- 3 months ago
1997 | Επ. 3/3 | HD
Ο Κριμαϊκός Πόλεμος (The Crimean War)
Ο Κριμαϊκός Πόλεμος (1853-1856) έπαιξε σημαντικό ρόλο στη σύγχρονη ευρωπαϊκή ιστορία. Μέσα σε λίγα χρόνια μετά την ολοκλήρωσή του, τρία έθνη αναγεννήθηκαν από τις στάχτες του – Γερμανία, Ιταλία και Ρουμανία. Στη Ρωσία, η ήττα δημιούργησε τις συνθήκες για μία μελλοντική επανάσταση. Στη Βρετανία, οι λάθος χειρισμοί της πολεμικής προσπάθειας οδήγησαν στην πτώση της κυβέρνησης. Οι αναφορές από την πρώτη γραμμή του πολέμου από τον πρώτο πολεμικό ανταποκριτή, Ουίλιαμ Χάουαρντ Ράσελ της Times, τόνιζαν την τρομακτική αλαζονεία των αριστοκρατών Βρετανών αξιωματικών και πυροδότησαν ένα εγχώριο κίνημα προς κοινωνικές μεταρρυθμίσεις. Αυτή η σειρά που αποτελείται από τρία επεισόδια, χρησιμοποιεί αναφορές, καθώς και επιστολές και ημερολόγια για να αναβιώσει τη σύγκρουση.
Το τελευταίο επεισόδιο αναλύει τις συνέπειες του πολέμου με τη Γερμανία, την Ιταλία και τη Ρουμανία να αναγεννιούνται από τις στάχτες της σύγκρουσης. Καλύπτει την Πολιορκία και την Άλωση της Σεβαστούπολης, την Εκστρατεία του Αζόφ, την Επίθεση του Σβέμποργκ, τη Μαίρη Σέικολ, τη Μάχη της Τσερνάγια, τη ρωσική ήττα και την έκβαση του πολέμου. Στο μεταξύ, στην ηττημένη Ρωσία, οι χωρικοί και οι δουλοπάροικοι προετοιμάζουν το έδαφος για μία μελλοντική επανάσταση.
Ο Κριμαϊκός Πόλεμος (The Crimean War)
Ο Κριμαϊκός Πόλεμος (1853-1856) έπαιξε σημαντικό ρόλο στη σύγχρονη ευρωπαϊκή ιστορία. Μέσα σε λίγα χρόνια μετά την ολοκλήρωσή του, τρία έθνη αναγεννήθηκαν από τις στάχτες του – Γερμανία, Ιταλία και Ρουμανία. Στη Ρωσία, η ήττα δημιούργησε τις συνθήκες για μία μελλοντική επανάσταση. Στη Βρετανία, οι λάθος χειρισμοί της πολεμικής προσπάθειας οδήγησαν στην πτώση της κυβέρνησης. Οι αναφορές από την πρώτη γραμμή του πολέμου από τον πρώτο πολεμικό ανταποκριτή, Ουίλιαμ Χάουαρντ Ράσελ της Times, τόνιζαν την τρομακτική αλαζονεία των αριστοκρατών Βρετανών αξιωματικών και πυροδότησαν ένα εγχώριο κίνημα προς κοινωνικές μεταρρυθμίσεις. Αυτή η σειρά που αποτελείται από τρία επεισόδια, χρησιμοποιεί αναφορές, καθώς και επιστολές και ημερολόγια για να αναβιώσει τη σύγκρουση.
Το τελευταίο επεισόδιο αναλύει τις συνέπειες του πολέμου με τη Γερμανία, την Ιταλία και τη Ρουμανία να αναγεννιούνται από τις στάχτες της σύγκρουσης. Καλύπτει την Πολιορκία και την Άλωση της Σεβαστούπολης, την Εκστρατεία του Αζόφ, την Επίθεση του Σβέμποργκ, τη Μαίρη Σέικολ, τη Μάχη της Τσερνάγια, τη ρωσική ήττα και την έκβαση του πολέμου. Στο μεταξύ, στην ηττημένη Ρωσία, οι χωρικοί και οι δουλοπάροικοι προετοιμάζουν το έδαφος για μία μελλοντική επανάσταση.
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00:00Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
00:30In May 1855, three armies, British, French and Turks,
00:36were encamped on the plains of the Crimea in southern Russia.
00:41They had left home thinking it was going to be a short war.
00:45But now, eight months after landing, they knew otherwise,
00:49and they longed for home.
00:53Until I came to this country,
00:55I used to ridicule any person that would designate my native land
00:59as Happy Old England.
01:01But now I fully appreciate the value of my native land
01:04and have quite altered my mind as regards making it my resting place.
01:09Corporal Harry Blishan, Rifle Brigade.
01:13Harry Blishan had enlisted in the army to see the world.
01:16Like thousands of his compatriots,
01:21he was never to see Happy Old England again.
01:27He spoke for the unsung heroes of a war
01:30that most people remember simply for its legends.
01:35Florence Nightingale and her nurses.
01:37The battles of Alma, Incomen and Balaclava.
01:46The Light Brigade and its cavalry charge into the Valley of Death.
01:51But the truth is more complicated than legend.
02:02This story of the Crimean War is told through the letters and diaries,
02:07photographs and paintings of those who were there.
02:12They tell a different story.
02:14The Crimean War
02:15The Crimean War
02:45In September 1854,
02:58the Allied armies landed at the southern outpost
03:00of the Russian Empire in the Crimea.
03:03Eight months later, they were still there,
03:06camped outside the Russian naval base of Sebastopol.
03:10They had laid siege to the city,
03:11but had never cut off its main supply routes
03:14from the Russian heartland.
03:16They were weary and demoralised,
03:19and no closer to taking what they had come for,
03:22the base of the Russian Black Sea fleet.
03:26There is not a man who goes into the trenches
03:28who would not give his vote for an assault.
03:30For independently of the little value they place on their lives,
03:35our men are dead tired of the trench duty
03:37and the everlasting doing-nothing state of existence they live in.
03:41Captain Henry Clifford felt the frustration of the men.
03:46They were making no progress,
03:48and their half-hearted bombardments were getting nowhere.
03:52While Sebastopol's supply routes remained open,
03:55the Russians had access to men and ammunition.
03:59And in fact, for one young officer,
04:01life under siege was...
04:03The most agreeable time that I've ever had.
04:07I go on duty at the bastion for four days,
04:10and then I'm free for 12 days.
04:12I have very elegant accommodation with a piano,
04:17looking out onto the boulevard,
04:19where there are promenaders and music every afternoon.
04:22I have a lot of good friends.
04:24The weather is superb,
04:26and I've begun to bathe in the sea.
04:28Count Leo Tolstoy found Sebastopol life
04:32perfect for exercising his literary talent.
04:36As the author of Sebastopol's sketches,
04:38Leo Tolstoy brought stories of the war
04:40into the homes of the educated Russian classes.
04:44The constant charm of danger,
04:46and my observations of the soldiers I'm living with,
04:48the sailors, and the very methods of war,
04:51are so pleasant that I don't want to leave here,
04:55especially as I would like to be present at the assault.
04:58if there is one.
05:01There could be no question of an assault
05:03until Sebastopol's defences had been weakened.
05:07But the Russians continued to receive supplies
05:09and reinforcements from the north,
05:11because they still controlled the strategic route
05:14across the Sea of Azov.
05:18The Sea of Azov was critical to the Russian position in the Crimea.
05:21As the Crimea itself produces very little
05:23in the way of food, fodder, or ammunition,
05:26The Russians depended on the River Don Basin
05:28to get their supplies,
05:30and the point of contact was across the Sea of Azov
05:32in large open boats.
05:34Consequently, taking command of the Sea of Azov
05:36would have cut off the Russians
05:37from their main source of supply.
05:39It basically cut their jugular.
05:41In late May, a Russian officer, Shultz,
05:45was passing by the Sea of Azov
05:47on his way to Sebastopol.
05:49He found himself a bystander
05:51at a turning point in the war.
05:53As we approached the shore,
05:57our eyes were met by a terrifying sight.
06:01The entire enemy fleet was anchored
06:05on the opposite side in the Straits of Kirch
06:08and was pelting the coast with bombs.
06:13At the same time, troops were disembarking
06:16and forming into columns.
06:18They headed off in the direction
06:20of the Pavlov battery.
06:23As the enemy approached,
06:25the entire battery suddenly flew into the air
06:28without a single shot being fired.
06:33The Russian garrison had blown up their own arsenal
06:36in a panic as the Allied forces
06:38made their way up from the shore.
06:41What Shultz had witnessed
06:42was an Allied naval expedition
06:45landing at Kirch.
06:46The beach was strewn with baggage
06:50of every description.
06:51Horses were splashing
06:52through the water to the shore.
06:54Men dressed in every kind of garment
06:55that was ever worn
06:56were walking about,
06:58scrambling, swearing, shouting and laughing.
07:00A vast deal of the latter.
07:03Roger Fenton,
07:05the celebrated Crimean war photographer,
07:07had joined the expedition
07:09in the spirit of a jaunt.
07:11From the other side of the Straits,
07:13the Russian officer saw what happened next.
07:16Another explosion shook the air
07:18to such a degree
07:20that even here,
07:21the glass in the windows
07:22rattled and shattered.
07:24This was the powder cellars
07:26in Yenikali exploding.
07:28The sign that our troops were retreating
07:31and the Sea of Azov
07:32was in enemy hands.
07:34The Allies had tightened their grip
07:39on the Russians.
07:41As its main supply route was severed,
07:43it could only be a matter of time
07:45before Sebastopol would have to surrender.
07:51Back at the camp,
07:52news of the naval operation's success
07:55was joyfully received.
07:57Fanny Jubilee,
07:58the young wife of an officer
07:59with the Eighth Hussars,
08:00wrote in her journal,
08:02We hear that the Kerch heroes
08:04have brought home lots of plunder
08:06and we are rather curious
08:07for their disembarkation.
08:10The success attendant on the expedition
08:12seems to have put everybody
08:14in good spirits.
08:16And,
08:17we must have a try
08:18for Sebastopol now,
08:20is the cry from the general
08:21to the newly arrived ensign.
08:23The Allies now set about
08:26planning their next move.
08:28Sebastopol had two main strongholds,
08:30the Malikov Tower
08:31and the Great Redan.
08:33The Russians had thrown up
08:35two works to protect
08:36these key positions
08:37and the Allies now divided
08:39their targets to capture them.
08:41At long last,
08:42Lieutenant William Young
08:44of the 49th
08:45was to see action.
08:47Well, yesterday,
08:48about two o'clock,
08:49we heard that 200 of our men
08:51were to take the pits
08:52in front of the Redan.
08:53and so we ordered our dinners
08:55as we had to fall in
08:56at four o'clock.
08:58The pits in front of the Redan
09:00were known as the quarries.
09:01The British were to attack here.
09:04The French were to take
09:05the Mamelon there,
09:06the works which protected
09:07the Malikov.
09:09The attack was set
09:10for the 7th of June.
09:12It was to be the prelude
09:13to the grand assault
09:14on Sebastopol itself.
09:19The Allied commanders
09:20at last felt confident enough
09:22to pose for posterity.
09:25Roger Fenton,
09:26safely back from Kirch,
09:27had been rewarded
09:28for his patience
09:29as he wrote to his sponsor.
09:31William Agnew,
09:32Monday, June 4th, 1855.
09:34I am now at headquarters
09:37taking a few portraits
09:38I am yet in want of.
09:40Lord Raglan gave me
09:41a sitting this morning
09:42and I have obtained
09:43a very good likeness of him.
09:45General Pellissier,
09:46with whom I breakfasted
09:47this morning,
09:48is coming the day
09:48after tomorrow
09:49at five in the morning.
09:51It is impossible
09:52to work after nine or ten
09:53from the intense heat.
09:55I should be away
09:56if it were not
09:56for these great guns,
09:58each of whose portrait
09:59has to be fairly hunted down.
10:01On the morning of the attack,
10:05the great guns posed together.
10:08Raglan for the British,
10:10Omar Pasha for the Turks,
10:12and Pellissier for the French.
10:15Later that day,
10:16Fenton was drinking claret
10:18with Captain Corbett.
10:20Corbett said,
10:20when we were alone,
10:21Now, Roger, my boy,
10:23we cannot breakfast
10:24with you today,
10:25but if we come out all right,
10:26Edmund and I
10:27will brush you up
10:28tomorrow at six,
10:28and you shall take
10:30our likenesses.
10:33Corbett was shot
10:33through the head
10:34and killed outright
10:36in the assault.
10:38Lieutenant Young survived
10:39and finished his letter home
10:41two days later
10:42from his hospital bed.
10:46It was the first time
10:47I had ever been under fire
10:49without a trench
10:50in front of me.
10:51From one end
10:52of the quarries
10:53to the very mammalon
10:54was one sheet of fire
10:56and a continual racket
10:57of musketry.
10:58The French were beaten
11:00back at first,
11:01but then up came
11:02their reserves,
11:03drums and bugles
11:05playing a rub-a-dub-dub.
11:06You could hear
11:07a mile off,
11:08and they actually
11:09walked through
11:10the mammalon.
11:14It is a horrid sight
11:16when the fight is over.
11:18You would not believe,
11:20unless you saw it,
11:21all the shapes
11:22a human being
11:23may be made into.
11:24I saw fingers
11:26and ears,
11:27legs,
11:28legs,
11:29heads
11:29and arms
11:30all in one grace,
11:32higgledy-piggledy.
11:35This watercolour
11:36was painted
11:37by Captain Clifford.
11:39He sent it
11:39to the Illustrated
11:40London News.
11:41The above sketch
11:43of the interior
11:44of the Russian battery,
11:46as it appeared
11:46on the day
11:47after the desperate battle
11:48in which it was taken
11:49by the French,
11:50is from the pencil
11:51of an officer
11:52who visited the spot
11:54during the brief armistice
11:55which took place
11:56on that day.
11:58The British officer
11:59had turned war artist.
12:01Clifford's sketch
12:02and letter
12:02were published
12:03in England
12:03within a month.
12:05The public appetite
12:05for news of the war
12:07was voracious.
12:07The 7th of June
12:11had been a good day
12:12for the Allies.
12:13They had captured
12:14two important positions
12:15and the field
12:16was now open
12:17to take Sebastopol itself.
12:21Ragland and Pellissier
12:22saw an opportunity
12:23to seal their new alliance.
12:26They would mark
12:26the 40th anniversary
12:28of the Battle of Waterloo
12:29by storming Sebastopol.
12:32If they could take
12:33the Malakoff
12:34and the Redan,
12:35Sebastopol would fall
12:36and the 18th of June
12:38would become a day
12:39of celebration
12:40on both sides
12:41of the Channel.
12:43But the significance
12:44of the date
12:45had not been lost
12:46on the Russians.
12:47They could not
12:48have been more prepared.
12:53We saw large enemy columns
12:55advancing on the first
12:57and second bastions.
12:58But our men
12:59did not miss a trick
13:01and opened fire
13:02with bullets
13:03and a grape shot
13:04forcing their retreat.
13:05more than once
13:06we all burst into laughter
13:08when a column of French
13:10cheerfully advancing
13:11suddenly turned around
13:13like rabbits
13:13and made a run
13:15for the ravine.
13:16Lieutenant Captain
13:17Teuter Leslie.
13:19The two armies
13:20were meant to attack
13:21Sebastopol simultaneously
13:23but the French
13:24went in early
13:25at the Malakoff
13:26with disastrous results.
13:28When the proposed
13:29assault took place
13:30the result was
13:31that the French
13:32failed at the Malakoff
13:33and by some misunderstanding
13:35our stormers
13:36went on to the Redan
13:37under the most
13:38horrific fire
13:38of every description
13:40of missile.
13:41It was utterly impossible
13:43for them to get on
13:43as they were literally
13:45mowed down.
13:48Captain Fred Dallas
13:4946th foot.
13:51But it was no
13:52misunderstanding.
13:54Raglan knew
13:55that the British attack
13:56was doomed
13:56once the French
13:57had been beaten.
13:58but it was a point
13:59of honour
14:00not to break
14:01his agreement
14:01with Pellissier
14:02and he sent
14:03more than a thousand
14:04men to certain death.
14:07Such a fire
14:08met us
14:08that the whole column
14:09seemed to melt away.
14:11Still we went on
14:12staggering beneath
14:13the terrible hail.
14:15Our colonel fell dead
14:17our adjutant the same
14:18and almost every officer
14:19we had with us
14:20fell dead or wounded.
14:23Sergeant Timothy Gowing
14:247th Royal Fusiliers.
14:25Our loss is not yet known
14:33but the proportion
14:35of officers was immense.
14:38Sir John Campbell
14:38who led the Stormers
14:39fell one of the first.
14:42Poor Colonel Ye of the 7th
14:43was killed.
14:45Colonel Shadforth
14:46was killed
14:46and his regiment
14:47the 57th
14:48suffered awfully
14:49and hosts of others
14:51whose names I don't know
14:52and many whom I did
14:53and liked.
14:54Poor fellows.
14:55Captain Fred Dallas
14:5746th foot.
14:59Roger Fenton
15:00lost many friends
15:01that day.
15:03Such is our anniversary
15:04of the 18th of June.
15:05We reckoned
15:06too proudly
15:07and now the 18th of June
15:09will be a glorious day
15:10to the Russians.
15:11There was no armistice
15:25for burying the dead
15:26until four o'clock
15:26the next day.
15:28The Russians
15:29had waited
15:29a cruelly long time
15:31to answer
15:31the Allies'
15:32flag of truth.
15:33Captain Henry Clifford
15:39of the Rifle Brigade
15:40sketched the killing fields.
15:43By four o'clock
15:44so bad had been the wounds
15:46and so great the heat
15:48that the faces
15:49of the poor dead
15:50could hardly
15:51and many could not
15:52be recognised.
15:54Their faces
15:55were quite black
15:56and many of them
15:57had swollen up
15:58and burst.
16:00I was obliged
16:01to go about
16:02amongst the corpses
16:02to get the men
16:03to carry them away
16:04and I was sick
16:06and vomited
16:06many times
16:07and the greater number
16:09of men
16:09who carried the stretchers
16:10did the same.
16:11I saw
16:13as I thought
16:14a dead rifleman
16:16on the ground
16:17partly hid
16:17by the grass.
16:19I went to the spot.
16:21It was the backbone
16:22of one
16:23with part of his bowels
16:25and a lump
16:25or two of flesh
16:26with part of his jacket
16:27and head by it.
16:29All the rest
16:30had been blown away
16:31by a shell.
16:34Out of 160
16:36of my comrades
16:3770 were killed
16:39and wounded
16:39and I am sorry
16:41to state
16:41a number
16:41of the sailors
16:42were killed.
16:44God bless them
16:44they are England's
16:46bravest men.
16:48Corporal Harry Blishan
16:49Rifle Brigade
16:50The British army
16:53suffered losses
16:54of 1,400 men
16:56and nearly
16:57a hundred officers.
16:59Feelings ran high
17:00amongst those
17:00who were spared.
17:02I consider
17:03and we all consider
17:04the whole
17:05of the storming party
17:06out of whom
17:06scarcely two
17:07or three hundred
17:07got back
17:08were all massacred
17:09by the authorities.
17:11The Russians
17:12at the armistice
17:13for burial
17:13of the dead
17:14paid us the compliment
17:15of calling us lions
17:16commanded by asses.
17:20Lieutenant Colonel
17:21Strange Jocelyn
17:22Scots Fusilier Guards
17:23Even before this fatal
17:26blunder
17:26Lord Raglan
17:27had said
17:28that he would be
17:29stoned to death
17:29in the streets
17:30of London
17:30were he ever
17:31to return.
17:33He was haunted
17:34by this final
17:35tragic error.
17:37Within ten days
17:39as cholera
17:39swept through
17:40the camp again
17:41he was dead.
17:45The heart
17:46had gone out
17:46of the campaign
17:47and apart from
17:48a few bombardments
17:49and sorties
17:50there was
17:51little decisive
17:52action.
17:53Morale
17:54was sinking.
17:56I'm quite
17:57out of sorts
17:57today
17:58as I've had
17:59three days
18:00of diarrhoea
18:01and I'm somewhat
18:02pulled down
18:02in consequence.
18:05You can form
18:06no idea
18:06of the state
18:07our camp is in
18:08from dust.
18:09The wind
18:10has been blowing
18:10for three or four days
18:12and everything
18:13is smothered.
18:14It is impossible
18:15to draw.
18:16My paints
18:17and paper
18:17all get spoiled
18:18and then there
18:19are thousands
18:20and thousands
18:21of flies.
18:23We have all
18:24made up our minds
18:24for a second winter
18:25in the Crimea
18:26or at any rate
18:28all those who see
18:28far enough
18:29and are determined
18:30to see the end of it
18:31if not cut short
18:32by cholera
18:32or a rifle bullet.
18:35Well
18:35this must do
18:37for tonight
18:37for I have
18:39no news
18:39and my pen
18:41and eyes
18:41are full
18:42of Crimea dust.
18:44God bless you all.
18:46Adieu.
18:47Henry.
18:50Still stuck
18:51outside
18:51Sebastopol
18:52the Allied armies
18:53sweltered
18:54in the heat
18:55of the Crimea
18:55and dreamed of home.
18:58The stalemate
18:58would be broken
18:59far away
19:00not in trenches
19:02nor in cavalry charges
19:04but on the open sea.
19:09on a clear morning
19:23in June 1855
19:25Tsar Alexander II
19:27was looking out
19:28of the window
19:28at his summer palace
19:29on the Baltic Sea.
19:31His eyes
19:32fixed on an astonishing sight.
19:35The British fleet
19:36has approached us
19:37and anchored
19:37presumably to wait
19:39the arrival
19:40of the French vessels.
19:44With the arrival
19:45of spring
19:46the Allied Baltic fleet
19:47had once again
19:48set sail for Russia.
19:50The previous year
19:51they had successfully
19:52bombarded
19:52the Russian naval base
19:54at Beaumasson.
19:56This year
19:57they had returned
19:57to take
19:58Sverigborg and Kronstadt
19:59the twin strongholds
20:01protecting the Russian capital
20:02at St. Petersburg.
20:03In the heady days
20:07after the Russian victory
20:08of June 18th
20:09the Tsar wrote
20:10to his commander
20:11in the Crimea.
20:13In Kronstadt
20:14where I was
20:15a few days ago
20:16everything is ready
20:17for their reception.
20:19Both land
20:20and marine troops
20:21are burning
20:22with the desire
20:22to show themselves
20:23worthy
20:24of their comrades
20:25of Sebastopol.
20:26And they had
20:27the guns
20:28to do it.
20:31Seeing that Kronstadt
20:32was impregnable
20:33the Allied fleet
20:35turned its attention
20:36to Sverigborg
20:37but the Russians
20:38were expecting them.
20:41They had a new weapon.
20:43They had placed
20:44almost 1,000
20:45exploding mines
20:47in the water.
20:50The Allies
20:50had to spend
20:51days and nights
20:52clearing their path
20:54in preparation
20:55for the bombardment.
20:56The Reverend
21:02Mr Hughes
21:03fellow of
21:04Magdalen College
21:04Cambridge
21:05had taken his boat
21:06wee pet
21:07from the Thames
21:08Royal Yacht Club
21:09and once again
21:10sailed up the Gulf
21:11of Finland
21:12with the Allied fleet.
21:14It was excellent
21:14spectator sport
21:16for war tourists.
21:18About nine or ten
21:19we saw the gunboats
21:20going in
21:20and beginning
21:21that witch's dance
21:22which has been
21:23so much admired.
21:24and soon after this
21:25as we watched
21:26the batteries
21:27a lurid pillar
21:28of flame and smoke
21:29leaped up
21:30into the air
21:30and burst abroad
21:32like a foul
21:33tawny fountain
21:34casting an unsightly
21:35bouquet of huge
21:36black fragments
21:37far and wide.
21:40Soon after dark
21:42a squadron of cutters
21:43and launches
21:44from the ships
21:44each fitted
21:45with a rocket tube
21:46went in
21:47and began
21:47letting off
21:48their fireworks.
21:49it was a splendid sight
21:51to see the curved
21:52flight of the rockets
21:53five or six sometimes
21:55underway together
21:56chasing and crossing
21:57each other
21:58as they flew.
22:01Sveborg was a massive
22:02boost to Allied morale
22:03it was a major victory
22:04at almost no cost.
22:06Furthermore
22:07it demonstrated
22:07to the Russians
22:08that their sea fortresses
22:10were exposed
22:11to Allied attack.
22:12The Allies didn't have
22:15the resources
22:16to press onto
22:16St. Petersburg
22:17in 1855
22:18but they did move
22:19their fleet up
22:20to Kronstadt
22:20they sat at anchor
22:22under the Tsar's windows
22:23and warned the Russians
22:24that they would be
22:25back next year.
22:27St. Petersburg
22:28the imperial capital
22:29was threatened
22:30on the Baltic
22:31with their victory
22:32at Sveborg
22:32the Allies
22:33had struck
22:34at the very heart
22:35of the Russian Empire.
22:37The Tsar's commanders
22:38in the Crimea
22:39were growing despondent
22:40and their pessimism
22:42was infecting the men.
22:44Schultz
22:45who had seen
22:45the Allies land
22:46at Kirch
22:47was now in charge
22:48of the second line
22:49of defence.
22:51This entire
22:53wonderful army
22:54of ours
22:55watches quite calmly
22:57as the enemy
22:58before its very eyes
23:00digs itself
23:01deeper and deeper
23:02into our land.
23:05Cultivating
23:06their own
23:07vegetable gardens
23:08cutting hay
23:09chopping down
23:10forests
23:11and grazing cattle
23:12while we pay
23:15twice the normal
23:16price for forage
23:17we blow up
23:20our own batteries
23:21and powder stores
23:23destroy our reserves
23:25and sink
23:26our own ships.
23:27The Allied troops
23:31were making themselves
23:32at home
23:32in the Crimea
23:33By July
23:35provisions
23:35were plentiful
23:36and the soldiers
23:37wanted for little
23:38Much of this good cheer
23:40was due to the efforts
23:41of one woman
23:42Mary Seacole
23:44the artist
23:45William Simpson
23:46knew her
23:47from his Crimean days
23:48Mrs Seacole
23:50an elderly
23:51mulatto woman
23:52from Jamaica
23:52was a well-known
23:53character in the Crimea
23:55all the soldiers
23:56and sailors
23:57knew her
23:57At the age of 50
24:00Mary Seacole
24:01had travelled
24:02from Jamaica
24:02to London
24:03in the hope
24:04of becoming
24:05one of Florence
24:05Nightingale's nurses
24:06she was not even
24:09given an interview
24:10so she paid her own way
24:12from London
24:13to the Crimea
24:13where she set up
24:15in business
24:15selling food
24:16and homemade remedies
24:18to the troops
24:18Had you been doing
24:20your best
24:21to batter Sebastopol
24:22about the heirs
24:23of the Russians
24:24in the spring
24:25and summer of 1855
24:26the firm of Seacole
24:28and they
24:28would have been
24:29happy to have
24:30served you
24:30and had you been
24:31fortunate enough
24:32to have visited
24:33the British Hotel
24:34upon rice pudding day
24:35I warrant
24:36you would have
24:37ridden back
24:37to your hut
24:38with kind thoughts
24:39of Mother Seacole's
24:40endeavours
24:41to give you
24:42a taste of hope
24:43Mary Seacole
24:45provided a comfort
24:46I think it's the only word
24:48one can use
24:49which the men
24:49really didn't get
24:50anywhere else
24:51she could joled
24:52the sailors
24:52and the soldiers
24:53to help her build
24:53this British hotel
24:55as she called it
24:56where she served food
24:57and she provided
24:59her own medicines
25:00and really gave them
25:02a taste of something
25:03civilised
25:04even if it wasn't
25:05luxurious
25:06where they felt
25:07they were humans
25:08again
25:08unlike Miss Nightingale
25:10and her nurses
25:11who were three days
25:12journey away
25:12at Scutari
25:13Mrs Seacole
25:15was close at hand
25:16William Howard Russell
25:18the most famous
25:19journalist
25:19of the Crimean War
25:21championed her courage
25:22on the battlefield
25:23I have seen her
25:27go down under fire
25:28with her little store
25:29of creature comforts
25:30for our wounded men
25:31and a more tender
25:33or skilful hand
25:34about a wound
25:35or a broken limb
25:36could not be found
25:37among our best surgeons
25:38I saw her
25:39at the assault
25:40at the Redan
25:41laden
25:42not with plunder
25:43good old soul
25:44but with wine
25:45bandages
25:46and food
25:46for the wounded
25:47or the prisoners
25:48as the summer wore on
25:52the Allied batteries
25:53continued to shell
25:54Sevastopol
25:55the success of their
25:57operation
25:57in the Sea of Azov
25:58was finally
25:59showing results
26:01they were grinding
26:02the Russians down
26:03Lieutenant Captain
26:05Piotr Leslie
26:06wrote to his family
26:07on the 8th of August
26:09the saddest thing
26:11of all
26:11is that to each
26:13of our bullets
26:13they reply with 10
26:15our factories
26:17cannot produce
26:18the quantity
26:19of shells
26:19that we need
26:20in order to do
26:21at least some
26:22harm to the enemy
26:23from St. Petersburg
26:26the Tsar
26:27looked to his
26:28commander
26:28in the Crimea
26:29to hit back
26:30Gortokov
26:32doesn't really
26:33want a
26:34mountain assault
26:35he's convinced
26:36that the war
26:37is lost
26:37in Crimea
26:38actually
26:38he has to attack
26:39because he feels
26:41that the Tsar
26:41insists on it
26:42and because
26:44Russia
26:44cannot admit
26:45defeat in the Crimea
26:46without one more
26:48major effort
26:48Prince Gortokov
26:50already sensed defeat
26:52but still
26:53he went ahead
26:54with planning
26:55the battle
26:55of the Tsarnaia
26:56the Tsarnaia river
26:59marked the boundary
27:00between the Russian army
27:01and its enemy
27:02and that enemy
27:03had been swelled
27:04by a contingent
27:05of 15,000
27:06Sardinian troops
27:08who had arrived
27:08in May
27:09the French and Sardinians
27:11had taken up
27:12a position in the field
27:13occupying the heights
27:14beyond the Tsarnaia
27:15the Russian plan
27:17was to cross the river
27:18and recapture
27:19those heights
27:20they would move
27:21at first light
27:22on August the 16th
27:24Prince Sviatopolk
27:27Mirsky
27:28had only just
27:28arrived in Sebastopol
27:30he went out
27:31to join his regiment
27:32on the eve of battle
27:33I was amazed
27:36by the gloomy
27:37disposition
27:37of my commander
27:38and my new comrades
27:39it was evident
27:41that they were
27:42prepared to die
27:43and had doomed
27:44themselves to sacrifice
27:45with no hope
27:46of success
27:47as night fell
27:50the battalions
27:51set off down the road
27:52into the valley
27:53of the Tsarnaia
27:54at nine o'clock
27:56there was an order
27:57to stop and rest
27:58each one lay down
28:00where he was
28:01over in the French camp
28:07the soldiers
28:08were celebrating
28:08it was their
28:09emperor's birthday
28:10as dawn broke
28:17the sound of gunfire
28:18rang
28:18Andre of the third
28:21Zwarves
28:21jumped to his feet
28:22it rattled
28:24not far from us
28:25and echoed
28:26resoundingly
28:26on our extreme right
28:28in the direction
28:29of the Sardinian camp
28:30that night
28:31had been very black
28:32not a star
28:33had shone
28:34in the sky
28:35and it seemed
28:36as if day
28:36didn't want
28:38to break at all
28:38so thick
28:39was the mist
28:39over the plain
28:40our commanders
28:42didn't quite know
28:43what to do with us
28:44since the enemy
28:45was invisible
28:45the Sardinians
28:49had been caught
28:50off guard
28:51a burst of shooting
28:53surprised us
28:54about an hour
28:54before dawn
28:55it was the Russians
28:57who
28:57having marched
28:58and maneuvered
28:58for a good part
28:59of the night
29:00were starting battle
29:01with a furious attack
29:02the combat
29:03was short
29:04but very likely
29:05we fought
29:06with bayonets
29:07with the stocks
29:08of our guns
29:08finally
29:09even with stones
29:10this was enough
29:12to alert those
29:12in the camps
29:13behind us
29:13and they got
29:14into a defensive
29:15position
29:15in good time
29:16sub-lieutenant
29:17Ritchie
29:18piedmont advance
29:19guard
29:20the early morning
29:22mist had cleared
29:22and the Zwarves
29:24had time to prepare
29:25we saw a whole army
29:27on the plain
29:28its right flank
29:29was made up
29:29of two or three regiments
29:31of Ulans and Cossacks
29:32waving their forest
29:34of lances
29:34behind this curtain
29:36a whole infantry division
29:38was swarming
29:38a big black mass
29:40littered by the glistening
29:41of 8 to 10,000 bayonets
29:43behind those bayonets
29:46was Prince
29:46Fiatopolk Mirsky
29:48leading his battalion
29:49of Russian infantry
29:50we drew closer
29:52and closer
29:53suddenly the French
29:54halted
29:55the order was heard
29:56they turned
29:57and fanned out
29:58in a line
29:58which immediately
29:59opened fire
30:00the French
30:05forced the Russians
30:06to retreat
30:06but as soon as
30:08the reserves arrived
30:09Gorchakoff
30:10ordered them to advance
30:12back over the bridge
30:13we bore down
30:15on them
30:15at an athletic pace
30:17and by God
30:18from that moment on
30:19I couldn't quite
30:20say what happened
30:21just like at
30:22Inkerman
30:23and at the
30:23Mamlonvert
30:24we had to dig in
30:25advancing and retreating
30:27in turns
30:27climbing over wounded
30:29and dead bodies
30:29closing our eyes
30:31sometimes
30:32so as not to see
30:33what we were striking
30:34how anyone got out
30:40of their safe and sound
30:41is impossible to explain
30:43we can only thank God
30:46we managed to push the Russian columns
30:49back down to the river
30:50where many unfortunates
30:52tangled up in their long cloaks
30:54drowned
30:55Henry Clifford
30:59now Brevet Major
31:01went down to the river
31:02with his sketchbook
31:03the loss of the Russians
31:08was even greater
31:09than I'd expected
31:10about 1,000 dead bodies
31:12lay on and about the bridge
31:14and I do not think
31:15General Clare
31:16of the Zwarves
31:17exaggerated
31:17when he said
31:19he estimated
31:19the enemy's loss
31:20of 7,000
31:21killed and wounded
31:22Mary Seaco
31:27went amongst the corpses
31:28with her basket of bandages
31:30on the battlefield
31:33death is fearful indeed
31:35it had come peacefully
31:37enough to some
31:38others it had arrested
31:40in the heat of passion
31:42and frozen on their pallid faces
31:45a glare of hatred
31:47and defiance
31:48that made your warm blood
31:50run cold
31:50in the cool light of day
32:04on the 17th of August
32:06Andre looked down
32:08on the battlefield
32:08oh
32:14I once praised
32:15the grace of this valley
32:17now it is covered
32:19with corpses
32:20which the nurses
32:21are fighting the vultures for
32:23with the birds of prey
32:24more active
32:25in their voraciousness
32:26than the men
32:27in their pious work
32:29it must be recognised
32:31that glory
32:32is dearly won
32:33on the day after
32:53the battle of the Chennai
32:54the allies resumed
32:55their bombardment
32:56of Sebastopol
32:57Lieutenant Young
32:59delighted in their success
33:00I was looking at some
33:04of the buildings
33:05the other day
33:05through a telescope
33:06and in some of the large ones
33:08you might drive
33:09a coach
33:10and four
33:11with ease
33:11the other day
33:13we were firing
33:14some rockets
33:15into the town
33:16and we set
33:16a house on fire
33:18so the old bloke
33:19inside
33:20set about
33:21removing his furniture
33:22and when he had
33:23his two carts
33:24nicely packed
33:25some of our guns
33:26fired a shell
33:27slap into them
33:28and knocked furniture
33:29carts and all
33:31to pot
33:31for its defenders
33:34Sebastopol
33:35was now a trap
33:36with every hour
33:37that passes
33:38it gets harder
33:39and harder
33:40everything has become
33:42so loathsome
33:43that
33:43there's no strength
33:45left
33:45and I would be ready
33:47to go to Siberia
33:48at once
33:49to do hard labour
33:50even for a lifetime
33:52if only it meant
33:53I could get
33:54out of Sebastopol
33:56Lieutenant Captain
33:57Peter Leslie
33:58Prince Gorchakov
34:00had thought
34:01of a way out
34:02a pontoon bridge
34:04had been constructed
34:05across the bay
34:06from the south
34:07to the north side
34:08of Sebastopol
34:09Major Clifford
34:11was intrigued
34:12the Russians
34:14have finished
34:14the bridge
34:15and we are
34:16on the tiptoe
34:17of expectation
34:17to know
34:18what is the object
34:19of building it
34:19this morning
34:21was its first
34:22of completion
34:22and thousands
34:23have passed
34:24from side to side
34:25over it
34:25I've even observed
34:27through my glass
34:28today
34:28some of the fair sex
34:29honouring it
34:30with their little feet
34:31all women I believe
34:32have small ones
34:33but their presence
34:35does not stop
34:36the gun from being fired
34:37or the shell
34:37from bursting
34:38or no doubt
34:39the whole of the Russian army
34:41would put on petticoats
34:42the Allies had never
34:45blocked off
34:46the route north
34:46out of Sebastopol
34:47the bridge
34:49was to become
34:50the Russians
34:50lifeline
34:51they were now
34:53ready for the final act
34:54it began
34:57with a heavy
34:58Allied bombardment
34:59Count Leo Tolstoy
35:01wrote in his diary
35:02on September the 6th
35:04I've just
35:07been looking
35:07at the sky
35:08a wonderful night
35:12oh god
35:13have mercy upon me
35:15I am a bad man
35:17the stars
35:19are in the sky
35:20a bombardment
35:21in Sebastopol
35:22music
35:23in the camp
35:24I've done
35:26no good
35:27on the contrary
35:28I want some money
35:29gambling
35:30others were not
35:35so cool
35:35under fire
35:36company commander
35:38Yanuari Kobielenski
35:39was on the front line
35:41of the Russian defense
35:42bombs
35:43shots
35:44shells
35:44various kinds
35:45of grape shot
35:46and bullets
35:47poured
35:48as though
35:48through a sieve
35:49before noon
35:50and in the evening
35:51the firing stopped
35:53for 15 or 20 minutes
35:54everyone was clearing
35:56away the rocks
35:57bits of wood
35:58and gun carriage
35:59strewn
36:00all over the place
36:01by enemy shells
36:02when suddenly
36:04a terrible
36:05thunderous boom
36:06and the whole
36:07mass of iron
36:08was flying
36:09our way again
36:10for the first time
36:12in the 349 days
36:14of the siege
36:15the allied bombardment
36:17had left the Russians
36:18unable to repair
36:19the damage
36:19time
36:21had run out
36:22excited by newspaper
36:25reports
36:26of the impending
36:27fall of Sebastopol
36:28boatloads
36:29of tourists
36:30had arrived
36:30in the Crimea
36:31William Howard Russell
36:33the Times correspondent
36:34described the scene
36:36all the amateurs
36:38and travelling
36:38gentlemen
36:39who rather abound
36:40here just now
36:41were in a state
36:42of great excitement
36:43and dotted the plane
36:44in eccentric attire
36:46which revived
36:46olden memories
36:47of cows
36:48and yachting
36:49and sea bathing
36:50on the morning
36:53of the 8th of September
36:54Fanny Jubilee rode up
36:56to join the throng
36:57of spectators
36:58on the heights
36:59above Sebastopol
37:00we found the cavalry
37:02at their usual
37:03ungracious work
37:04of special constables
37:05to prevent amateurs
37:07from getting within shot
37:08now in the first place
37:11amateurs have no business
37:12within range
37:13and in the next place
37:15their heads are their own
37:16and if they like
37:17to get them shot off
37:19it is clearly
37:19nobody's business
37:21but theirs
37:21positions were being
37:23taken up
37:24Sergeant Timothy Gowing
37:26was in the British lines
37:27as the hour of 12
37:29drew near
37:29all hands were
37:31on the alert
37:31we knew well
37:33it was death
37:33for many of us
37:34several who had gone
37:36through the whole campaign
37:37shook hands
37:38saying
37:38this is hot
37:40goodbye old boy
37:41write to the old folks
37:42at home
37:42if I do not return
37:43was the request
37:44made by many
37:45the Zwarves
37:47would be first in
37:48at the Malikov
37:48for Andre
37:49the wait seemed
37:50an eternity
37:51midday finally arrived
37:54and we heard
37:55on our right
37:56an immense cry
37:56of
37:57Vive l'Empereur
37:58the bugles
37:59and drums
38:00struck up
38:00their own racket
38:01away they went
38:03racing like hares
38:04the first Zwarves
38:05all that could be seen
38:07of them
38:07were their huge
38:08red pantaloons
38:09which grazed the ground
38:10like balls of fire
38:12one by one
38:13ten by ten
38:14they disappeared
38:15behind the overhang
38:16of the bastion
38:17which flanked the tower
38:18within minutes
38:20the French trickler
38:21was flying from
38:22the Malikov tower
38:23the French were in
38:24and the signal
38:25for the British
38:26to attack
38:27followed
38:27Brigadier General
38:31Wyndham
38:32led the troops
38:32to assault
38:33I went straight
38:35at the ditch
38:36and did all
38:37that man could do
38:38to get them
38:38into the centre
38:39of the battery
38:40but it was no go
38:41I ran out
38:43into the middle
38:43of the battery
38:43with my sword
38:44over my head
38:45but it was useless
38:46they would stick
38:48to their gabions
38:49and to firing
38:49and not come
38:51to the bayonet
38:52the men
38:53could not be
38:54induced
38:55to follow
38:55their offices
38:56many were
38:57very young
38:58and new
38:58to the Crimea
38:59Timothy Gowing
39:01all of 21
39:02was already
39:03an old hand
39:04he advanced
39:06towards the Redan
39:07with one
39:08of the new recruits
39:09it was his first
39:10time under fire
39:11he was as pale
39:13as death
39:13and shaking
39:14from head to foot
39:15yet he bravely
39:16faced the foe
39:16the poor boy
39:18for he was not
39:18much more
39:19requested me
39:20not to leave him
39:21he fell dead
39:22by my side
39:23just outside
39:24the Redan
39:24the moss
39:26of that field
39:27grew red
39:28with British blood
39:29the British
39:35beat a humiliating
39:36retreat
39:36but to save face
39:38General Simpson
39:39ordered a fresh
39:40assault
39:40for the following
39:41morning
39:42he did not know
39:44that inside
39:44Sebastopol
39:45the Russians
39:46had other plans
39:47Prince Gorshokov
39:50had decided
39:50to evacuate
39:51the town
39:52at 6 o'clock
39:53that evening
39:54General Semyakin
39:55received the order
39:56I had been instructed
39:59to begin the retreat
40:00at 6.30
40:01and to finish
40:01at 10
40:02when all the troops
40:03had left
40:04at a given signal
40:05to blow up
40:05the Bastion's
40:06batteries
40:07and all the
40:07power of cellars
40:08there was no time
40:10to think
40:10one had to act
40:11there was mayhem
40:15on the pontoon bridge
40:16officer Nikolai Berg
40:18stood and watched
40:19from the other side
40:20a wave of horses
40:22carts
40:23people flooded
40:24over it
40:25for 6 or 7 hours
40:26at a stretch
40:27sometimes it seemed
40:29to those crossing
40:30that the bridge
40:31had collapsed
40:31and was sinking
40:33to the bottom
40:33crowds shouting
40:36and screaming
40:36ran back
40:37the crossing
40:38was held up
40:39the sky flared
40:41with shots
40:41and boom
40:42after boom
40:43burst over
40:44those retreating
40:45then the town
40:47burst into flames
40:48Count Leo Tolstoy
40:52was overcome
40:52I wept
40:55when I saw
40:56the town
40:56in flames
40:57and the French flags
40:59on our bastions
41:00it was
41:02a very sad day
41:03in the early hours
41:06of the 9th of September
41:07the Allied troops
41:09were startled
41:09by the terrible
41:10explosions
41:11Major Clifford
41:14jumped onto his horse
41:15and rode
41:17on and on
41:18and into the Redan
41:20I looked towards
41:21the Malakoff
41:22and there was
41:24the French flag
41:25the tricola
41:26planted on its parapet
41:27Yes
41:29the French had taken
41:31the Malakoff
41:31but the English
41:33had not taken
41:34the Redan
41:34No flag floated
41:37on the parapet
41:38on which I stood
41:38and if it had
41:40I could have seized it
41:42and dashed it
41:43into the ditch
41:44which we could not pass
41:45or hid it in the bosom
41:46of the young officer
41:47dead at my feet
41:48inside the Redan
41:49I could not stand it long
41:52One of those lost
41:56at the Redan
41:57was the young
41:58rifleman
41:59Harry Blishan
42:00His naked body
42:02was found
42:03inside Sebastopol
42:04covered in
42:06bayonet wounds
42:06His last letters
42:09home had been
42:10full of foreboding
42:11It is for you
42:12dear parents
42:13that I live
42:14and it is a
42:15consolation to you
42:17dear parents
42:17that your prayers
42:19for me
42:19have not been
42:20in vain
42:20The Lord's
42:22will be done
42:23I know not
42:24how soon
42:24I may be taken
42:25from you
42:26Fanny Jubilee
42:29rode up to the heights
42:30overlooking the town
42:32I could see distinctly
42:34the south side
42:35in flames
42:36I counted
42:37ten separate fires
42:39It was a magnificent sight
42:42and one which afforded me
42:44in common
42:44I fancy with many more
42:46greater satisfaction
42:48than pain
42:49I could not think
42:51at such a moment
42:52of the destruction
42:53and desolation
42:54and desolation
42:54of war
42:55I could only remember
42:56that the long
42:57coveted prize
42:59was ours at last
43:00and I felt
43:01no more compunction
43:02for town
43:03or for Russian
43:04than the hound
43:05whose lips
43:06are red with blood
43:07does for the fox
43:08which he has chased
43:09through a hard run
43:11It was a lawful prize
43:13purchased
43:14God knows
43:16dearly enough
43:17and I felt glad
43:18that we had
43:19got it
43:20These photographs
43:22were taken
43:23straight after
43:23Sebastopol
43:24had fallen
43:25in September
43:261855
43:27Allied engineers
43:29immediately set about
43:30destroying the Russian
43:31naval dockyards
43:32to make sure
43:33that the base
43:34could never again
43:35threaten their supremacy
43:36on the sea
43:37Sebastopol had fallen
43:42but the Russians
43:43had not surrendered
43:44France had won
43:46her victory
43:46at the Malikov
43:47and the French
43:48were happy
43:48to go home
43:49with their hard-earned glory
43:51but the British
43:52were still smarting
43:53from defeat
43:54at the Redan
43:54They wanted
43:58nothing less
43:59than the elimination
44:00of the Russian fleet
44:01But another winter
44:03was upon them
44:04Their ships
44:05were trapped
44:06in the frozen sea
44:07Like the war itself
44:09unable to move
44:11in any direction
44:12A defiant
44:16Tsar Alexander
44:17told his people
44:18not to lose heart
44:20Sebastopol
44:21is not Moscow
44:22he said
44:23The Crimea
44:24is not Russia
44:26But the Allied politicians
44:29were moving in
44:30for the kill
44:30The British
44:32talked up plans
44:33for another Baltic expedition
44:34which would take
44:35Kronstadt
44:36and threaten
44:37St Petersburg
44:38itself
44:39Then Austria
44:41the one neutral empire left
44:44threatened to enter the war
44:45on another front
44:46unless the Russians
44:48surrendered
44:48The game was up
44:50In March 1856
44:53this terrible war
44:55came to an end
44:56The message that it was all over
45:01was sent by telegraph
45:02to the regiments
45:03in the Crimea
45:04Sergeant Timothy Gowing
45:07who'd been with them
45:08from first to last
45:10prepared for home
45:12I thought of the Alma
45:15and my Christian comrade
45:17who lay buried
45:18beside the river
45:19I thought of the wild charge
45:22of our handful of cavalry
45:23at Balaclava
45:24of our desperate fight
45:26at Inkerman
45:27of our terrible work
45:29in the trenches
45:30and after all I'd gone through
45:33death
45:35staring me in the face
45:37in a thousand shapes
45:38both in the field
45:40and camp
45:41for upwards of
45:42twelve long months
45:43Truly
45:45I had much for meditation
45:47The returning troops
45:53were given a hero's welcome
45:55Queen Victoria
46:04decreed that all men
46:06who'd shown great valour
46:07should be awarded a new medal
46:09her personal medal
46:11the Victoria Cross
46:12made from the melted guns
46:14which had once guarded Sebastopol
46:16It had been the bloodiest conflict
46:20since Waterloo
46:21but the British
46:22with the smallest army
46:24had come off lightest
46:25only 22,000 had died
46:28to destroy Sebastopol
46:29Britain had won a stunning victory
46:33the power of the Russian state
46:35was destroyed for at least a generation
46:37in the interval
46:38Britain had unrivalled access
46:39to the resources and lands
46:41of the rest of the world
46:42The British set up
46:44a global empire
46:45They policed it
46:46with Pax Britannica
46:47It was an empire
46:49in which the sun
46:49never set
46:50At least until 1918
46:53Britain remained unrivalled
46:54as a unique
46:55global power
46:56France
46:58with 100,000 dead
46:59had invested much more
47:01in the war
47:01and in the short term
47:03they seemed to have gained
47:05most out of it
47:06The victory of the Crimea
47:13truly put France
47:15back in the first league
47:16of European nations
47:17The peace was signed in Paris
47:20in March 1856
47:21by the Congress of Paris
47:23at the same time
47:24as the Universal Exhibition
47:26was being held in Paris
47:27almost all the sovereigns came
47:30and on this occasion
47:31Napoleon III
47:33really did appear
47:34to be the new
47:34arbiter of Europe
47:36The gains were enormous
47:39at the time
47:40but they were squandered
47:41within a few years
47:43The Ottoman Empire
47:46in whose defence
47:47the whole war had started
47:48had also lost
47:49100,000 men
47:50probably more
47:51but they had died
47:53to save nothing
47:54The empire disintegrated
47:57giving birth
47:58to a number of combustible
48:00Balkan nation states
48:01whose petty rivalries
48:03were to ignite
48:03the First World War
48:05The other big loser
48:07was the Tsar
48:08Russia had lost
48:09half a million men
48:11and much of its power
48:12and influence
48:13but it had learned
48:14from defeat
48:15The main lesson
48:16that the Russian government
48:17gains from the war
48:18is that a backward
48:21pre-industrial state
48:22cannot compete
48:24even in military terms
48:25against more modern
48:28industrialising states
48:30like Britain and France
48:31Therefore if Russia
48:33is going to survive
48:34it has to have railways
48:36it has to have industry
48:38it has to have
48:39an enterprising
48:41and educated citizenry
48:43and all of these conceptions
48:45really underlie
48:47the programme
48:48of great reforms
48:49which is introduced
48:51by the Emperor
48:51Alexander II
48:52after the war
48:53and whose most famous
48:55element
48:56is the abolition
48:57of serfdom
48:5750 years later
49:05Russian survivors
49:06of the Crimean War
49:08posed in front
49:09of one of the first
49:10newsreel cameras
49:11Some of them
49:15lived to see
49:16the Russian Revolution
49:17sweep away the Tsars
49:19The world they had fought for
49:24disappeared forever
49:25By 1910
49:31when these French soldiers
49:33appeared before the camera
49:34they were a last
49:36defiant memory
49:37of France's only
49:38victorious war
49:39in the 19th century
49:41Some of these
49:46British Crimean veterans
49:48would live to see
49:49the far greater slaughter
49:51of the First World War
49:52They too would see
49:54their empire go
49:55Winners and losers
49:58they had all fought
50:00in a war
50:01which had changed
50:02the map of Europe
50:03forever
50:05They too would see
50:13from France
50:14to see
50:14the peoples'
50:16follower
50:17to the way
50:18who hadVEN
50:18seen in the
50:19most
50:22the
50:23changed
50:24the
50:24Sauve
50:24Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
50:54Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
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