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00:00把超短假ics撿 52日子
00:01冲冲冲冲 Entwick� atom
00:12Ygutam飞 冲冲冲冲冲冲
00:17六星当iv冲冲冲冲冲冲冲冲冲冲冲冲 ludzi
00:21Late城宾
00:28他的武器是一名武器,一位出门前面
00:33他们可能是距离距离距
00:36但在他们的目的是,他们的总统站在同样的标
00:40两个现象的特殊的艺术会在他们的头发
00:45去观察他们的危机
00:49一群的精英尔会认为他们的硬账
00:52用力...用力...
00:54如果你不得了硬杆,你会在习惯的地方
00:57and firepower
01:00to reveal just how the Battle of Stalingrad was won
01:12June 1941
01:14Hitler is poised to launch the biggest military campaign in history
01:18the invasion of the Soviet Union
01:2150 year old Lieutenant General Friedrich Paulus
01:24is the brains behind the operation
01:27codenamed Barbarossa
01:33for the last seven months
01:35Paulus has been perfecting his plan
01:43the Germans will storm east
01:45and take key Soviet cities
01:47before claiming the oilfields of the Caucasus
01:50these supply 90% of Soviet fuel
01:58taking them would deprive the Soviets
02:00and allow the Germans to resupply their offensive
02:04Major General Simon Mayle
02:08a distinguished commander in both Gulf Wars
02:10understands how the character of a general can shape a battle
02:14Paulus is identified as somebody who's meticulous
02:18he smokes a lot
02:20he drinks a lot of coffee
02:22but he was always utterly immaculately dressed
02:25and he loves the planning table
02:28he loves the war games
02:29he loves the problems that have been set
02:32and he serves through Poland and France remarkably effectively
02:3622nd of June 1941
02:46Hitler launches Operation Barbarossa
02:503 million troops storm across the border into the Soviet Union
03:03and unleash a new kind of warfare
03:06the Germans call it blitzkrieg
03:12or lightning war
03:14Paulus's plan is being realized with brutal efficiency
03:19first the Germans hit vulnerable points along the Russian front
03:24with aircraft and artillery
03:26while the enemy is still reeling
03:30they follow up with fast moving armor
03:32to smash through the weakened lines
03:35then the armor forms pincers that surround and track the enemy
03:41at the spearhead of these blitzkrieg attacks
04:00providing their awesome power
04:02are German Panzers
04:04some Panzer divisions advance an astonishing 80km a day
04:11so it's hardly surprising that the German tank crews feel invincible
04:17former tank commander Crispin Swain knows that feeling
04:23wow the power you feel in one of these things is just palpable
04:29it's an adrenaline fuel ride
04:34i mean this is it
04:36this is the essence of blitzkrieg
04:39Hitler's lightning war
04:42the principle is really simple
04:45you find the enemy's weak spots
04:47you fly planes into it
04:49artillery, infantry and tanks
04:52it's like a cavalry charge of old
04:55only Hitler's men weren't finding themselves on horses
04:58but unstoppable beasts
05:00in just three weeks
05:09the unstoppable German blitzkrieg accounts for the lives of two million Russians
05:14that's twice the population of modern-day Birmingham
05:19despite fierce pockets of resistance along the way
05:25the Germans advance one thousand kilometers into the Russian heartland
05:32by the summer of 1942
05:36the critical oil fields of the Caucasus are in their sights
05:40then Hitler tears up the plan
05:44he decides to split the attack
05:48half of the army will break off
05:50and capture the city of Stalingrad
05:52Stalingrad
05:54Stalingrad is a major industrial center
05:59with a population of 600,000
06:02but for Hitler
06:04it is not just the strategic significance of the city that singles it out as a target
06:09it is its name
06:11Hitler is determined to wipe the word Stalin off the map of Europe
06:16who knows how history might have changed
06:19if Stalingrad had been called something really dull
06:22Belograd
06:23or any other number of Russian names you want to pick
06:26but Hitler did begin to get focused on it
06:30and Stalingrad features larger and larger in Hitler's mind
06:36Hitler decides that Paulus will lead the attack on Stalingrad
06:40and hands him command of the 6th army
06:47the fastidious planner is brought out from behind his desk
06:50and tossed into the chaos of combat
06:55Paulus is utterly comfortable with staff work
06:59but the reality was when Paulus becomes head of the 6th army
07:04he has never even commanded a regiment
07:09it's a huge promotion
07:11in seniority terms
07:12he skips over a number of other better qualified generals
07:16and he has been given an army of 300,000
07:19which is going to be at the spearhead of the whole German effort for 1942
07:25that is a very big call
07:31on the other side of the planning table
07:34the man charged with stopping the German onslaught
07:37is one of Stalin's most brutal generals
07:4042 year old Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov
07:46Chuikov is the archetype of the Soviet general
07:49in that he's the son of a peasant
07:51he fought in the Russian Civil War
07:53he's risen through the ranks through sheer force of ability and personality
07:58professor Philip Sabin is an expert on Chuikov's war
08:03he's an aggressive commander
08:04he's willing to push his men
08:05he's willing to ask them to give their lives
08:07in attacks against the odds
08:09if they can only hold positions to the last man
08:12regardless of losses
08:14and if they can take some of the enemy with them
08:17so Chuikov really is the embodiment of the character of the Red Army
08:21but Chuikov knows that it will take more than force of character
08:25to win this battle
08:27he will have to outsmart the enemy
08:41as he watches the German army eat up the Russian planes
08:44in their inexorable push east
08:46Chuikov realises that he can never match their technical
08:50and tactical superiority in open country
08:53he has very little room for manoeuvre
09:00Chuikov really has two options
09:03he can try and hold to the last man
09:05or he could be willing to conduct a fighting retreat
09:08giving ground gradually
09:10and moving back towards the city of Stalingrad
09:12Chuikov knows that if he can lure Paulus into the city
09:16he may stand a chance against him
09:19he will not allow the battle for Stalingrad to be played out
09:24as a gentleman's duel fought out in the open
09:26he will make it a dirty street brawl
09:29the kind of fight he knows how to win
09:38as Chuikov begins to pull his army into the city
09:41Stalin has a difficult decision to make
09:43Stalingrad is under threat
09:47Do they evacuate the factories and the people
09:50In this instance they decide not to do so
09:53and I think the primary reason for that is political
09:56Stalingrad is seen as a last ditch place to stand
10:01One means of encouraging the troops to fight more in its defence
10:04is to say the civilians are going to stay there
10:08to keep it as a living city as far as possible
10:11so that the people who are defending it
10:13will have something to defend other than rubble
10:21Stalin knows he is condemning thousands of civilians to certain death
10:25Nevertheless he sets them to work digging defences
10:29against the inevitable German onslaught
10:32General Paulus' attacking options are limited by the layout of the city
10:45Stalingrad is backed up against the river Volga
10:48a natural barrier that prevents the Germans using a pincer movement
10:52to surround the city
10:54So Paulus decides to bomb Stalingrad into submission
11:04They start the main offensive on the 21st of August
11:11They then, using the air force, completely and utterly obliterate
11:14The whole wooden structure of Stalingrad
11:17So you get these extraordinary photographs where there's an absolute forest of chimney stacks
11:24because all the houses were wood
11:26So there's a massive conflagration
11:28and they talk about being able to read a book 40 miles away from Stalingrad
11:31by the light of the fire in Stalingrad
11:33On the first day alone, bombs from 600 planes incinerate some 40,000 civilians
11:57Paulus believes he has the city at his mercy
12:00Part of it is a hope that he can so demoralise the Russians
12:07that they will collapse
12:10But Hitler wants to do more than conquer Stalingrad
12:13He wants to occupy it too
12:15He insists that Paulus move his tanks into the city
12:20to flush out the Red Army
12:22This concerns Paulus
12:27I don't think any of the generals want to get into Stalingrad
12:34A panzer army is not ideal for street fighting
12:38This is not a good place for the German army to be
12:42It is absolutely what every commander, particularly in the German army
12:46Brought up as they were on blitzkrieg and manoeuvre and mobility
12:50Does not want to get involved in
12:53Still they have the confidence
13:00No doubt about it
13:01And certainly Paulus is quite clear
13:04That that's what he's been told to do
13:06Paulus thinks that the higher command know better than he does
13:09He feels there's no way
13:11That he could disobey an order
13:14Paulus does what he's told
13:17And moves his tanks into Stalingrad
13:20But his relentless bombing of the city is about to backfire on him
13:30Although of course that causes tremendous mayhem and carnage and destruction
13:34It doesn't intimidate the inhabitants
13:37And it creates enormous amounts of rubble
13:39Which block the streets much more effectively
13:41And actually the Soviet civilians have done
13:43By creating these barricades
13:45Tanks need room to function properly
13:50As former tank commander Crispin Swain knows from experience
13:56Tanks are most effective fighting on open ground
14:00Outside of towns where they can see for a long distance
14:03And engage and kill targets there
14:05When it comes to cities that's quite a different thing
14:08And that's exactly what Hitler's panzer troops found
14:11When they moved into Stalingrad
14:13They'd reduced the city to rubble
14:16But this rubble now played against them
14:18As the tanks moved through this urban environment
14:21They found themselves getting stuck in the small lanes and alleys
14:25The Russians cottoned onto this
14:30And they put snipers with anti-tank rifles
14:32Up onto the tops of buildings
14:34To prey down on the German tanks
14:36And this made them really vulnerable
14:39The trouble is I can't raise the main gun high enough
14:44To shoot back at him
14:46And if he gets around through the thin armour at the top of the tank
14:52It can just bounce around in here off all the bits of metal
14:56Either injuring or killing the crew
14:58And disabling the tank
14:59And if that happens
15:00Then I've got no choice but to just get out
15:03Truikov deliberately places his troops cheek by jowl with the Germans
15:12In a tactic he calls hugging the enemy
15:16The attacking Germans can't use their artillery
15:19And certainly not their air power safely
15:21Because they might hit their own men
15:23So for all sorts of reasons
15:24The city favours the defender
15:26And particularly favours the Soviet defender
15:28Against the high-tech tactically proficient Germans
15:32Truikov knows he needs to get inside the range
15:35The effective range of the artillery and the air power
15:38That means he needs to be as close as possible to the German infantry
15:42So he has this tactic of hugging the enemy
15:45To be no more than a grenade's throw away from them
15:48The Russians perhaps are more willing to close in
15:51To engage in this gutter brawling type of fight
15:54And Truikov builds on that, encourages that
15:57Truikov tools his men up for hand-to-hand fighting
16:01With grenades and pistols
16:03And spades with sharpened edges
16:08As soon as a fighter falls
16:14His place is taken by a fresh recruit
16:16For some, this is their first taste of battle
16:26For many, they can expect to live for no longer than 24 hours
16:31And we've got to be very clear
16:34This was just an absolute meat grinder
16:36As far as the Russians were concerned
16:38It didn't really matter the level of training
16:41That the Russian soldier had
16:44As long as he was a warm body carrying a rifle
16:47With enough ammunition
16:49With a couple of mines
16:50With several grenades
16:52Some new recruits choose to run away
16:57Rather than wait for a German bullet
17:00But desertion is met with uncompromising brutality
17:04One commander punishes innocent troops
17:09For their comrades desertion
17:10By shooting every tenth man
17:12Until his gun runs out of bullets
17:23Despite Truikov running such a brutal regime
17:25His unflinching courage commands the respect of his men
17:29He is constantly willing to go to the front
17:34To put himself at risk
17:36He's chased by German planes
17:38He's under German artillery bombardment
17:40He's not at all the chateau general
17:42He wants to be up at the front with his men
17:44Sharing their dangers
17:46Inculcating in them the same kind of inspired courage
17:49As he feels
17:54From his first-hand experience of this dirty war
17:57Chukov is able to give his soldiers some practical words of advice
18:02Words that still hold true today
18:12Go in grenade first
18:16A burst from your tommy gun around what's left
18:20A bit further
18:21A grenade
18:22Then on again
18:23Another rule
18:24Break it with your tommy gun
18:26And get a move on
18:28Chukov was writing the manual
18:30For how special forces today storm a building
18:33We've cleared one room
18:35Okay
18:36And
18:37The way we've done that
18:38Is by bursting through the door
18:40Very very quickly
18:41Okay
18:42Surprising the enemy
18:43Dominating the room
18:44You can see from that corner
18:45To that corner to this corner
18:47Okay
18:48And the house has got to be
18:49Cleared systematically
18:50So that you know
18:51That every room has been cleared
18:53By the time you come to the end
18:54Fighting at such close quarters
18:56Fighting at such close quarters
18:57Is not the kind of combat
18:58The German troops of World War II relish
19:01It is physically very dirty
19:03They found the Russian tactics to be less than gentlemanly
19:07And although frankly given their attitude to the Russians
19:10They shouldn't have been surprised from that point of view
19:12And as I say
19:13It has negated every aspect of German superiority
19:17By the Russians hugging them
19:20Into this very close fight
19:22Where you are literally one room away
19:25From the enemy
19:26Where you can hear people breathing
19:27Talking on the far side
19:29Where every room has to be fought for
19:31Every staircase has to be fought for
19:33It's a battle of entrenching tools
19:35And it's a battle of hand grenades
19:38And it's mines
19:39And it's absolutely the worst type of hand-to-hand fighting
19:42And no matter how hard the Germans hit their enemy
19:47The Russians seem to come back
19:49With inexhaustible supplies of men and equipment
20:04These are ferried in from across the Volga
20:07Land that is still under Soviet control
20:10Chuakov knows that to survive
20:15He has to keep this lifeline open
20:17He prioritizes the defense of the landing stages
20:21From attack by German tanks and infantry
20:24He puts a garrison into the nearby railway station
20:27And turns it into a fortress
20:29He does the same at other key defensive positions
20:36The Soviets are very good at identifying defensible buildings
20:41They create these multi-level strong points
20:46Which it's enormously difficult for the Germans to successfully attack
20:55They cut holes into the basement walls
21:00And poke out the barrels of their anti-tank guns
21:03Machine gun teams hide in the rubble
21:08And cover the streets below
21:10On the top floors they post snipers together with observers
21:15Who call in artillery attacks on the Germans
21:18They even mount a mortar in the attic
21:25These strongholds are fiercely fought over
21:35Russians and Germans battle for control
21:38In epic room-by-room struggles
21:40Some buildings change hands fifteen times
21:44Until recently the Germans had been overrunning whole countries
21:56In a matter of weeks
21:57Now it can take them days to capture a single building
22:03What Chukov wants to do is to blunt the Blitzkrieg
22:06The Germans think in terms of objectives
22:09Of kilometers of advance per day
22:11And that's what they've been used to
22:13That's what they've been achieving over the summer
22:15Where whole objectives are bypassed
22:17And taken almost by default
22:19Chukov wants to reduce that
22:21To the level of the Germans having to fight
22:23For every single street
22:24Every single building
22:26So he gets his forces
22:28Disperses them into those different buildings
22:30Deploys them in depth
22:32So that the Germans can't just bypass the first line
22:34And then they're into the open city
22:36That everything is defended
22:38They're in a web of defense
22:40Truikov's tactics have gummed up the Nazi war machine
22:44And slowed its dash to a crawl
22:49Five weeks of maximum effort
22:51Aes won them just half the city
23:01The battle for Stalingrad is not delivering
23:04The crippling blow to the Soviet Union
23:06That Hitler expected
23:07不如将阿種的一步,
23:09年轻松了越来越越了越军
23:12但练习近平火国飓越,
23:14年轻轻三倍的高岛
23:16将他的国家消毒,
23:19伤 Login之后,
23:21中国总统的海语金提計
23:23Russia's triumphalism is premature.
23:26Hitler was genuinely underestimating the industrial capacity,
23:31the political will and the sheer reserves that the Russians had.
23:36Polus will have been getting increasingly nervous
23:40as August turns into September, turns into October.
23:44At the back of their mind, another winter coming on.
23:47The longer it goes on, the stiffer the Russian resistance,
23:51the more the German assumption of victory begins to become tempered
23:55by an awful,awful realism about what is achievable
23:59and what will happen if they don't win.
24:07It is a wargamer's horror story, this.
24:11And the horrors don't end here for Paulus and his men.
24:15The psychological screw is about to be turned further.
24:21The German predators who stormed into Stalingrad now become the prey
24:29as Chuikov unleashes battalions of specially trained assassins
24:33into the ruined city.
24:39The snipers.
24:41You have the ideal conditions for sniper warfare in Stalingrad.
24:46It's ideal conditions for the snipers to be able to pick off troops
24:52in unguarded moments when they just lift their heads up to look around
24:55or have a cigarette or whatever it might be.
25:02So you never know where a sniper might be.
25:07The most famous exponent of this black art
25:10is a shepherd from the Ural mountains called Vasily Zaitsev.
25:18He turns from hunting deer back home
25:20to hunting German soldiers in the shattered city.
25:26He goes out early in the morning to previously prepared places
25:30and waits patiently for targets to appear.
25:33He needs very few bullets.
25:34The Germans caught in his sights often end up dead.
25:40In just 10 days Zaitsev claims 40 kills.
25:52Chuikov is swift to exploit the propaganda value of his star snipers.
25:57Publishing in the army newspaper daily figures of the number of enemy killed
26:01and photographs of outstanding marksmen.
26:06Just as in the modern world we have this celebrity culture
26:09that we identify much more with individuals for good or ill
26:12than we do with statistical masses of people.
26:16So in World War II the snipers are elevated into representatives if you like
26:22of the heroic defence of the city by the Soviet forces.
26:26Everyone can think of themselves as doing a job like Zaitsev.
26:30Even if you just got an ordinary rifle and you might have killed one German
26:34you can think oh I'm starting on the road towards someone like Zaitsev.
26:38You see it's it's it's it's a model for which to aim.
26:41It gives a human face to what would otherwise be an immensely dispiriting demoralizing slaughterhouse.
26:50The Soviet snipers take out over a thousand enemy soldiers
26:54but put the fear of God into many more.
26:56the snipers escape through sewers like rats
27:12but the Germans develop a particularly gruesome method of flushing them out.
27:21Armed only with a saucepan and a weed sprayer
27:23Explosives engineer Dr Sidney Alford demonstrates how the flamethrower works.
27:29It's indiscriminate but it reaches parts that other weapons don't reach.
27:42The stream of scorching liquid from a German flamethrower
27:45can find its way through the smallest gap
27:47and torture Russian soldier hiding beyond.
27:53It provides a very simple and crude
27:58and cruel way of reaching the enemy when you can't see the enemy.
28:04They could be in an inflammable building
28:07they could be inside a bunker
28:10but if there's an orifice through which a liquid can pass
28:13you can make life very uncomfortable for him.
28:20In the hands of crack battalions of combat engineers
28:23the flamethrower proves an effective weapon against the Russian sewer rats.
28:27with the help of these elite engineers
28:38Paulus forces his way through to the Volga
28:41squeezing the Soviets back up against the riverbank.
28:48By the end of October,Paulus controls 90% of the city.
28:52You could say it's not much use holding 10% of Stalingrad but actually it is very very important
29:00because while he still holds out in this these few areas of rubble on the bank of the Volga
29:05he's tying down huge German forces.
29:09So it's time that he wins.
29:12The landing stages are absolutely key in this.
29:14They are the points through which his reinforcements and his resupply flow.
29:19If the Germans are able to break through and capture the landing stages
29:22then they have effectively captured the city
29:24because they've surrounded the other pockets of Soviet troops
29:28who are now completely unsupplied.
29:30They'll run out of ammunition.
29:31They'll be unable to fight any longer.
29:34So the one thing that the Soviets must do
29:36if they're going to hold anything in Stalingrad at all
29:39is hold the landing stages.
29:42Chuikov concentrates his resources along the river
29:45to defend these vital positions.
29:49but he orchestrates these weapons using spotters in his few remaining strongholds in the city.
29:54They spy on German targets and call in the fire of the dreaded Katyusha.
30:02The Katyusha is a rocket launcher mounted on a lorry.
30:06Chuikov hides them in the lee of the Volga riverbank until he needs them.
30:11Then they reverse out to the very edge of the water
30:14and let off their 16 rockets in quick succession.
30:19These fly towards German targets.
30:26Then the lorries scuttle back to the safety of the steep riverbank
30:30before the enemy can retaliate.
30:32These rockets do more than explode among the enemy.
30:40Their heart-stopping scream shatters the nerve of the German troops.
30:44But by November, the troops on both sides have to face a common and very brutal enemy.
31:00Their heart-stopping scream shatters the nerve of the German troops.
31:03But by November, the troops on both sides have to face a common and very brutal enemy.
31:14a Russian winter.
31:22Those who've been through a winter already, there is real nervousness.
31:27They are under no illusions that the temperature will plummet,
31:30the weather will close in on them.
31:33It will be a real nightmare for the tank crew
31:36who will find themselves having to put fires under their engines each night
31:40simply to stop the oil from congealing.
31:44They won't be able to bury their dead.
31:49The army best equipped for these extreme conditions
31:52will have a distinct advantage.
31:55Crispin here dressed as a German soldier at Stalingrad is wearing a standard uniform
31:59that was issued to virtually every single one of them.
32:02He's wearing boots shod with steel, with other soles, a pair of woolen tracks.
32:06Military historian Andrew Robertshaw and former British army officer Crispin Swain
32:11will test out the efficiency of each side's uniform.
32:15Comfy.
32:17But first, Andrew puts Crispin through a couple of simple tests.
32:21It's a nut and a bolt.That one goes that hand, that one goes that hand.
32:24Temple it.
32:28Nice and easy?
32:29Yeah.
32:29Good.
32:30I thought it might be.
32:31Next thing, just hold out your right hand and I'm going to put this above you.
32:36When I drop it, all I want you to do is just see how long it takes before you grab it.
32:41Okay?
32:42That's 25 centimetres.
32:44Next, Crispin is subjected to winter in Stalingrad in the back of a freezer truck.
32:51First in a German, then in a Russian uniform.
32:54Enjoy.
32:55He'll wear each for 30 minutes at minus 20 degrees.
33:02He is monitored by a thermal camera.
33:06The lighter areas of the image show where the heat is leaking out.
33:10I'm getting the odd chill because the uniform doesn't fit snugly.
33:15It seems more to err on the side of fashion than on the side of utility.
33:20You can see heat radiating really from his face and actually in the armpits.
33:26There's a lot of heat coming out from there.
33:28I'm feeling it now.
33:29I'm feeling it much more on my toes as well actually.
33:32It's getting to be a slightly unpleasant experience now.
33:34I mean this feels like getting into a sleeping bag.
33:40I feel like I could just huddle in a corner and just holding my, holding my weapon in a position
33:48and just sit it out.
33:50Where we had before, lots of really yellow, white heat coming out from the armpits and elsewhere.
33:57Nothing like that.
33:58And as for the hands, they're looking perfectly okay.
34:01There's almost no heat coming off them.
34:06Actually I've just noticed that my trigger finger on either hand just got cold.
34:15So all I do is I slip it outside and into the mitten.
34:22I can just move my hand inside the mittens.
34:25Then if I want to fire, I can quickly go like that and I've got all my fingers available.
34:32The ends of my fingers are now effectively numb.
34:36Just now I leant back and the back of the lid touched the back of my neck and it's really,
34:40really cold.
34:42It's steel.
34:43Imagine a lot of the time you'd just be wanting to finish the battle so you could just get warm.
34:49You know, kill a, kill a Russian so you can nick his kit.
34:53After 30 minutes, Crispin's time is up.
34:58Okay.
34:58Yep.
34:59Yep.
34:59Extreme cold slows down the nerve cells that transmit information from the brain,
35:04making it harder for someone to perform simple manual tasks.
35:08I dropped it.
35:10Okay.
35:11I can put that on,but I can't actually feel my thumbs.
35:14You can do it there.
35:15Okay.
35:15You take it on and off.
35:15Give it back.
35:16I can.
35:16Okay.
35:17Not at all.
35:17Okay.
35:17You're going to use your right hand,hand level,and hold it there.
35:21Yep.
35:21Yep.
35:22Yep.
35:23That was a grand total of 43,which is 25 last time.
35:27It's considerably worse.
35:29Gosh,you're keen this time.
35:31One in that hand.
35:31One in that hand.
35:32Try it.
35:34Any problem?
35:35Well,I just have to demonstrate just how...
35:37That's incredible.
35:38Okay.
35:38Not as cold I am.
35:39Right.
35:39Okay.
35:39That is very,very impressive.
35:45Yeah.
35:45We leave Crispin to defrost after his double dose of Stalingrad.
35:52For the German soldiers in 1942,there is no such instant relief from the cold.
36:00They are still in summer uniforms because their leaders arrogantly thought that they would have
36:04crushed the Russians before the onset of winter.
36:10Now Stalin needs Chuikov to hold on for a while longer.
36:17He wants him to keep the Germans distracted until he can gather enough reinforcements to relieve Stalingrad.
36:26Chuikov's role is to act as bait,to fix the Germans,to keep their attention on the city itself,
36:33to keep them thinking that they're just on the brink of victory,
36:36pouring in their troops,losing large numbers of troops, keeping their eyes fixed on the
36:41struggle in the city itself as they do,when in fact they're about to be hit from the sides
36:46and they just don't suspect it at all.
36:49The Germans are so focused on taking Stalingrad that they have left their flanks exposed.
36:54The Red Army is quietly massing on either side of the city.
37:02By November,an army one million strong is waiting in the wings.
37:06Paulus catches a glimpse of the storm of steel that's about to roll in.
37:26The Luftwaffe were flying over the far side of the Volga and they could see the build-up
37:31inevitably for supporting Stalingrad.All the indicators from their flanking units
37:37are that the Russians are planning something big and they cannot get
37:42Berlin or the Wolf's lair,as it were,to listen to this.
37:46Two thousand kilometers away,Hitler,believing the battle to be as good as one,ignores the warning.
38:01On November 19th,the red army reinforcements launch their attack.
38:17But as news of the offensive comes through,Paulus is unsure how to react.
38:22He does an appreciation of the situation and sends it back up to Hitler and then waits for orders
38:30either as to how he's going to break out or as to how Hitler plans for him to hold on to Stalingrad through the winter.
38:41But while Paulus prevaricates,the Russians close in on Stalingrad from the flanks
38:48and in just five days the Pincers meet and encircle 300,000 Germans.
38:54Paulus has fallen victim to his own favoured tactic,the Pincer movement.
39:06For the leader of the embattled Russians,this is poetic justice.
39:11I think Chuikov would have seen this as a great deliverance,that the plan has now come off,
39:16that now the trap has snapped shut.
39:21It's the Germans who now have actually been encircled.
39:25They have been cut off from supplies in a way that Chuikov never was.
39:31Although Paulus is trapped,the Russians have yet to consolidate their advantage.
39:36Paulus still has a window of opportunity.
39:39He thinks,right,I'm in this thing,I have a number of options.
39:44The first option which springs to mind is break out.
39:48The Russians haven't established their encirclement,but it's by no means certain,let's break out.
39:53But first,Paulus must get Hitler's permission.
40:00The word comes back,no,don't do that,we'll resupply you.
40:06But the Luftwaffe cannot muster enough planes,and only fly in woefully inadequate supplies.
40:14Paulus's army face a slow death from starvation,disease and exposure.
40:21He fears that any attempt to break out,now that the Russians have strengthened their grip,
40:25would exact a heavy toll on his men.
40:28Paulus will be deeply cognizant that even the most successful breakout
40:33means consigning tens of thousands of soldiers to death or captivity.
40:38Paulus will not do it without an order from Hitler,
40:41and Hitler will not give him the order.
40:45And you reach a critical point wherePaulus can no longer break out.
40:50And really by about the 18th of December,it's too late.
40:54By Christmas,the Germans slaughter the last of their horses for food.
41:02Medicine and ammunition are running out.
41:05Frostbite,typhoid and dysentery have set in.
41:09And men are dying in great numbers.
41:12Paulus sends Hitler a desperate signal.
41:15Armies starving and frozen,have no ammunition and cannot move tanks anymore.
41:22Hitler's response is to ban champagne and brandy at his headquarters,in honour of the heroes of Stalingrad.
41:30He sends Paulus a brutal message.
41:34Surrender out of the question.
41:37Troops fight on to the end.
41:38As the Soviet pincers strengthen their stranglehold on Paulus,and Chuikov tightens the noose from within,
41:49the german leader is tortured by regret.
41:51I mean it's almost impossible to put oneself in Paulus's position.
41:56You are now absolutely racked with the what ifs.
42:01What if I'd stood up to Hitler?What if I'd broken out?What if I hadn't done that?
42:04What if I'd reinforced my flanks?What if I'd come at Stalingrad from the left and the right rather than straight on?
42:11What if I'd be more forceful?
42:13So you're lying there,racked with dysentery,with an enormous sense of personal responsibility.
42:21By now,a sick and broken man,General Paulus sends his wedding ring and a one-line message of farewell to his wife on one of the last planes out of Stalingrad.
42:38By the end of January,the Russians have squeezed the Germans into two small pockets in the city.
42:46Chuikov knows he has Paulus's head in a vice.
42:51By now,a prisoner in his own headquarters watches helplessly as his army disintegrates around him.
43:14They do fight on absolutely magnificently in many ways under the most appalling conditions.
43:19There's no chance of getting the wounded out any longer.They've got an absolute understanding.
43:24There are two ways out.There's death or imprisonment.
43:28Hitler acknowledges Paulus's sacrifice by making him field marshal.
43:33But Paulus knows what this promotion really means.
43:36No German field marshal had ever surrendered.
43:39Or having lost,had ever been taken alive.
43:41Hitler,in a last cynical calculation,believes that by promoting Paulus to field marshal,he forces him to commit suicide,and then he brings coherence to the story of the gallant sacrifice of the sixth army on the Volga.
43:58But Paulus refuses to play the hero in Hitler's tragic opera.
44:02For once,he defies his Führer and surrenders.
44:07Hitler very spitefully says,you know,he could have shot himself.
44:10A sacrifice of the gallant soldiers of the sixth army is rendered worthless by the cowardice of this single spineless general.
44:18I will never promote another field marshal in this war.
44:40On January 31st,filthy, gaunt and close to collapse,Paulus hands himself over to the Russians.
44:48The battle ends for Chuikov,of course,with the German commanders coming and surrendering,and this very evocative position,where these proud Prussian officers have been reduced to utter destitution,and are having to come to beg for their lives effectively,and the lives of their men from a peasant's son.I think it must have felt very good.
45:12The Germans and their allies lose over half a million men in the battle of Stalingrad.
45:24Paulus feels he has their blood on his hands.
45:26Of the 23 generals taken captive at Stalingrad,all but one survived.But of the 91,000 soldiers that were taken into captivity,only 6,000 survived.And he always felt this sense of responsibility to the families,of those who had been killed in the fighting,and those who died in the camps.
45:46Chukov can barely contain his pride as he surveys his triumphant troops.Courageous men,who have been through so much,are now in tears.
45:56Half a million Soviet soldiers are dead,along with tens of thousands of civilians.But their sacrifice has changed the fortunes of war for the Russians.
46:06From now on,the Germans are fighting not for victory,but for survival.
46:13Chukov goes on to lead his army into Berlin in 1945.It was Chuukov who personally received the German army's final surrender.
46:29Field Marshal Friedrich Paulus spends the rest of the war in captivity.He never sees his wife again.
46:42His wife dies in 49,and in 1953 he is then allowed to go and live in East Germany.He gets motor neurone disease,and one has this awful image of him,eventually going to his grave,
46:56Unable to move himself,a bit like his army on the Volga,deeply conscious of his role and responsibility in the fate of the Sixth Army.
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