:00The ideology that human relationship with animals is criminal, somehow,
00:40:06is what killed Keiko unnecessarily and horribly.
00:40:09Keiko was murdered.
00:40:25Reintroduction is important. This is an important part of wildlife and zoological management.
00:40:34It would be wonderful if we could release every animal back into the wild.
00:40:37This is something that I guess activists would like us to do,
00:40:40open our cages and let animals run free.
00:40:45It takes quite a bit of effort to retrain them to actually survive in the wild.
00:40:50We have to be very careful. There's very good guidelines.
00:40:53They are put together by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, which we all follow.
00:40:57And if all the boxes are ticked, then, of course, we will release them back into the wild.
00:41:10It has never been done with killer whales.
00:41:12If it ever is done successfully, it will be done by those who understand what it requires,
00:41:18like our top zoological parks.
00:41:32Right now, we maintain more than 350 species and subspecies of parod.
00:41:36It's the biggest genetic receive over the world.
00:41:38In the movie Rio, one parrot was very well known, the Spix Macao.
00:41:44Blue is the last male of his kind.
00:41:46I have a kind?
00:41:47The Spix Macao is extinct in the nature right now.
00:41:54We have bred with success in five occasions and we return all these animals to Brazil.
00:42:06The Spix Macao.
00:42:11Sometimes people think that it's just easy to release the animals.
00:42:14So why would we just release them straight away?
00:42:17But first, we must understand the threats that make that species threatened.
00:42:25We have to restore the habitat and the conditions before releasing the animals.
00:42:29We connected different forests and the animals have more habitat for living.
00:42:45Reforestation is also a powerful tool to fight climate change.
00:42:49Trees absorb greenhouse gases from the atmosphere, offsetting emissions from human sources like
00:42:58transportation and industry.
00:43:02The abundance of vegetation is essential for animals like parrots that depend on a robust forest.
00:43:08We work in Bolivia with the blue-throughted Macao, the people there using the feathers for making hats.
00:43:17And we make workshops with the people and we show how they can use artificial feathers.
00:43:23It's an alternative for the natural feathers.
00:43:26Laura Park has saved 10 species of parrots from extinction.
00:43:46Laura Park has saved 10 species of parrots from extinction.
00:44:04On the other side of the world, a very different creature is benefiting from radical human-led breeding innovations.
00:44:11The kakapo.
00:44:14The only flightless parrot in the world, the kakapo were once widespread in their native New Zealand.
00:44:22Like the dodo centuries ago, the kakapo's inability to fly left it vulnerable to invasive species.
00:44:30By the 1970s, their numbers were estimated at fewer than 50.
00:44:36A huge and growing pressure to wildlife is the moving of species around the world.
00:44:40The real problem with invasive species today is that when they get into environments where the
00:44:45animals or the plants that have no history of having to deal with those kind of animals,
00:44:49they're often very vulnerable and they will be predated on, they will be outcompeted.
00:44:53And that's all due to us moving our materials around or whatever it is.
00:44:57So when these species are moving around, they can just destroy those natural systems.
00:45:05Responding to that kind of problem, it needs collaborative efforts, all kinds of different skills.
00:45:09Sometimes it often needs a rescue role that things like a zoo can provide.
00:45:16Repopulating the kakapo is complex.
00:45:19They only breed every two to four years.
00:45:22When they do mate, less than half of the eggs are fertile, most likely due to inbreeding.
00:45:28Repopulating the kakapo eggs are fertile.
00:45:31To maximise the number of viable eggs, scientists embraced a 21st century tool.
00:45:373D printed eggs.
00:45:41Flightless birds build their nests on the ground, leaving their eggs vulnerable to predators.
00:45:49To prevent them from becoming prey before they can even hatch,
00:45:53fertile kakapo eggs are removed from their nests to be incubated under human supervision.
00:46:02The mother is then given 3D printed smart eggs that move and make noise, just like real eggs.
00:46:09This allows for her maternal instincts to remain undisturbed throughout the process.
00:46:14After the real chicks hatch in protected care, they are returned to their mother's nest.
00:46:30Without question, we're experiencing a planetary crisis.
00:46:35One million of the eight million species on the planet are threatened with extinction.
00:46:44One million of the eight million species on the planet are threatened with extinction.
00:46:53Pangolins are shy, solitary and nocturnal.
00:46:57Much about them is still unknown.
00:46:59In Asia, pangolins are an object of fascination, even inspiring popular fashions.
00:47:05Follow the story, if you would, of the rhino horn and some of these iconic species.
00:47:16This little animal is very much used for medicinal purposes in the traditional Chinese and Asian markets.
00:47:23The scales that are used in that process, they are made of character, just like your fingernail is.
00:47:28They're not going to cure insomnia or insanity and things that they make acclaims for.
00:47:32Pangolins remain the most heavily traded animal in the world.
00:47:36And if we don't do something about this right now, the species will go extinct on our watch.
00:47:44Zoos, conservationists and media campaigns like this one, featuring Jackie Chan,
00:47:50have been raising awareness of the pangolin poaching epidemic.
00:47:54Up to now, pangolin only defends from poachers, was to roll up into a ball.
00:47:59But now all species are protected by law.
00:48:02The pangolin is not alone.
00:48:11The illegal wildlife trade has become an international crisis, driving a wide range of species toward extinction.
00:48:18The illegal wildlife trade is more lucrative than dealing drugs,
00:48:27because the crime is not treated as high as drug dealing.
00:48:31The level of prosecution is low, and I think it's one of the biggest threats to the extinction crisis.
00:48:37We are now facing a crisis of empty and silent forests.
00:48:42It's like vacuum cleaning the forest.
00:48:50The illegal wildlife trade threatens humans as well.
00:48:57Many scientists suspect SARS and other coronaviruses have roots in exotic meat markets in Asia.
00:49:06All wildlife trade is now banned across China.
00:49:09The coronavirus was traced to a seafood market in Wuhan that was illegally selling wildlife.
00:49:14The environmentalist sep까지 are removed from everyone in Malaysia.
00:49:30Governments are stepping up.
00:49:31They confiscate animals, which is a good thing.
00:49:34But then you have all these large numbers of animals, and often zoos provide the platform for these animals to actually get a new home.
00:49:44Or get at least taken care of until other solutions are found, such as either releasing them back to the wild or sending them to other good facilities for permanent care.
00:49:55So one of our role in Singapore Zoo is actually to take care of confiscated wildlife.
00:50:01So whenever there's large confiscations, all the animals will be brought to the zoo, and we take care and rehabilitate them.
00:50:08In a world without zoos, it's unclear who would have the resources and expertise to care for the thousands of animals rescued from traffickers every year.
00:50:20For many species, it is almost too late out there in the wild because of threats like illegal trade.
00:50:26So if we do not bring them under our care and we don't establish assurance colonies, they may not have a chance.
00:50:32These are Pair David deer.
00:50:47Today, there are 700 of these animals worldwide.
00:50:50This herd produces offspring yearly, and one day these deer may once again live in the wild.
00:51:02This film about the Pair David deer was made in 1979 in a zoo-run wildlife refuge in Virginia.
00:51:10The full story of the Pair David deer, and the assurance colonies that saved them, goes back to the turn of the century.
00:51:24The deer were driven to extinction in China when war and famine left them as one of the few food sources for starving peasants.
00:51:33Before their disappearance, 18 deer had been relocated to private menageries throughout Europe.
00:51:47Over the next few generations, those 18 grew into a population of over 5,000.
00:51:56Their extinction was reversed by a well-managed reintroduction process.
00:52:03Pair David's deer now thrive in China and around the world.
00:52:10Assurance populations are a fundamental principle of modern conservation.
00:52:16If those 18 deer had never left China, the entire species would now be extinct.
00:52:33The whooping crane was once widespread throughout North America.
00:52:48By 1938, overhunting and habitat loss had reduced their numbers to two separate groups.
00:52:55The first flock consisted of just 18 migratory cranes.
00:53:02Each winter, these birds flew over 2,500 miles from Canada to Texas.
00:53:10The second flock consisted of 11 non-migratory cranes in Louisiana.
00:53:17A hurricane in 1940 decimated the Louisiana flock.
00:53:25Only one bird was recovered.
00:53:27This is Josephine, sole survivor of the Louisiana flock.
00:53:34Josephine was brought to the Audubon Park Zoo in New Orleans.
00:53:40Two birds from the Texas flock were brought in to breed with her.
00:53:45Over the next few decades, baby cranes were hatched at several sites around the continent, including the San Antonio Zoo.
00:53:53The whooping crane was gradually reintroduced back into the wild.
00:54:15The whooping crane was gradually reintroduced back into the wild.
00:54:19In conservation, there's a reason why you want to do that.
00:54:30It's to make sure that something that happens in one, you know, some catastrophic disease could hit.
00:54:33For example, if they're in three different locations, then it's an insurance policy against these catastrophic events.
00:54:39Sometimes your only hope for those species is to provide conservation breeding assistance in the hope that we can collectively get our act together,
00:54:55get the environment into a better state, and that there may still be some place in nature for these species to go.
00:55:02But it's a real profound challenge.
00:55:14When you have catastrophic events like a giant Exxon boat that crashes into a reef and spills tons and tons of oil,
00:55:20the only people then that can go into that particular scene and save those animals are very innovative and very educated individuals who know how to handle those animals,
00:55:30how to get the oil off, how to take care of them, how to nurture them, how to get them back on the track and how to let them go again.
00:55:36These are people that come from zoos and aquariums because they have the knowledge in the background.
00:55:44Now, you may not know it, but tucked behind SeaWorld's penguin encounter is a facility that cares for oiled animals.
00:55:50It takes two or three people about an hour to clean them.
00:55:53We're increasingly familiar with not just small oil spills that happen with a high degree of regularity,
00:55:58but these big catastrophic oil spills that have happened over the last 20 years.
00:56:03SeaWorld has been really proud to be involved in what's called the Old Wildlife Care Network,
00:56:08which is a community of specialists, veterinarians, animal caretakers, zoos, aquariums, universities,
00:56:15all working together to respond to these oil spill disasters to treat each individual animal that can be saved,
00:56:22clean it up, feed it up, get it stable, and then release it back out into the wild.
00:56:33The work that we do within our parks is only possible because people can come to our parks
00:56:38and meet the extraordinary animals that we care for.
00:56:40Because they do that, we earn the resources to direct towards field conservation,
00:56:45to fund the rescue and rehabilitation work that we do.
00:56:48SeaWorld will get a call from the general public or from the government, say, we need your help.
00:56:53There's an animal in distress.
00:56:55Without question, this team of people, doesn't matter what they're doing, it can be Christmas Day, it can be Sunday,
00:57:04they get, they gear up, they go.
00:57:06When a hurricane was bearing down on the keys, animals came to SeaWorld for sanctuary.
00:57:12Obviously in the wild, the animals that are injured or they cannot find enough food, they are suffering.
00:57:18Especially well known is the case of Morgan, our killer whale.
00:57:25Morgan was first spotted by the Dutch Coast Guard in a shallow part of the Wadden Sea.
00:57:30Orcas had not been seen there for decades.
00:57:35Morgan was only a calf, but had somehow become separated from her pod.
00:57:39She was extremely malnourished.
00:57:41Scientists soon discovered that Morgan was almost completely deaf.
00:57:49This was likely how she came to be separated from her mother and her family.
00:57:56Morgan's original pod was never found.
00:57:59So the options for Morgan was euthanized or being here with a social group of killer whales.
00:58:04We were selected by the Dutch government because at that moment that was the most modern facility.
00:58:14We have the deepest tank in the world.
00:58:16We have wonderful water quality.
00:58:26Always when you introduce a new animal into a group, there's going to be some fights and she was fully integrated with the group.
00:58:32And now she's one more of them.
00:58:39Morgan's health improved dramatically.
00:58:43She mated and gave birth to a healthy calf.
00:58:48Morgan was a wonderful mother.
00:58:49She was taking care of her, protecting her.
00:58:51We have to provide extra milk and that means we have to bottle fat from the very beginning.
00:58:55So we were working 24 hours a day to take care of the calf.
00:59:02We have to take care of the calf.
00:59:03We have to take care of the calf.
00:59:08Some protesters continue to demand Morgan's release.
00:59:13Morgan's deafness makes it impossible.
00:59:20Independent orca experts ultimately determined that the only way for her to lead a safe and healthy life was in human care.
00:59:28When a severe drought hit southeastern Africa, it threatened the food and water supply for millions of people.
00:59:43Thousands of wild animals also died.
00:59:45Two renowned wildlife reserves were hit especially hard.
00:59:54Their elephant populations were swelling beyond the park's already strained resources.
01:00:02With little water and vegetation, the parks were prepared to cull the herds.
01:00:08And they're losing literally hundreds of thousands of animals during this drought.
01:00:23Three American zoos offered to help.
01:00:25There are five new African elephants at the Dallas Zoo.
01:00:28But this morning's arrival has some animal rights activists upset.
01:00:32Protesters attempted to block the transfer of the animals through a series of lawsuits.
01:00:39Ultimately, a federal judge ruled that the elephants should be moved to the US.
01:00:44The American zoos offered to help to the U.S.
01:00:47Natural habitats for elephants are becoming
01:01:16increasingly hostile.
01:01:23As human populations expand, elephant habitats are shrinking.
01:01:31The lack of living space is causing them to wander into cities, villages and farmland,
01:01:37creating danger for both elephants and humans.
01:01:47So we're working with Asian elephants in the field, and one of the biggest problems is
01:01:51conflict with local communities.
01:01:57So we're trying to work in ways that enable people to live alongside elephants safely.
01:02:02One of the ways they can deter elephants is by actually putting chillies along a fence,
01:02:06because elephants actually don't like chillies, and it can stop elephants moving into an area
01:02:10of cropland.
01:02:15Zoos continue to play a crucial role, helping to manage the sometimes uneasy relationships
01:02:22between humans and wildlife.
01:02:48Zoos are the only place of refuge for orphaned cubs like Kali.
01:02:57Kali was found starving by the body of his dead mother.
01:03:03The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service stepped in and determined that an accredited zoo could
01:03:08best serve Kali's long-term needs.
01:03:18Now a healthy adult, weighing over 1,000 pounds, Kali is a living example of modern zoo's role
01:03:25as a refuge from certain death.
01:03:30The polar bears are uniquely adapted to Arctic life.
01:03:36They can survive some of the harshest conditions on Earth, but they cannot survive the disintegration
01:03:43of the polar ice.
01:03:47The ice is their lifeline, allowing them to hunt far from shore.
01:03:59Climate change and food scarcity have driven polar bears away from their wild habitats and
01:04:05into populated areas.
01:04:10This often ends catastrophically for the bears.
01:04:14Hundreds are killed by humans each year.
01:04:19Many of their cubs are found orphaned and alone.
01:04:29Since climate change transforms some habitats and erases others entirely, certified and accredited
01:04:35zoos can protect vulnerable animals right now.
01:04:42From the remote Alaskan tundra to the largest cities in the world, the urban sprawl of Los
01:04:51Angeles is home to dozens of free-roaming mountain lions, also called cougars, pumas or panthers.
01:05:04Cougar habitats in Los Angeles are highly fragmented by the highways that span the region.
01:05:12Many cougars struggle to cross in search of mates or food.
01:05:18Where you end up with isolated areas of forest, the animals that live there become very isolated,
01:05:24the populations decline.
01:05:29Regional zoos have supported recent efforts to equip each cougar with GPS-enabled radio collars.
01:05:44Radio tracking of endangered animals is a staple of modern conservation science.
01:05:50We use tracking to understand their movements, their diets, their ecological needs.
01:05:55We can understand their mortality's cause, if it's roadkill, if it's poisoning.
01:06:02The collars allow us to know what is happening with these animals.
01:06:12This type of structure is known as a habitat corridor.
01:06:16A habitat corridor is an area of habitat that joins two bigger areas up to allow animal populations
01:06:23to move between those areas.
01:06:25They actually need to join up with other groups of animals in other patches of forest.
01:06:29So if you link those together with areas of forest along a strip, then that can allow
01:06:34those populations of animals to join together.
01:06:36Zoos and their local partners are proactively working together to connect different habitats.
01:06:43A lot of zoos actually have a lot of people that are employed that you might even rarely
01:07:03see that are very busy with conservation elsewhere.
01:07:06I'm only at the zoo about four times a year, so they really employ me so that they can be
01:07:11more effective in contributing to conservation worldwide.
01:07:19Conservation partnerships help zoos share their expertise across the globe.
01:07:25Woodland Park Zoo has created a program to help the endangered tree kangaroo of Papua New Guinea.
01:07:32They've partnered with local communities to build a new wildlife preserve marking the country's
01:07:44first protected natural area.
01:07:49But they didn't stop there.
01:07:52The zoo ensured a benefit to the people of Papua New Guinea as well.
01:08:01National coffee farmers agreed to include their land within the boundaries of the new nature
01:08:06preserve.
01:08:07The zoo-led program connected them with vendors to buy and distribute their coffee internationally.
01:08:13Those stories, they're not the big sensational stories.
01:08:17Conservation happens in little bits and pieces.
01:08:27But our job as applied conservation specialists is to make sure that we're contributing in
01:08:33lots of small ways while at the same time telling those stories and then doing everything
01:08:38we can to contribute in really large ways.
01:08:45Orangutan habitats in Southeast Asia are under siege.
01:08:57Rainforests are being ravaged to clear space for palm oil cultivation.
01:09:14Rainforests have been cut down in many parts of the world to create palm oil plantations.
01:09:19Palm oil is in about 50% of what you buy in a supermarket.
01:09:22But the problem is the destruction of the rainforest is leading to the loss of many many species
01:09:27including things like the beautiful orangutan.
01:09:29Deforestation threatens a wide range of wildlife.
01:09:36unique to the region.
01:09:55Deforestation threatens a wide range of wildlife unique to the region.
01:10:03scientists estimate that a clear-cut rainforest could take up to 1,000 years to fully regrow.
01:10:20We don't advocate a boycott of palm oil.
01:10:22We ask people to look for sustainable palm oil in the products that they buy.
01:10:26Sustainable palm oil is grown in areas where rainforest hasn't been cut down recently
01:10:30and this is much better for wildlife and doesn't lead to so much biodiversity loss.
01:10:35We've gone through our entire supply chain at Chester Zoo
01:10:37and everything that you buy in the shops contains sustainable palm oil if it has palm oil at all.
01:10:43Zoo's ability to draw public attention to environmental issues like palm oil deforestation
01:10:50is another fundamental pillar of their modern mission.
01:10:55Their ability to connect with the public is similar to our favourite nature documentaries.
01:11:02Both can be powerful tools to raise awareness and create momentum for positive change.
01:11:09The ocean. The largest habitat on Earth.
01:11:18But some nature programs face criticism for presenting an idealized version of nature,
01:11:23while avoiding images of the numerous ways humans have devastated the environment.
01:11:28Almost all of the plastic ever produced is still on Earth.
01:11:34Repairing the damage we've done to the environment requires more than abstract inspiration.
01:11:44It also needs tangible and unsettling reminders of what that damage really looks like
01:11:51and how we can begin to reverse it.
01:11:57Many aquariums are taking up that cause,
01:12:00with entire exhibits now dedicated to the massive amount of plastic pollution suffocating our oceans.
01:12:20A visit to the aquarium can no longer be limited to marvelling at the beauty of underwater life.
01:12:26We must also confront the ugliness we inflict on the world's largest ecosystem.
01:12:32The source of the very air we breathe.
01:12:38Zoological facilities have successfully combined environmental advocacy
01:12:43with hands-on conservation work for over a century.
01:12:48The only reason certain species are alive today is because zoos and aquariums have saved them from extinction.
01:12:53The mass slaughter of American bison accelerated after the end of the Civil War and completion of the Transcontinental Railroad.
01:13:03Bison herds once covered the entire North American continent.
01:13:10From Alaska in the north to Mexico in the south.
01:13:15This map showing their historical range was made by the man whose efforts led to the creation of the National Zoo and the Bronx Zoo.
01:13:28William Hornaday.
01:13:34Hornaday was a taxidermist and a naturalist for the Smithsonian Institution.
01:13:38In 1886, he travelled west to collect bison specimens for a display at the National Museum.
01:13:47He was disturbed by what he found.
01:13:52The bison were nearly extinct.
01:13:57The numbers were staggering.
01:13:58From some 30 million, he now estimated 1,000 bison remaining across the continent.
01:14:07The Smithsonian acquired a single breeding pair of bison.
01:14:22The public was fascinated and soon awareness was growing over the bison's fate.
01:14:33A few years later, Hornaday had moved to New York City to establish the New York Zoological Garden, better known as the Bronx Zoo.
01:14:43Hornaday had been breeding bison.
01:14:45In 1905, a new nature preserve was created in Oklahoma.
01:14:53He offered to move 15 bison to the new preserve for a reintroduction program, an experiment unheard of at the time.
01:15:02His work was successful.
01:15:05By 1919, nine herds had been established in the wild from zoo breeding efforts.
01:15:11Bison numbers began to rise once again.
01:15:13Today, around 500,000 bison populate North America.
01:15:30Many of them descended from those two original herds.
01:15:36Bison now inhabit the American West once again.
01:15:39Almost entirely due to the foresight and dedication of one conservationist.
01:15:51We knew how to save species from extinction over 100 years ago.
01:15:56Thanks to the work of zoos and their specialists, we know even more today.
01:16:00The story of the bison and their escape from extinction marked a major turning point in the mission of the modern zoo.
01:16:13The next shift occurred with the rise of the modern environmental movement.
01:16:20We poison the gnats in a lake and the poison travels from link to link of the food chain and soon the birds of the lake margins become its victims.
01:16:30There appears to be growing concern among scientists as a possibility of dangerous long range side effects from the widespread use of DDT and other pesticides.
01:16:40Have you considered asking the Department of Agriculture or the Public Health Service to take a closer look at this?
01:16:45Yes, and I know that they already are. I think particularly, of course, since Ms. Carsten's work, but they are examining the matter.
01:16:54In the 1960s, ecological catastrophes like the Santa Barbara oil spill led to unprecedented public and government support for environmental protections.
01:17:11Plastics don't rust, they don't rust, they don't rust. Buried, they remain in their original state almost indefinitely. Burned, they pollute our air.
01:17:25A major philosophical shift occurred over just a few years. Humans were uniquely responsible for damaging the natural world and uniquely equipped to protect it.
01:17:37More zoos turned their primary focus to species conservation, rescue breeding, and environmental awareness. Building on William Hornaday's ideas from the turn of the century.
01:17:57There is an extinction event going on and a lot of people don't know about it and we've been tracking it since the 1970s.
01:18:02The role of zoos has evolved over time. In the early days, we kept animals mostly as curiosities.
01:18:09But then we started to recognize that many of the species we had in zoos will disappear.
01:18:13And that really changed the focus of zoos. So we needed to start paying attention to genetic lineages, animal welfare, to their social behavior, to make sure that populations are persistent to the future.
01:18:24You can't protect what you don't love. You can't love what you don't know. I fell in love with animals and zoos and aquariums.
01:18:42The best part of my job is every single day watching those kids come through that front gate. Just so excited to see our animals.
01:18:55When a child goes in and sees an elephant, that child's life is transformed. That child will begin to advocate for animals.
01:19:08I went to zoos a lot as a child because it gave me an opportunity to see species that I never would have seen anywhere else.
01:19:20It's very difficult to see animals in close-up. This kind of quality from zoos helps the public, especially now so much more urbanized.
01:19:28I was inspired by what zoos were doing for conservation, particularly trying to protect some of the planet's most threatened species.
01:19:41And it's that exposure that gives us the care and the concern when we hear about their plights in the wild.
01:19:46I think zoos really do play that educational role of really teaching kids that it's not just about the warm fluffy things.
01:19:52It's also about the range of animals that exist and all of those animals need saving.
01:19:56It's not just about looking at a penguin behind a pane of glass. It's about being in the penguins 32 degree world.
01:20:02Zoos and aquariums have changed.
01:20:07So, we will have changed.
01:20:09.
01:20:10.
01:20:11.
01:20:17.
01:20:19.
01:20:21.
01:20:23.
01:20:24.
01:20:25.
01:20:27.
01:20:28.
01:20:29.
01:20:30If we didn't have zoos, we'd have to invent them in very short order to respond to the
01:20:45biodiversity crisis that we're currently facing.
01:20:50If you want to fight the war against extinction, visit a good zoo and aquarium.
01:20:56Help them to fund conservation projects around the globe.
01:21:01We're focused on one of the greatest threats to our planet that any of us will see in our
01:21:05lifetimes and that's the loss of biodiversity around the world.
01:21:08Join us because it's going to take everybody to solve that problem.
01:21:15Anytime you have the opportunity to come to a great zoo, you learn about life, you're
01:21:19enchanted with it, you have empathy for it, you suddenly want to do something about it.
01:21:24And I think that up close and personal experience makes the heart and the mind stick together.
01:21:54I was trying too hard to fit in, make me feel like I belong to something.
01:22:06But it hurt in my heart, hiding a part of who I am.
01:22:16I was wasting my days down on myself, down on my life and everyone else.
01:22:25I thought they would understand, but it wasn't about them.
01:22:30It's my parade, I'll make it great.
01:22:35Blow my horn, throw confetti, celebrate.
01:22:40You can march, you can dance, every moment is your chance to be yourself and sing out.
01:22:50There's a story inside me to tell.
01:22:54It took some time.
01:22:55It took some time to get the water from the well.
01:22:59I thought I'd waited too long, thought I'd say something wrong that they won't understand.
01:23:07But my life is in my hands, it's my parade.
01:23:11It's my parade, I'll make it great.
01:23:12I'll make it great.
01:23:13Blow my horn, throw confetti, celebrate.
01:23:14You can march, you can dance, every moment is your chance to be yourself and sing out.
01:23:28La la la la la, la la la, la la la la.
01:23:48It's my parade, I'll make it great.
01:23:52Blow my horn, throw confetti, celebrate.
01:23:57You can march, you can dance, every moment is your chance to be yourself and sing out.
01:24:07And sing out.
01:24:10And sing out.
01:24:14And sing out.
01:24:17La la la la, la la la, la la la.
01:24:32La la la, la la la, la la la.
01:24:42La la la, la la la.
01:24:47La la la la...
01:25:17La, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la
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