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Nova - Season 52 Episode 13 -
Human: Journeys
Human: Journeys
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02:01The place where humans evolved
02:05Including the first of a new species
02:09Homo sapiens
02:11Our species
02:14From humble beginnings
02:17Our growing culture and connections
02:20Helped us spread across that great continent
02:23And then
02:26We ventured outwards
02:28Away from our home
02:29And into the wider world
02:32Our ancestors did something
03:01Which is actually remarkable
03:03From a beach not unlike this one
03:07Possibly quite close by
03:10They ventured out into an open ocean
03:13With only an empty horizon in front of them
03:17And after many days and nights on the water
03:21They eventually came upon this new land mass that they would settle
03:25We call that land mass Australia
03:27It was a pivotal moment in the history of our species
03:33But in so many ways
03:36It's not actually the destination that's important
03:40It is everything it took
03:42All the challenges they had to overcome
03:45To make it so far away from where they began
03:49In Africa
03:50We were not the first humans to leave Africa
03:56Long before we evolved
04:00The ancestors of our cousins
04:02The Neanderthals set out
04:04And Homo erectus
04:07One of the most ancient humans
04:10Had made it deep into Asia
04:12But none had ever made the voyage to Australia
04:22Every other species of human reached a point
04:28And then they just stopped
04:29They faced a barrier that they either could not
04:32Or would not pass
04:33But not us
04:35This is the story of how time and again
04:39We took on perilous journeys
04:41How the last species of human to evolve
04:45Took on environments like no others had
04:48To become the only global species of human
04:53That title is Ours and Ours Alone
04:57Our journeys out of Africa
05:13Began over 120,000 years ago
05:17But as our species spread
05:20We were blocked by expanses of ocean
05:23On most sides
05:24One of the few places we could go
05:30Was east
05:31To the vast landmass
05:34That today is made up of Arabia
05:36And the Levant
05:38At this time
05:44One of the few gateways out of Africa
05:48To the rest of the world
05:50One of the most nered
06:05Two of the most vulnerably
06:07Out of the moon
06:07And again
06:08One of the mostmons
06:08And now
06:09And to the world
06:11Four of the revolvers
06:11To the world
06:12And to the mainstream
06:13ama
06:13As i fleets
06:14And two of the most
06:16Three of the most
06:16ênio
06:17And two of the most
06:17Most Administration
06:18And two of the most
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08:34thực sự cần đồ đồ của đồ, và cần đồ của đồ.
08:40Và đó là điều đó với những phẩm sản phẩm.
08:43Chúng tôi nói về cái quái thế giới hình như thế này.
08:48Vì thế này không phải ở đây.
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11:31The green days of Arabia were numbered
11:34The desert was on the march
11:37Subtle variations in the orbit of the Earth cause the climate to change
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13:35And so how did this happen?
13:37From all we can tell, there would have been few and far between
13:40And they effectively faded away
13:43And so for all intents and purposes, Homo sapiens outside of Africa had failed
13:50And what's interesting is, other species of human had cracked the code of living outside
13:59of Africa, but not us
14:01And so how did this happen?
14:04People like me, so many of you
14:06How did we become the only species of human who exists across the globe?
14:13These brutal conditions persisted for years on end
14:25Until finally, there was another subtle change in climate
14:39Allowing conditions to become less extreme
14:45And giving Homo sapiens another chance
14:56Occasional seasonal rains returned
15:05Just enough to bring precious water back to the desert
15:14Now the conditions here did get better
15:30So yes, you had desert and sand dunes
15:33But you also had lakes and rivers
15:37And that resulted in us being able to exist in this place
15:46But not just exist here
15:47From an oasis here to a river and spring system there
15:52We were able to actually leave the Arabian Peninsula
15:56And face the rest of the world
16:03As they did, these new waves likely absorbed any small pockets of Homo sapiens
16:12That had held on
16:14And now scientists studying the genetic code
16:20Of people alive today
16:22Believe this moment
16:24Was a pivotal point
16:26In our history
16:28Our DNA has the power to tell stories about us
16:38But some of them aren't just stories
16:41They're sagas
16:42And they're extraordinary
16:43And one of them
16:45Is that every single one of us
16:47Whose origins are from outside of Africa
16:50Comes from a tiny population of Homo sapiens
16:54We started in Africa
16:58From multiple populations across the continent
17:01But then
17:03Only a small group of us left
17:06Perhaps as few as 10,000 individuals
17:11And so
17:14All of us
17:15From outside of Africa
17:17Come from this
17:18Minuscule population
17:20Who went on
17:22To populate not one
17:24Not two continents
17:25But five
17:26But our journey through the desert
17:38Was only one of a multitude
17:43Of challenges Homo sapiens would face
17:46As we spread across the globe
17:50And because we were so few in number
17:55Our very survival outside of Africa
17:58Was far from certain
18:01As this tiny population grew and spread
18:19It crashed into another extreme environment
18:27One that had thwarted
18:32Other species of human
18:34A vast green wall
18:38Beyond the desert
18:45Our species found themselves
18:47In the giant land mass
18:49Of Europe and Asia
18:50To their north
18:54Lay high cold mountains
18:56So many spread eastwards
18:59And south
19:00Down through what is now India
19:03Reaching modern day Sri Lanka
19:06At that time
19:07Joined to the mainland
19:09By lower sea levels
19:11And dominated
19:18By expansive
19:20Dense rain forests
19:21And while this may look
19:33So much more welcoming
19:35Than the desert
19:36Nothing could be
19:38Further from the truth
19:39These leeches are
19:49Absolutely everywhere
19:51And when I say everywhere
19:51I mean one has just got me
19:54And there are creepy crawlies
19:57Absolutely everywhere
19:58Including in our trousers
20:00And they are actually quite irritating
20:02This place is also full of mosquitoes
20:06We saw a viper
20:08And a cobra
20:10And that's the thing about this place
20:12It is difficult to exist in
20:15It's hot
20:16It's humid
20:16It's oppressive
20:17And you have to constantly
20:19Have your rits about you
20:20This is one of the most extreme environments
20:31On the planet
20:32So much of what grows here
20:38Is poisonous to eat
20:39And there are few large animals
20:43To provide meat
20:45Conditions are so difficult
20:48That as far as we can tell
20:50Other species of human
20:52That left Africa
20:53Never ventured past the fringes
20:56Of such formidable forests
20:58Instead
20:59Taking alternative routes
21:02Being here
21:32Is a bit like stepping back in time
21:34Because about 50,000 years ago
21:35This place would have basically
21:37Looked the same
21:38This huge cave mouth
21:40Would have been here
21:41Only back then
21:43A rainforest would have been unbroken
21:46And it would have gone on
21:48For kilometres
21:49In every single direction
21:50And yet
21:52Somehow
21:53In this cave
21:54And two other caves
21:56Not far away
21:57We have found evidence
21:58Of our ancestors
22:00Living here
22:02All the way back then
22:03In the heart of
22:05What would have been
22:06A massive rainforest
22:07So how were Homo sapiens
22:15Able to plunge into a place
22:17No others had
22:19How did they find food
22:22Particularly meat
22:23They did have the advantage
22:27Of bow and arrow technology
22:29Which had arisen
22:31Thousands of years earlier
22:33But heavy stone-tipped arrows
22:37Were not well suited
22:38To firing into the high canopy
22:40Of the rainforest
22:42Their solution was uncovered
22:48Thanks to over 30 years
22:50Of excavations
22:52Deep into the floor
22:53Of this cave
22:54And the two other similar caves
22:57Digs that reach
22:59All the way back
23:00To 48,000 years ago
23:03When the pioneers
23:05Of our species
23:06First attempted
23:08To overcome the challenges
23:10Of this rainforest
23:11Starting with perhaps
23:16One of the most important
23:18How to find enough meat
23:20To sustain them
23:21So here you can see
23:25A monkey bone
23:26We can clearly see
23:29That the V-shape
23:30This V-shape cut marks
23:32Only can be produced
23:33By the stone tools
23:35Yeah
23:35So this here
23:36That's where
23:37Somebody is
23:38Cutting
23:39Yeah
23:40They are
23:40Cupping
23:41Or skinning
23:42Also can be possible
23:43Whatever
23:44Is stuck with the bones
23:46They try to remove
23:47It's funny
23:48Because I think
23:49Butchery marks
23:50Often need to look at
23:51It through a magnifying glass
23:52But not always
23:52And actually this one
23:53Is quite clear
23:54And this is not
23:56The kind of thing
23:56That you would see
23:58If an animal killed it
23:59This is an indication
24:01That this is killed by
24:02This is definitely
24:02This is definitely
24:03Homosexual
24:03And so the question is
24:06How they kill them
24:08It is remarkable
24:15Because there are lots of trees
24:18Very tall
24:19In seconds
24:20They can climb up
24:21To the top
24:22So therefore
24:23It is very difficult
24:24To catch them
24:25The prehistoric people
24:30Or our ancestors
24:31Should need to develop
24:33Their own technology
24:34To get them down
24:36So I would like to show you
24:40Some earliest
24:41Which goes back to
24:4248,000 years old
24:44They developed this
24:45Bone point technology
24:46And they made bone
24:48Tipped arrows
24:50They identified
24:53The monkey bones
24:54Are really special
24:55To make arrowheads
24:57Because those are
24:58Light in weight
24:59To hunt these
25:01Fast moving animals
25:02If you use
25:09This tone point
25:11The arrow is heavier
25:13So here you can see
25:17It is a little bit chipped
25:18Because it's
25:19Hit with contact
25:20With something
25:20So that is why
25:22At the end
25:23So that chip mark there
25:25Shows us that
25:27It was actually used
25:28Yes
25:28I mean it's amazing
25:30Because this is obviously
25:31I've got in my hands
25:32Right now
25:33Something that was used
25:3448,000 years ago
25:36Of course
25:36And it was absolutely
25:37Revolutionary
25:38These bone points
25:42Are only the tips
25:44Of the full arrowheads
25:45Many are chipped
25:48From actually hitting prey
25:50And each one
25:53Would have been attached
25:54To the end of a
25:55Long wooden arrow
25:56These hunters
26:03Didn't invent
26:04A brand new technology
26:05They adapted
26:09An old one
26:11These are some
26:13Of the earliest
26:14Examples
26:15Of bow and arrows
26:16Found outside
26:18Of Africa
26:18Enabling homo sapiens
26:24To hunt with
26:25Exceptional skill
26:26And efficiency
26:27Within the forest
26:30But we know
26:50That the humans
26:51Living here
26:52Were doing more
26:53Than just surviving
26:54Orshan Wedegay
27:09And the team
27:10Also found beads
27:11Many fashioned
27:13From shells
27:14Shells perhaps
27:17Brought in as trade
27:19From groups
27:20Living on the coast
27:21A constant struggle
27:24To survive
27:25Doesn't leave much time
27:28For making works of art
27:29Suggesting a long
27:36Established
27:37And successful community
27:38Existed here
27:40And for that
27:50To turn this place
27:52Into a true home
27:53Would take something
27:55Fundamental
27:55To our species
27:57This is
28:06A replica
28:08Of a tour
28:12That was found
28:13In the caves
28:14In this area
28:15Dated from about
28:1540,000 years ago
28:17It is a monkey tooth
28:20Specifically a canine
28:21But that's been modified
28:23If you look here
28:25It's been cut into
28:26To create a much
28:27Sharper point
28:28And the reason for that
28:31Is that it's
28:34A tool used for puncturing
28:36It's not easy
28:40All right
28:44I finally
28:45Managed to
28:47Make a hole
28:48And once you
28:51Make a hole
28:51You can then use
28:53Plant fiber
28:54Animal sinew
28:56As a string
28:57Start stringing
28:59Animal skins
29:00Animal hide together
29:01And create clothes
29:02But actually
29:04In so many ways
29:05That's not the most
29:07Interesting thing
29:08About this tool
29:09Because for me
29:10The most interesting
29:11Thing
29:11Is what this
29:13Tells us
29:14About the minds
29:14Of the people
29:15Who have made it
29:16Because you have
29:17To be taught
29:18How to use it
29:19You have to be taught
29:20How to make it
29:22So it actually
29:24Tells us
29:24Something much deeper
29:25Throughout the years
29:33Humans made
29:34This cave their home
29:35Countless elder generations
29:38Would have taught
29:39Children these techniques
29:41Something we still do
29:45To this day
29:46A communal passing on
29:49Of knowledge
29:49That is key
29:51To our ability
29:52To master
29:53So many different
29:55Environments
29:56That engagement
30:05Constant engagement
30:07Turns every generation
30:09Of children
30:10Into a step
30:11In the evolution
30:12Of knowledge
30:12And for us
30:13Homo sapiens
30:14That's probably
30:16What adaptation is
30:18The evolution
30:19Of knowledge
30:20Because it's what
30:21Turns a simple
30:22Projectile like an arrow
30:24Into a weapon
30:26Fine-tuned
30:27Honed and specialized
30:28For the rainforest
30:29And that
30:31Constant innovation
30:33Unlocks resources
30:35And it's this ongoing evolution
30:53Of tools and techniques
30:55That has allowed our species
30:58Time and again
31:00To live and thrive
31:02Even in extreme environments
31:07That is the strength
31:12Of our species
31:13That we were opening up
31:15So many new environments
31:16Places
31:17That previously
31:18Other species
31:19Saw as impenetrable
31:22As too difficult
31:23We saw it as having
31:24Long-term potential
31:26And we were able
31:27To expand in number
31:29We were able
31:29To then adapt to it
31:31And as we grew
31:32Some people
31:34Would decide
31:35To move on
31:36To yet another environment
31:38We were becoming
31:39A species
31:40With truly global potential
31:43It was that ability
31:52To take on
31:53So many different
31:54Challenging environments
31:55That carried us
31:57Through so much
31:58Of the world
31:59By now
32:02To the fringes
32:03Of Europe
32:04Into the cold
32:06Expanses
32:07Of northern Asia
32:08And within only
32:13A few thousand years
32:14Of leaving Africa
32:15Deep into southeast Asia
32:18Where today
32:21There are sweeping stretches
32:23Of tropical waters
32:25Back then
32:26Much lower sea levels
32:28Created a vast land mass
32:30Known as Sunderland
32:32Eventually
32:33Our wandering feet
32:35Brought us
32:36To its outer edge
32:38Beyond lay an ocean
32:43Dotted with isolated islands
32:48Even all those years ago
33:02The ocean
33:03Could not stop
33:04The spread
33:05Of our species
33:06Homo sapiens
33:11Reached these remote islands
33:13Thanks to an ancient technology
33:15That we quickly
33:16Came to master
33:17This is a tuna fishbone
33:23This particular one
33:24Happens to be quite fresh
33:25It's a few days old
33:26But we have actually
33:28Found tuna fishbones
33:30On an archaeological site
33:32On these islands
33:33That dates back
33:34To over 40,000 years
33:36Tuna swim
33:39In open waters
33:41And that means
33:42That over 40,000 years ago
33:46They were fashioning
33:47Some kind of vessel
33:48And going out
33:49Into the open waters
33:51And coming back
33:52Again
33:52And again
33:53And again
33:54We can't be sure
33:58What form these vessels took
33:59Since no evidence survives
34:01But they were probably
34:03Simple rafts
34:04Made from available wood
34:06And they did more
34:10Than just help us fish
34:12There is a very interesting
34:17Archaeological site
34:18On one of the neighbouring islands
34:19That has this one layer
34:21That is just filled with artefacts
34:23Belonging to Homo sapiens
34:25But the layer just before it
34:27Immediately preceding it
34:29Is empty and barren
34:31Of those same artefacts
34:32So it almost suggests
34:34That our ancestors
34:34Just kind of turned up
34:36Overnight
34:37And spread rapidly
34:38Through these islands
34:39In large numbers
34:41Just because of
34:41The sheer volume of artefacts
34:43Within that layer
34:44And none of that
34:46Would really be possible
34:48Unless you were skilled enough
34:50To build robust craft
34:52You were skilled enough
34:53To navigate treacherous waters
34:55But in a truly
35:00Unexpected twist
35:02Homo sapiens
35:04Homo sapiens
35:04Were not the first
35:05Humans
35:06To reach floras
35:08Somehow
35:11Someone
35:12Made it here before us
35:14We know
35:19Thanks to an incredible discovery
35:22Made in a cave
35:24In the west of the island
35:26For over 20 years
35:30A team of Indonesian
35:32And international archaeologists
35:34Has been excavating this cave
35:36They were searching for evidence
35:39Of the spread of Homo sapiens
35:41Through the islands
35:42Instead
35:44They found something
35:45Completely unexpected
35:47A strange skeleton
35:50From at least 70,000 years ago
35:53So long before
35:54Our species reached this far
35:56From Africa
35:58I think the first thing
36:02Obviously that strikes you
36:03When you see her
36:04Is that she's
36:05Very short
36:06Yeah, yeah
36:07Very short
36:07What are we talking
36:09One metre
36:09Yeah
36:10This skeleton is about a metre
36:13And six centimetres tall
36:15So about three and a half feet
36:16Yeah
36:16Just like
36:17All of our team
36:19When saw this for the first time
36:21We thought
36:23That belongs to a child
36:25But then
36:27After we were able
36:28To clean up
36:30All the dirt
36:30You can see
36:32All the molars
36:34Already erupted
36:35It's got wisdom teeth
36:37Yes
36:38Yes
36:38There is already permanent teeth
36:39Yeah
36:40I mean the molars
36:41The adult molars
36:42Are there
36:42Yes
36:43Already there
36:43Three of them
36:44Yeah
36:44As soon as you look closely
36:46This is 100% an adult
36:48Yeah
36:48An adult
36:53But the size of a child
36:55And that was only
36:57The first surprise
36:58The legs
37:02They're quite short
37:03Yeah
37:04The legs
37:05Only slightly longer
37:08Than the arms
37:09Yeah
37:10Whereas with us
37:11Yeah
37:11With us it's different
37:12Our legs are really long
37:13Compared to our arms
37:15Compared to upper limb
37:17I think
37:17Yeah
37:17And also
37:18So if you have a look
37:19On the feet
37:19Yeah
37:20Yeah
37:20The feet is about 70%
37:23Of the length of the femur
37:25Which is huge
37:26Because on me
37:27That would be
37:28About that length
37:29Yeah it's true
37:30Because so many
37:32Unique features
37:33Not seen
37:35In other species
37:36We placed this skeleton
37:39As a new species
37:41And we named
37:43The skeleton
37:44Homo frasciensis
37:46This new species
37:54Of human
37:55Was a revelation
37:57Named Homo floresciensis
38:00After the island
38:01They quickly became
38:03Known to many
38:04As the hobbits
38:05After the heroes
38:07From the lord
38:08Of the rings books
38:09Who were also
38:11Small
38:11As adults
38:12They likely arrived
38:17Entirely by chance
38:19Initially perhaps
38:20A few individuals
38:22Swept here
38:23On driftwood
38:24From the islands
38:25To the north
38:26More than 700
38:27Thousand years ago
38:29They eventually
38:35Became a unique
38:36Species
38:37Seemingly
38:38With a mix
38:39Of modern
38:40And more ancient
38:41Characteristics
38:42Now we can see
38:46Obviously the
38:47Brain is small
38:48But how small
38:49Are we talking
38:49Only one third
38:51Of the modern
38:52Human's brain size
38:54I think
38:54Almost similar
38:55To adult
38:57Chin
38:57That's right
38:59How incredible
39:00We discover
39:01The skeleton
39:02With stone
39:03Artifact here
39:04Such a small brain
39:05And yet
39:06They had stone tools
39:08Yes it did
39:09Before this
39:13Scientists assumed
39:14That a human
39:15With such a small brain
39:17Could never have
39:18Developed such tools
39:19One theory
39:22Is that they were
39:23Initially a much
39:24Larger species
39:25Before the long
39:26Isolation on floras
39:28Caused them to shrink
39:29A process known
39:31As island dwarfism
39:32Where large animals
39:34Get smaller
39:35Due to fewer resources
39:36At the same time
39:39Some small animals
39:41Actually get bigger
39:42Due to a lack
39:44Of predators
39:45We found
39:47The giant rat
39:48Up to
39:50About 3 kilos
39:52We also found
39:56Elephant like
39:57Creatures
39:57Called stegodon
39:59As big as
40:00Water buffalo
40:01This is
40:01Smaller one
40:02So stegodons
40:04Generally
40:05Are not the size
40:06Of water buffalo
40:07But on this side
40:09They're the size
40:10Of a water buffalo
40:11And then on this island
40:12You've got humans
40:13That are a meter tall
40:14What you're describing
40:16There is a species
40:17That has been shaped
40:20By this island
40:21Has been shaped
40:22By the environment
40:23On this island
40:24And the result
40:25Is this
40:26Long isolation
40:31Allowed evolution
40:32To tailor the hobbit
40:34To this environment
40:35Their long arms
40:41Compared to short legs
40:42A response
40:43To perhaps
40:44The steep terrain
40:45Or the lack
40:47Of predators
40:47On the island
40:48To run away from
40:49Physical adaptations
40:53That along with
40:54Those simple stone tools
40:56Help them survive here
40:58For hundreds
40:59Of thousands
41:00Of years
41:00You can see
41:11It's like layers
41:12Of cake
41:12Yes
41:13So every period
41:14Yeah
41:14Has left a layer
41:15So this is like
41:17A snapshot
41:18In time
41:19Telling us
41:20A lot about
41:21Different periods
41:22Yeah
41:23There is a series
41:24Of volcano eruptions
41:27Eight volcanic tephras
41:30That's basically
41:31Flow from
41:32Volcanic eruption
41:33Yeah
41:34This tephra
41:37Is very important
41:38In the young blue
41:38Because there
41:39This tephra
41:40Called tephra tree
41:42This dated
41:44To about
41:4550,000 years ago
41:46And all
41:48Homo-chroxian
41:49Skelter remains
41:50Derived from
41:51Pillow
41:52For this tephra
41:52Right
41:53And then
41:54Tephra 5
41:55The gray
41:57And pinkish color
41:58Yeah
41:58And when we dated
41:59The slow stone
42:00Including charcoal
42:02Dead back about
42:0346,000 years ago
42:05Right
42:06And just above
42:07These layers
42:08We found
42:09Several
42:10Element
42:11Of modern humans
42:13So homo sapiens
42:14Homo sapiens
42:15So that
42:15There is
42:16The boundaries
42:17Between fluorescence
42:18And modern humans
42:20The massive
42:21Pyroclastic flow
42:24Here
42:24That's really
42:25Significant
42:25So the pyroclastic flow
42:26Is when you have
42:27The gas and material
42:28That comes
42:28From a volcanic eruption
42:30And really
42:30I mean
42:31That would just
42:31Be quite destructive
42:32Yeah
42:33But we still
42:34We still don't have
42:36The fixed evidence
42:37That this volcanic eruption
42:40Causes the extinction
42:43Of the homo sapiensis
42:44We don't think
42:48That final eruption
42:50Alone caused the extinction
42:51Of the hobbit
42:52It would have been
42:54A catastrophic event
42:55Here at the cave
42:57But we don't know
42:58How it affected
42:58The rest of the island
43:00What we do know
43:02Is that this shows
43:03The time of the hobbit
43:05Here
43:05Was coming
43:06To an end
43:07It is wonderful
43:29To imagine
43:29What this place
43:30Was like
43:31Before all of this
43:33Thousands of years
43:35Before our ancestors
43:37You had these
43:38Miniature elephant
43:40Like creatures
43:41Who wandered
43:42Open grasslands
43:43You had
43:44Actual dragons
43:46The Komodo dragons
43:48Who still exist
43:49And then
43:50Giant marabou storks
43:53Storks
43:53That were carnivorous
43:55That were
43:55At my height
43:56Or taller
43:56And could fly
43:57It was like
43:58A fantasy island
44:00And amongst all of it
44:01There were these
44:02Humans
44:03Who were tiny
44:05Who came up to
44:06About my hip
44:07And those hobbits
44:11Lived here
44:12On this island
44:13For a staggering
44:14Length of time
44:15Potentially for more
44:17Than 700,000 years
44:19That's longer than
44:20Our species
44:21Has existed
44:22At all
44:23And yet
44:25There is this twist
44:27Because so far
44:28We have found
44:28No evidence
44:29Of them
44:30Past these shores
44:32Their whole story
44:33Plays out
44:34Only on this island
44:36Of Flores
44:37Our own species
44:42In just a fraction
44:44Of that time
44:45Was able to spread
44:47Across a huge portion
44:49Of the globe
44:49Around 50,000 years ago
45:01The climate here
45:02Became warmer
45:03And drier
45:04Changing the environment
45:06At the same time
45:10Those violent volcanic eruptions
45:12Also struck
45:13Whatever the reason
45:24It meant that
45:25Homo floresiensis
45:26Faced not just change
45:28But rapid change
45:30That meant that
45:31Their physiology
45:32Their physical adaptations
45:34That for so long
45:36Had been a benefit
45:37But now
45:38What trial
45:39They were being
45:40Left behind
45:40Because it's actually
45:41Incredibly difficult
45:43To rapidly evolve
45:45Your way out
45:45Of a sudden crisis
45:47And they couldn't
45:48Behaviourally adapt
45:50To this change either
45:52Nor could they
45:53Say escape
45:53And move
45:54To another island
45:55And so these
45:56Wonderful
45:57Fantastic relatives
45:58Of ours
45:59Vanished
46:00Forever
46:01And in their place
46:03Homo sapiens appeared
46:04Making this island
46:06Like so many places
46:08Their home
46:09So far
46:18We've found no evidence
46:20That our two species
46:21Overlapped
46:22But many anthropologists
46:30Suspect
46:30That the final factor
46:32In the hobbit's
46:33Extinction
46:34Was likely
46:35Our sudden
46:36Arrival
46:37The hobbit
46:42Simply couldn't compete
46:43With this highly
46:44Adaptable newcomer
46:46A species
46:49A species
46:49Able to change
46:50Its behaviour
46:51To suit almost
46:52Any environment
46:53And condition
46:54The very characteristics
47:00Driving our continuing
47:01Spread across the globe
47:03As we spread
47:13Further and further
47:15Away from Africa
47:15Entering into
47:16Brand new environments
47:18That we had
47:18Never experienced before
47:20We're not just surviving
47:23In these places
47:24We're actually
47:25Setting down routes
47:27And routes
47:28That would last us
47:29Till this very day
47:31There was one last part
47:40Of this journey
47:41To go
47:41We set out on a path
47:50No other human species
47:52Had travelled
47:53Perhaps following tantalising hints
47:58That there was more land
48:00To explore
48:00Clouds on the horizon
48:05Returning flights of birds
48:08Or maybe something
48:12Much more instinctive
48:14That inspired
48:16We think
48:16Dozens of families
48:19To strike out
48:21On a voyage
48:22That would carry them
48:24That would carry them
48:24To a new continent
48:26Australia
48:29Now these were people
48:37Who were comfortable
48:38On the water
48:38That were going
48:39From island
48:40To island
48:41But Australia
48:42Was something different
48:43We're talking
48:44About a journey
48:45That was up to
48:46A hundred kilometres
48:48Sixty miles
48:49That's days and nights
48:52On the open ocean
48:53Probably in something
48:55As basic
48:56As a raft
48:57That was perhaps
48:58Being propelled
49:00And steered
49:01With just paddles
49:02Launching out
49:06Into that hostile
49:08And expansive ocean
49:09That would be
49:11An expedition
49:12Today
49:13Let alone back then
49:15When I think about
49:19The risk involved
49:20When I think about
49:21The emptiness
49:22It is just
49:25Absolutely astonishing
49:26The islands of Indonesia
49:45Were another waypoint
49:46In our ongoing journey
49:48Our unique adaptability
49:55That helped us cross
49:57The harsh desert
49:58And break through
50:01The barrier
50:01Of the rainforest
50:02Now carried us
50:09Across the sea
50:10To Australia
50:14Nearly 9,000 miles
50:17From where we began
50:19Leaving the question
50:22What kept driving us on?
50:25Ultimately inspiring us
50:28To take on the dangers
50:30Of the open ocean
50:32It's true
50:35That there will often
50:36Have been a push
50:37The simple need
50:39To find new resources
50:40For our expanding population
50:43I would argue
50:48That that is not
50:49The full explanation
50:50That this is the most
50:52Intangible part
50:54Of the story
50:54See these people
50:56In my opinion
50:56Were just like us
50:58So they had the same
50:59Fears and hopes
51:00For their families
51:01We are clearly
51:04The explorer species
51:05I think
51:06That is beyond a doubt
51:08And as a result
51:10And as a result
51:11We have been able
51:12To take on things
51:13That seem absolutely impossible
51:16In that desire
51:19To understand what was out there
51:21In the thrill and excitement
51:23Of understanding the unknown
51:25And the willingness
51:26To take risk
51:27To know it
51:28See, wanderlust
51:30Creativity
51:31And the imagination
51:33Required to put yourself
51:35In a different place
51:36Into a different future
51:38And world
51:39I think that is fundamentally us
51:42I think it's
51:45It's true
51:45To know it
51:47Yes
51:48Yes
51:48I think it's
51:49What are you
51:50To know it
51:50Yes
51:52To know it
51:54You
51:55Are you
51:59Now
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