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00:00bomb
00:01毒
00:061942
00:0722 admitted that that will decide who rules the pacific ocean
00:18xxx china供 stirring for the fact richard
00:23part of the battlefield
00:25but in a minute sitting over the same
00:30现在,两个历史人会进行的头子和Fletcher
00:37去解决他们的作品和选择
00:42他们的选择,选择,选择
00:46一群的精神会设计
00:51他们的技术
00:52他们的技术
00:54他们的火力
00:56他们是女性的选择
00:59必须正在最后一步
01:00但是后一步是选择
01:13人员的力量
01:15在东方林的封招
01:17尽以外的力量
01:18军刀都排了
01:20而在西方中
01:23王帝显教的角色 reading the charge is admiral Chuichi nagumo
01:31他到了勇大致认是他非常勇敢的
01:35他不份擅长,做得很苦,做得这些出短暂的角色
01:40他说正在币钳提炼法的一道异性
01:44王帝显教授的军文课
01:49admiral nagumo's part in the battle of midway
01:54he's not an original thinker he's not flexible
01:58he lacks the ability to see the other side of the issue
02:02and he's knocked out of his stride quite easily
02:06by things that don't go according to plan
02:10nagumo's mission is to destroy the united states navy in a monumental showed up
02:16in the pacific
02:17for him it's a matter of unfinished business
02:25only a few months earlier Nagumo destroyed a huge part of the US Navy in Pearl Harbor
02:32but he's still not entirely happy
02:37they hadn't finished a job
02:39the Japanese hit the wrong targets
02:41the battleships which the Americans couldn't use because they were too slow
02:45and aircraft that the Americans could replace easily
02:50the targets Nagumo should have destroyed at Pearl Harbor
02:53with the US aircraft carriers
02:55which happened to be out at sea during the attack
03:00when they discovered that none of the American carriers were in harbor
03:03they were really quite put out
03:05because that meant the Americans had a weapon to strike back
03:11for men like Nagumo who are steeped in Bushido
03:14the traditional Japanese way of the warrior
03:17this is unacceptable
03:19in the samurai fighting technique
03:21the emphasis is on striking killing blows
03:23it's not an exchange of blows
03:25you hit somebody and they're dead
03:27this is why the Japanese use those fearsome two-handed swords
03:30and make sure that if you hit somebody they're not going to hit back
03:36the Japanese hatch a plan to destroy the US fleet once and for all
03:40and it all hinges on a heap of sand in the Pacific Ocean
03:46midway between the two warring nations
03:49the island of Midway
03:55this seemingly insignificant dot on the map
03:58is an important American military outpost
04:01it's a refueling stop for the US Navy in the Pacific War
04:05and clearly a thorn in the Japanese side
04:16the Japanese plan is to send a large battle fleet to invade Midway
04:21Admiral Nagumo and his strike force of aircraft carriers
04:24will bomb the island to prepare for the Japanese invasion
04:27this manoeuvre is designed to draw the American carriers away from the safety of Pearl Harbor
04:34and come to Midway's rescue
04:37there Nagumo's carriers will engage the Americans
04:42and soften them up
04:44then the main body of Japanese battleships
04:48lying in wait just over the horizon
04:50will steam into the fray
04:52and finish off the US carriers
04:54with their powerful long-range weapons
05:01the Japanese have planes that outrange any other plane
05:05their ships have heavy guns that can fire over the horizon
05:09and they have the long lance
05:12the most fearsome torpedo in the world
05:15the Japanese have solved an age-old problem with torpedoes
05:22bubble
05:26conventional torpedoes are powered by a tank full of compressed air
05:29but only 21% of that air
05:33the oxygen powers the engine
05:36the rest of the air escapes in a trail of bubbles
05:39which reveals the torpedo's position
05:41the Japanese long lance torpedo has a tank full of pure oxygen
05:46which burns without leaving a bubble trail
05:50and it powers the torpedo over 40km across the sea
05:53towards the unsuspecting enemy
05:55equipped with such superior technologies and firepower
06:01the Japanese navy fears no enemy
06:05especially not the Americans
06:07who lost most of their battleships at Pearl Harbor
06:10the American admiral who is expected to fight the Japanese
06:23with just a handful of aircraft carriers
06:25is Frank Jack Fletcher
06:27the thing about Fletcher is he's normal
06:31he's a guy
06:33he enjoys a drink
06:35which some historians seem to have slated him for
06:38he is not a great thinker
06:41he's not interested in his view in his place in history
06:45Dr. Phillips O'Brien is an expert on American naval history
06:50he will analyse the role of Admiral Fletcher
06:53in the battle of Midway
06:55he's in a terribly difficult situation
06:57Fletcher is in command
06:59at the time when you are always outnumbered
07:02you have no battleships to speak of
07:05and you have to therefore
07:07be far more concerned about the loss of units
07:10if Fletcher loses just one carrier
07:14and that's going to make a big difference
07:15he would have done great damage
07:17to the American navy
07:24As the Japanese fleet head for Midway
07:28Admiral Nagumo is supremely confident of victory
07:32the Japanese have won every battle they fought for six months
07:37they can't conceive of losing
07:39they've beaten the Americans
07:40they've beaten the British
07:41there isn't anybody else
07:42you know
07:43they are the reigning champions
07:45they've won all the latest engagements
07:47and they'd be forgiven for thinking they were the best
07:51the battle for Midway seems a foregone conclusion for Nagumo
07:56on paper Fletcher doesn't stand a chance
08:09when Admiral Fletcher is given the job of fighting the Japanese
08:13he doesn't even have a ship
08:17his carrier the USS Yorktown
08:20has been heavily damaged by Japanese bombs
08:23at the battle of the Coral Sea
08:25only three weeks before
08:28Yorktown's hull was breached
08:30and she was taking in water fast
08:33but then the American damage control team
08:35sprang into action
08:38defense analyst professor Eric Grove
08:41has come to a Royal Navy battle simulator
08:44to study the techniques Fletcher's crew
08:46would have used
08:50these Royal Navy sailors are running through a simulated rocket attack
08:53on their vessel
08:57all they have to save their ship from sinking
08:59are some bits of wood
09:01and a hammer to plug the holes
09:03and metal props to shore up the structure
09:07hammering wood into a hole in the side of the ship
09:10to stop water coming in
09:11goes back to the earliest days of seafaring
09:13it's a very proven technology
09:15using these techniques
09:17Fletcher's crew could deal with almost any damage
09:20the Japanese could dish out
09:24when the Yorktowns attacked at the battle of the Coral Sea
09:26and quite seriously damaged
09:27the damage control system goes into action
09:30fires are fought, leaks are stopped
09:32the whole kind of activity that we've seen within a wider set
09:35all the possible dangers to the ship are dealt with
09:38and the ship is saved
09:39from damage that might well have sunk a Japanese ship
09:42Fletcher's crew were masters at damage control
09:47quite unlike their Japanese opponents
09:51I think there's a basic cultural thing in the Japanese Navy
09:57you know you don't expect even to be hit
09:59when you're hit
10:00well you try and strike back
10:01you don't try and sort of bind up your wound
10:03hence it was left to the engineers
10:05and therefore only a small fraction of the ship's company were even trained in it
10:09so therefore there weren't enough people
10:12and secondly what people that were trained
10:14very much expected to be told what to do from the top
10:18nothing could have been more different in the US Navy
10:21where small teams
10:22non-commissioned officers in charge
10:24even perhaps other seamen
10:25a much greater ability
10:26shall we say organically
10:28to cope with this kind of threat
10:30more people trained
10:31more people available
10:32and the damage control therefore works
10:34and American ships
10:35such as the USS Yorktown
10:36proved quite hard to sink
10:38fletcher takes the heavily damaged Yorktown back to Pearl Harbor to be repaired
10:45it looks like she'll be out of action for weeks
10:48which means that Fletcher will have to face Nagumo's four carriers at Midway
10:52with only two carriers of his own
10:55fletcher simply can't afford to leave the Yorktown behind
10:59so the sheer might of American industrial power brings Fletcher's ship back to life
11:06in only 24 hours
11:081400 men descend on Yorktown
11:13and work round the clock to get her ready for battle once more
11:18the repair of the Yorktown is the single most important repair job in the second world war
11:24there's no other dramatic massive repair job where a major element of warfare is fixed so quickly at such a decisive time
11:35Fletcher now has one extra carrier to throw into battle
11:42and he has a crew that knows how to fix a broken ship
11:45which will give him a big advantage in the battle to come
11:51but by far the biggest ace in Fletcher's hand
11:54是一四十年代,一个现代的方法
11:57叫 Joseph Rochefort
12:01他会畅装着,不算善气
12:05有些海域的海族
12:07他们的发生,是几岁人
12:09攻击的海域,他会連绎的迹息
12:13会碰国人的最球派
12:20多年,他们的组织都有表归
12:23他在数据中了一群红人进行电话
12:25他的研究冠官疑只是七十多个语言
12:31他们怎么记得了15%的语言
12:34他们认为这些语言
12:37他们 обс自此的课机
12:38就够了一个标志
12:39关于《AF》
12:41罗凹缺信心
12:42罗减信心
12:44伤害这是法定位
12:46但是他不可能
12:48所以他放了一招
12:51去得到直接答案
12:53從日本人的答案
12:59現在他知道
13:00那些日本人會發射
13:02他可以趕快去逮捕他們
13:10他走到一個空洞
13:13約600km northeast
13:16which the Americans christen Point Luck
13:21Point Luck was perfectly located
13:23it's basically to the north and to the east of Midway
13:27the Japanese are going to be coming from the north and the west
13:30so they will be in range of Midway
13:33and discovered by the Americans
13:35before they could discover where the American Navy was
13:38and that's a great ace in the hole for the American fleet
13:42Midway Island has scouting planes with large fuel tanks
13:47which gives them extra range to spot Nagumo's approaching fleet
13:54once Fletcher knows where the Japanese are
13:56his plan will kick into action
14:03he will delay his attack on Nagumo
14:05until the Japanese planes have bombed Midway
14:08and the island has soaked up the attack
14:12you let Midway in a sense do the dirty work
14:16and of course it works out very well
14:18you let the Japanese launch their assault on Midway
14:21and have done their big assault on the day
14:24and they have to go back and they have to rearm
14:26before they can do another one
14:28and that's the time when you catch them
14:30so it makes a lot more sense to wait
14:33and let the Japanese show their hand
14:37Midway gives Fletcher a big advantage
14:39the island becomes his fourth aircraft carrier
14:43from here he will launch his first attack on the Japanese
14:48in complete secrecy
14:51the Americans fly in nearly 100 extra combat aircraft
14:55to strengthen Midway's attack force
14:57the trap is set
15:06at 0430 hours on June the 4th
15:08Nagumo's ships are in range of Midway
15:11certain to have the element of surprise on his side
15:15he dispatches only a small search party
15:18to check for enemy ships
15:20and of course Nagumo isn't expecting to spot the Americans
15:25he sent a search out to make sure they're not there
15:27to confirm their absence
15:29which is the plan
15:30the plan is they come tomorrow or the day after
15:32they're not coming today
15:33Nagumo sends only seven scout planes
15:38to cover nearly half a million square kilometers of open ocean
15:42each plane has to search an area three times the size of whales
15:52and sure enough
15:53the Japanese scouts failed to spot the American carriers lying in wait
15:57Nagumo's shoddy scouting costs him valuable time
16:02in a battle where every minute counts
16:05the Japanese were hyper aggressive
16:09and as such they almost believe scouting was a bit soft
16:15you launched, you attacked, that's what you did
16:18the United States put a lot of effort into search operations
16:22to find out where the Japanese Navy was
16:25and this is one of the areas you might say is a crucial advantage
16:28Fletcher sends out four times more scout planes than Nagumo
16:33Midway alone launches 22 flying boats
16:38together these ultra long range aircraft cover an area five times larger
16:44than the Japanese planes
16:46but the American planes are much closer together than the Japanese
16:50which gives them more chance of success
16:53Fletcher's thorough search plan pays off
16:58at 0530 hours on June the 4th
17:02an American scout comes on the radio
17:04with an electrifying message
17:06he has sighted Nagumo's carriers
17:09the Americans wait until the massive wave of bombers
17:15from the Japanese carriers enters Midway's radar zone
17:19then they launch every single one of their planes from the island
17:30unexpectedly for the Japanese
17:34most of the American pilots don't engage them
17:37but head straight for the Japanese carriers
17:40the tables are turned
17:46the ambusher is about to be ambushed
17:49but as the American torpedo bombers move in on Nagumo's carriers
17:55it becomes obvious that the mission is doomed to fail
17:59the green American pilots are no match for the battle-hardened Japanese flyers
18:05being in an American torpedo plane must have been the most devastating
18:11because you have to do this run
18:13if you're going to launch a torpedo
18:15you have to go to low level very visible
18:18come down make a run towards a Japanese ship
18:22and you're leaving yourself absolutely exposed to these brilliant Japanese fighters
18:26and most of them at Midway paid the penalty for that
18:29the Japanese fighters shoot down all but three of the American torpedo bombers
18:36not a single torpedo hits home
18:40to Nagumo the Americans look like a complete pushover
18:45which only fills him with an increased sense of confidence
18:48if this is the best they've got
18:49you know we're home free
18:51you know they're throwing lots of ammunition at us
18:53but they're not hitting
18:54we're cutting their planes down
18:55our fighters are doing a brilliant job
18:57you know it looks good
19:02but Nagumo's attack on Midway isn't going quite to plan
19:06his bombers are supposed to destroy the island's defenses
19:09and prepare for the invasion
19:12but the Americans are expecting them
19:18as the Japanese bombers attack
19:20they take heavy losses from Midway's anti-aircraft fire
19:25and Nagumo's problem is that from the start
19:34it becomes quite clear that the Americans are ready
19:37they seem to be absolutely up for this
19:40they're not half asleep like they were at Pearl Harbor
19:43and just like at Pearl Harbor
19:46Nagumo's forces can't finish the job
19:49they do not manage to knock out Midway's defenses
19:52and the strike leader Toma Naga radios back to say
19:56look we're going to have to do this again
19:58you know we've got air superiority
20:00we're going to have to go back again
20:01and give them a real work over
20:03and that's going to mean using heavy high explosive bombs
20:07on his torpedo bombers
20:08Nagumo is loading his planes with runway busting bombs
20:13to attack Midway again when he receives shattering news
20:17over the radio
20:18a scout plane has spotted a US carrier
20:21only about 400 kilometers away
20:24Nagumo doesn't understand
20:27he assumed the carriers were still in Pearl Harbor
20:31this is not going to plan
20:38one tiny little radio message and the world turns upside down
20:44Nagumo now has to abandon Midway
20:46and attack the enemy carrier before it attacks him
20:50but that means he has to make a difficult choice
20:53he could attack the American carrier immediately
20:58but most of his planes are loaded with the wrong munitions
21:03or he could rearm his planes with torpedoes
21:06the weapon of choice for an attack on aircraft carriers
21:09but this will take at least 60 minutes
21:12time he may not have
21:15he's now in a place he doesn't want to be
21:18he's in a place where he has to make a decision
21:21which is not part of the plan
21:23he's got to do something off the cuff
21:27he's got to be flexible
21:29he's got to be fast
21:30he's got to be decisive
21:31and he's getting different inputs
21:33his air experts
21:35his air chief of staff and his other air officers
21:38are telling him things
21:40and the information is starting to overload
21:43his sentient command is saying
21:46we've got to go now
21:47we've got to go now
21:48attack now
21:49what we've got
21:50whatever we've got
21:51go now
21:52and Nagumo says
21:53no
21:54we'll do it properly
21:55Nagumo follows standard protocol
21:58and gives the order to take the bombs off his planes
22:01and replace them with torpedoes
22:03this is a fatal decision
22:07naval historian professor Eric Grove has analyzed this critical moment in the battle of Midway
22:10the Japanese have to reconfigure their airstrike from an anti-land strike to an anti-ship strike
22:27that means that all the aircraft have to be struck down into the hangar here
22:33and have all their armament replaced
22:35and of course to increase the speed of this
22:37the Japanese hangar crews take the bombs off the aircraft
22:41pile them up in the sides of the hangar
22:43bring up the new armament
22:45attach it to the aircraft
22:47but the problem was that meant that he would have in his hangars
22:51a large number of rearmed aircraft
22:55together with a lot of the old ammunition
22:58and right next to this powder keg on each of Nagumo's carriers
23:02sit half a million litres of a highly flammable liquid
23:06the fuel for the aeroplanes
23:08the way navies operated their aeroplanes in this period
23:15would make modern naval personnel go grey
23:18the fuel itself highly dangerous
23:21highly volatile
23:23we wouldn't dream of using it on board a modern warship
23:26nowadays a different fuel is used
23:28basically paraffin
23:29much lower burning point
23:31until Nagumo can get his bombers out of the hangars
23:34and into the air
23:35he is sitting on a floating bomb
23:37and just as he prepares to bring his planes up onto deck
23:44Fletcher's attack wave approaches from the east
23:48unlike the American carriers
23:51Nagumo's ship is not equipped with radar
23:54to give him an early warning
23:56the Japanese do not have radar
24:00they do not have the ability to see American planes
24:04before they physically can from either a spotter plane
24:07or even on deck on a ship
24:09and that's an extraordinary weakness
24:11there couldn't be a worse moment for Nagumo to be attacked
24:15now he needs his flight decks to send up fighters
24:19and defend his ships
24:21so his fully armed bombers are trapped in the hangars
24:25this is exactly what Fletcher wanted
24:32now it's his turn to dish out some damage
24:37if just one of his planes can score a hit on Nagumo's ships
24:44with their hangars full of bombs and fueled up planes
24:47he will blow them to smithereens
24:54but as Fletcher's bombers approach Nagumo's fleet
24:57they get separated from their fighter escort
24:59and are now completely unprotected
25:02undeterred they start their attack runs
25:06and become sitting ducks for the Japanese fighters
25:13they were all shot down
25:15I mean the torpedo bombers have the worst day of anyone
25:18and they simply get massacred because they're so slow
25:21they're incredibly brave the pilots
25:23who are able to sit there chugging along towards the Japanese
25:27while brilliant Japanese fighter pilots and Zeros just gun them down
25:32but they make no impact on the Japanese Navy
25:37they aren't able to destroy a single ship
25:39the Americans have squandered their advantage
25:43now it's Nagumo's turn to attack
25:47he turns into the wind and prepares to launch his strike planes
25:53all he needs is 45 minutes to get his bombers out of the hangars
25:59and into the air
26:1190 minutes after launching the doomed torpedo bombers
26:14Admiral Fletcher fires off his second wave
26:19the attack is led by 17 dive bombers
26:22each carrying a 1,000 pound payload
26:26and this time Fletcher's fighters stay close to the bombers
26:30they're supposed to defend
26:33they will now face Nagumo's fearless pilots
26:43in their lightning fast Zero fighters
26:47the Americans had one problem with fighters
26:51the fighters weren't as good as Japanese fighters
26:53the Zero was an absolutely brilliant fighter
26:56typical Japanese like their carriers
26:58it packed a great punch
27:00when it had that 20mm cannon working
27:03the Zero was just an absolutely wonderful fighter
27:06the American fighter the Wildcat
27:08was a bit redoubtable slower
27:10a bit sturdier
27:11could take a hit more
27:12but it couldn't maneuver
27:14and certainly couldn't pack the kind of punch
27:16that the Zero could
27:18as Fletcher's six Wildcats approach the Japanese fleet
27:24as many as 20 of Nagumo's Zero's pounce on them
27:29it looks like the American fighters will get slaughtered
27:36but the mighty Zero has a weak spot
27:39as explosives engineer Sidney Alford will demonstrate
27:43we are here representing the Second World War Japanese fighter aircraft
27:49the plastic container represents its fuel tank
27:53it's got some petrol in it
27:55I'm about to shoot an air gun pellet at it
27:59but an explosive one
28:01so we'll see what happens
28:03well that ignited it
28:14would you like to be in an airplane
28:17whose fuel tank is behaving like that?
28:20the petrol vapour in Japanese fuel tanks
28:24is highly explosive
28:26and a single hit can bring down a plane
28:29this is the fuel tank
28:37I would say
28:38of an offensive weapon
28:40i.e. a fighter
28:42safety is not the primary consideration
28:44lightness, speed, firepower
28:47and above all bravery of the pilot
28:49are what count from the Japanese mind of that period
28:53the Americans have a very different philosophy
28:58their fighters are designed with safety in mind
29:02they are heavily armoured
29:06and have a simple device to protect their pilots from a fiery end
29:10their fuel tanks are lined with a rubber bladder
29:16as the tank empties
29:18the bladder collapses keeping close contact with the fuel
29:22no explosive petrol vapour can build up inside the tank
29:29this makes an American fuel tank much harder to ignite
29:33than the Japanese tank
29:36the man who will exploit this advantage in the battle of Midway
29:40is fighter commander Jimmy Thatch
29:43in the dogfights over the Japanese carriers
29:46the zeroes threaten to annihilate his wildcats
29:49but he gives them a run for their money
29:51thatch orders his fighters to break formation
29:55and fly in pairs spaced further apart
29:58one wildcat acts as the bait
30:03allowing a Japanese zero to get on its tail
30:06soaking up its fire
30:08now both US pilots bank towards each other
30:15then they immediately weave back the other way
30:19this manoeuvre puts the zero directly into the sights
30:23of the second wildcat
30:25this is the thatch weave
30:27it's a complete shock to the zeroes
30:32and the Japanese have a great deal of difficulty adjusting to it
30:38because it's the first time it's used as the battle of Midway effectively
30:43in the next few minutes
30:45thatch and his wingman
30:46give the Japanese pilots a taste of their own medicine
30:49they destroy four zeroes
30:52and draw the others away from the American dive bombers
30:56the Japanese zeroes running combat air patrol
31:03seem to get so frustrated fighting thatch
31:05that they commit too many planes
31:07that they're not looking for the dive bombers
31:09they're fighting this small number of wildcats
31:12that are just sitting there confusing them
31:14by the thatch weave
31:16now Fletcher's dive bombers have a clear run at Nagumo's fleet
31:22the American pilots take their aircraft to the limit
31:25they come screaming towards Nagumo's carriers
31:29at insanely steep angles
31:32as soon as they open their attack
31:35the Japanese know they've got a very serious problem
31:37because the the air operators on the four carriers
31:41can see that these are not novice pilots
31:43these are not the amateurs
31:45have been flying from Midway doing their best
31:47these are the professionals
31:50Nagumo can only watch helplessly
31:53as the attack unfolds
31:55four bombs slam into the first carrier
32:00the Kaga
32:01her bridge is blown off
32:03and she is out of action in seconds
32:05then a minute later
32:08the Soryu is hit
32:10the Japanese are looking up to the heavens
32:15they can see the bombs being released
32:17it's all in slow motion
32:19it has that terrible inevitability about it
32:21this is going to be a very bad day
32:24Nagumo's ship
32:27the Akagi
32:28and one other surviving carrier
32:30struggle to get away
32:32the Japanese are not moving in
32:35small, fast, agile ships
32:38the Akagi is 42,000 tons
32:41takes an awful lot to change course
32:43even at 28 knots
32:45you're going to have to move a lot of water
32:47to conduct invasive maneuvers
32:50and against a plane as agile
32:52as the American dauntless dive bomber
32:54they're just not going to be able to get out of the way
32:56as Nagumo is trying to escape
32:59three dauntless dive bombers are hot on his tail
33:02led by ace pilot Dick Best
33:06Best was known to be extraordinarily accurate
33:11and the Japanese said
33:13that they were incredibly impressed
33:14by his ability to use the clouds behind
33:16to hide his dive
33:18that again an inexperienced dive bomber
33:20just sees the target
33:21sort of goes and hits it
33:22and doesn't perhaps position themselves
33:24as well as they should
33:27while Nagumo is still gazing
33:29at the burning hulks of Kaga and Soryu
33:32Best and his wingmen attack his ship
33:35the first bomb misses by a few meters
33:46then commander Dick Best releases his
33:53only one bomb hits it
34:05but it hits it in the heart
34:13you couldn't have put this one bomb
34:15in a more devastating place
34:17Best's bomb crashes into Nagumo's hangar
34:20which is crammed with fuelled up planes
34:23and high explosives
34:25so you've got both the anti-ship armament
34:27under the aeroplanes
34:28and the anti-midway armament
34:30along the sides of the hangar
34:31in-cup the American bombs
34:33chaos
34:34this area inside the Japanese carriers
34:44was absolutely devastating
34:46I think in one of the Japanese carriers
34:49some 269 or so of her air mechanics just disappeared
34:53they were incinerated
34:55everything is just gone
35:03all the people you need to do things
35:05are dead or wounded
35:06all the systems you need to operate
35:08have been broken
35:09these ships just cannot take a hit
35:16within five minutes
35:18three of Nagumo's four carriers are burning wrecks
35:25as soon as the dust had settled
35:27and the smoke had cleared
35:28Nagumo would have been absolutely suicidal
35:30his command had evaporated in front of him
35:33he wouldn't have needed anybody to tell him
35:35those three ships were dead
35:36he would have to abandon the flagship
35:38that he'd served on
35:39all the way through from Pearl Harbor
35:41been the talisman of victory
35:42the iconic vessel of the Japanese Navy
35:45and it was being reduced to matchwood under him
35:47it really was a terrible moment
35:49the bottom and top top of his world
35:52Nagumo is forced to abandon ship
35:55and transfer to a battlecruiser
35:58but in his mind
35:59he is still in the same place
36:01facing his nemesis
36:02across the same battle plan
36:08you would imagine that Nagumo
36:09having seen three of his carriers
36:11knocked out
36:12only got one left
36:14you'd think you'd say
36:15well okay that's
36:16that's enough for one day
36:17let's get out of here
36:18before something worse happens
36:19not a bit of it
36:20they press on
36:21they carry on
36:22heading towards the Americans
36:23they're not going to stop
36:24because Nagumo doesn't have an order
36:26to withdraw
36:27he's pressing on after the enemy
36:29he's going for broke
36:30Nagumo has only one carrier left
36:34the Hiryu
36:35but she still carries a powerful strike force
36:39and now for the first time that day
36:42Nagumo gets the chance to strike at the American carriers
36:46one of his scout planes spots Fletcher's ship
36:52the Yorktown
36:54Nagumo doesn't hesitate
36:57Hiryu attacks
37:00when his pilots arrive over Yorktown
37:10they are met with a hail of anti-aircraft fire
37:1313 of the 18 Japanese dive bombers get shot out of the sky
37:20but the remaining pilots now show their deadly skill
37:24they break through and score three perfect hits on Yorktown
37:30Fletcher's ship is now spewing smoke and flames
37:40it looks like she's doomed
37:44but the Americans will not abandon her without a fight
37:49unlike the Japanese
37:51the Yorktown had experience of being attacked
37:53a few days before virtually
37:55the Battle of the Coral Sea
37:57so therefore the Yorktown knew what to do
37:59get rid of as much inflammable material as possible
38:02a petrol tanker was unceremoniously dumped over the side
38:06and then Fletcher's crew save their burning ship
38:10with simple chemistry
38:15Dr. Andrew Shidlow explains how they did it
38:20fuel fires are very difficult to put out
38:22because they will cause water to turn to steam
38:26if water is used
38:29the steam expands enormously
38:31and ends up in a huge fireball
38:33so water is completely useless and ineffective
38:36as an extinguisher for fuel fires
38:38however, in this container here
38:41I have a substance which is used professionally for firefighting
38:45and I'll now demonstrate it to you
38:47and as you see it's an invisible substance
38:49and there we go
38:52the substance of course is carbon dioxide
38:56an invisible gas which is denser than air
38:59heavier than air
39:00and it causes the fires to go out by excluding oxygen
39:04it sinks over the flame
39:06and thereby pushes the oxygen away
39:09once the oxygen is gone
39:10the flames can no longer burn
39:11and the fire is extinguished
39:13carbon dioxide becomes a key ingredient
39:18in the battle of Midway
39:20when the Americans in Yorktown knew an attack was coming in
39:25they flooded their fuel system with carbon dioxide gas
39:29when you flood the fuel system with carbon dioxide
39:32you effectively stop it going off
39:34the fuel could not ignite
39:37it's quite possible
39:39that if the Americans on Yorktown had not done that
39:42then she might have suffered the same fate as the Japanese aircraft carriers
39:45a single bomb destroyed Nagumo's ship
39:51Fletcher's ship has taken three hits
39:54and looks like she will survive
39:56convinced he's sunk Yorktown
40:01Nagumo turns his attention to the other two U.S. carriers
40:06but he's slowly running out of aeroplanes
40:10by this stage they've got some torpedo bombers ready
40:13not many but some
40:14so they can do a proper Japanese attack
40:16but in a very small scale
40:18not 120 planes but 15
40:23the leader of this motley crew
40:25is one of Nagumo's best pilots
40:27Joichi Tomonaga
40:29his torpedo bomber was machine gunned over Midway
40:34and has only just been patched up
40:36just as he gets in and fires the engine up
40:41one of the wing petrol tanks gives way
40:44all the petrol comes out
40:45and he knows that he's on a one-way trip
40:48his squadron mates say no you must fly one of the undamaged planes
40:52but he insists that he will leave the strike from his plane
40:55even though he's not coming back
40:58the classic Japanese attitude
41:00it's my duty
41:01I know the equipment has let me down
41:03I'll go and do my duty anyway
41:08by fluke Tomonaga leads his flight straight to Yorktown
41:14by this stage the Americans have mended Yorktown
41:16she's steaming at good speed
41:19she's operating aircraft
41:20she doesn't seem to be in the least damage
41:22there's no smoke
41:23she's on an even keel
41:27as Yorktown looks undamaged
41:29Tomonaga mistakes her for another US carrier
41:32and attacks
41:35but suddenly out of nowhere
41:38a US fighter appears
41:40Jimmy Thatch in his wildcat
41:42he rakes Tomonaga's plane with his machine guns
41:45but Tomonaga keeps his burning plane level
41:50and manages to launch his torpedo
41:52then he crashes just meters from the ship
41:58Tomonaga's torpedo misses
42:02but two others slam into the side of the Yorktown
42:06and leave her dead in the water
42:08the Japanese pilots believe they have sunk a second American carrier
42:15which makes Nagumo think there's only one left
42:19and the odds are now even
42:22they're really on a roll now
42:24they're coming from absolutely nowhere
42:26they've just got it back
42:27they're on the brink of success
42:30but in reality
42:32the Japanese have wasted their precious torpedoes
42:35on a dying ship
42:37a mistake that will cost Nagumo dearly
42:40on the afternoon of the 4th of June 1942
42:53Admiral Fletcher is forced to abandon the USS Yorktown
42:58The great thing is the difference between the Japanese animals and Fletcher
43:05at this time
43:07the Japanese animals
43:08some of them go down with their ships in histrionics
43:10others must be begged to leave
43:12from what we can tell
43:13it's an example of Fletcher the unassuming man
43:16Fletcher looks at the ship
43:18can't conduct operations
43:19time to go
43:20no great drama
43:22doesn't seem to be psychologically scarred
43:24doesn't have regrets later in his life
43:27can't fight from the Yorktown
43:29let's go
43:30but Yorktown has a final card to play
43:34before he leaves
43:36Fletcher launches one last squadron of scout planes
43:39to look for the last of Nagumo's carriers
43:42for three hours the American planes scour the ocean
43:47before they run short of fuel
43:49and have to turn back
43:54then suddenly one of the pilots strikes pay dirt
43:57he spots the hiryu
44:02this is the signal for the Americans to launch their bombers
44:08once again they catch Nagumo's men off guard
44:12famished after 12 hours of constant fighting
44:15the pilots are eating dinner
44:19the pilots are down in the mess hall just finishing their meal
44:26when dive bombers arrive overhead
44:29and conduct a second textbook dive bombing attack
44:31the hiryu maneuvers violently to dodge the attack
44:36but to no avail
44:38four American bombs find their aim
44:42and devastate the last of Nagumo's carriers
44:45the Japanese are completely defeated
44:50there are now four very big bonfires
44:53just off the coast of Midway
44:55and you can see them from a long way
44:57off thick pools of oily petrol smoke
44:59from these wrecked and burning ships
45:06the Japanese had lost four of their six
45:09fast strike carriers
45:11they'd lost not too many pilots
45:13the men they'd lost who mattered
45:15were the maintenance crews on those hangar decks
45:17the men who prepared those planes
45:19those are the guys who got killed when the bombs hit the hangars
45:22not the pilots, the mechanics
45:24they couldn't replace those guys
45:274,800 of Nagumo's men are dead
45:36275 precious planes destroyed
45:40Nagumo has to face up to
45:46the most appalling moment
45:49he's lost the elite force
45:52that's won the Japanese
45:54all their great victories so far
45:55the heroes of Pearl Harbor
45:57it's all gone
45:58it's finished
45:59he's lost the Emperor's ships
46:00he's got to explain this to the Emperor
46:04Nagumo has lost more than a battle
46:10his defeat costs Japan the supremacy in the Pacific
46:13and shifts the American war machine into overdrive
46:22the Americans just keep on building more carriers
46:24producing more planes
46:25putting more pilots in the sky
46:26the Japanese cannot win
46:28no amount of skill makes up for the enormous difference in industrial and economic power
46:35the Americans lose 307 men at Midway
46:44but their sacrifice is not in vain
46:46winning the battle of Midway allowed the Americans to reach Japan at least a year before they would have otherwise
46:57and in doing so saved hundreds of thousands if not millions of lives on both sides
47:06Admiral Fletcher picks up another command and carries on fighting the Japanese
47:12Admiral Nagumo is relieved of his command a few months after the defeat at Midway
47:19and when he's finally forced to surrender to the Americans
47:23he takes his own life
47:25Admiral Fletcher
47:27Admiral Fletcher
47:28Admiral Fletcher
47:29Admiral Fletcher
47:30Admiral Fletcher
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