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00:00On a dusty desert plain, 75 miles from Cairo...
00:07Okay, so, let's see...
00:13...archaeologists dig for buried treasure.
00:19They are looking for high-status items...
00:25...from the time of Queen Cleopatra...
00:30...this is something very rare, extremely rare.
00:37This is unbelievable.
00:48Cleopatra, one of the most beguiling figures of ancient Egypt.
00:53The great queen managed to successfully steer her kingdom...
00:57...through some of its most troubled times.
01:01Yet little actual evidence of her reign remains.
01:07Today, archaeologists and scientists are searching for new clues from Cleopatra's era.
01:13Their finds are painting a picture of how wealthy people...
01:19...used a surprising array of objects, including perfume...
01:23...to project their power.
01:26Giving new insight into how Queen Cleopatra built up her legendary status.
01:31At the ancient settlement of Philadelphia...
01:41...Bassam-Gahad is searching for new insights into life and death during Cleopatra's era.
01:46In past years, Bassam has unearthed dozens of burials from Philadelphia's vast cemetery.
02:01So we could see here spots of areas and tombs that were excavated the previous season.
02:08Now, guided by aerial photographs...
02:10...he's on the hunt for potential new tomb sites.
02:14We need to see what we could have in this flattened area.
02:21The city of Philadelphia was founded by Cleopatra's ancestors around 2,000 years ago.
02:29A period when European art and religious influences were beginning to infiltrate Egyptian culture.
02:35Bassam hopes his excavation will open a precious window into the lives of wealthy Egyptians...
02:45...during this unique time period.
02:48Looking at this area, we could see traces of walls.
02:51Presumably, these walls are tombs.
02:54Long walls that could be up to 9, 10 meters, which is a huge thing.
03:00We get more and more enthusiastic to see more in this area.
03:05Cleopatra wasn't Egyptian by blood.
03:08She came from a long line of rulers, originally from Greek Macedonia.
03:13Under their reign, a new type of tomb became popular, the mausoleum.
03:19A rectangular walled structure above an underground burial chamber.
03:24Usually, the greater the area of ruined wall above, the higher the status of the person beneath.
03:30Therefore, the more likely their burial will be accompanied by valuable grave goods, signs of wealth and power.
03:40The team splits in two, searching for clues.
03:44So, the guards here now are investigating one tomb.
03:51So, we can see the walls here, and it's a huge rectangular space.
03:55The team hunts for a break in the tomb wall, marking the stairway to the underground space.
04:04The mission now is to try to identify at the entrance of this tomb.
04:09It's a hard job, and it needs a lot of focus of every single evidence you collect at the site.
04:19It will take time to see more, because we need to remove hundreds of meter cubes of sands from this area.
04:28As one half of the team continues their search, the other half call Basim over.
04:37It looks like there's something interesting there.
04:43They have found a second tomb.
04:45This is a very, very good start for this day, an entrance of one of these tombs.
05:04What is really remarkable for this tomb is that, unlike many of the tombs that we have found,
05:10the stairs that start to be exposed now is plastered, meaning that this tomb was for a rich family.
05:19The state of preservation of this plaster is quite outstanding.
05:23Finely decorated plaster like this would only be found on the tombs of high-status individuals.
05:29Its near-perfect preservation suggests the rest of this tomb may be intact.
05:37I just can't wait to see where this stairs leads to.
05:47South of Luxor, at the Temple of Horus in Edford.
05:50Egyptologist and vintage clothes enthusiast, Colleen Darnell, is exploring how one particular luxury, perfume, was used in Cleopatra's Egypt.
06:07This is one of the most perfectly preserved temples in Egypt.
06:11This is a great place to learn more about the reign of Cleopatra,
06:14because this temple was constructed by generations of her dynasty.
06:23Completed just before Cleopatra came to power, the temple's walls are swathed in carvings.
06:29These images contain vital clues, the objects that royals like Cleopatra used to flaunt their status and power, including perfume.
06:44All throughout the temple are representations of the kings and queens of Cleopatra's dynasty, making various offerings to the gods.
06:53Chief among the offerings is incense.
06:58Incense is solid perfume, releasing its intense fragrance when burnt.
07:04Daily rituals demanded vast amounts of this expensive substance, all sent up in smoke to appease the gods.
07:14This temple would have been filled with the divine aroma of incense that priests burned nearly continuously.
07:25The sweet smell pleased the gods, but it also meant that the god himself became present.
07:32The temple hosted an array of fragrant festivals, including one that would have been of particular interest to Queen Cleopatra.
07:41Here the king is before the god Horus and a very significant deity, the goddess Hathor, the divine template for queenship.
07:53Horus was the Egyptian sky god who decapitated his mother for siding with a rival.
08:04She was given a cow's head and transformed into Hathor, the goddess of love, beauty, fertility and perfume.
08:16Seemingly unperturbed by Horus' violence, Hathor became his wife and bore a son who wore the royal crown of Egypt, creating a spiritual link between the pharaohs, including Cleopatra, and the gods.
08:35Every year, a spectacular commemoration of Hathor's wedding would flood this room with incense, evoking the goddess.
08:47During the course of multiple days, the priests celebrated the sacred marriage of Hathor and Horus in a festival known as the Beautiful Reunion.
08:57We don't know if Cleopatra ever came to Edfu to participate in the festival, but she certainly identified herself with the goddess Hathor.
09:07And as queen of Egypt, Cleopatra would have been well acquainted with the use of fragrances and incense in temple ritual.
09:15Incense gave ancient Egyptians a way to connect directly with their gods.
09:25Now, Colleen wants to find out more about these heavenly scents.
09:30In ancient Smuis, Jay Silverstein is searching for signs of perfume making during Cleopatra's era.
09:47I'm really excited to come back and expand this excavation.
09:50Archaeology is Jay's second career. Solving the ancient world's mysteries is quite a sidestep from his first, in the police force.
10:01As a police officer, I hated when an investigation ended, and in archaeology, the investigation never ends.
10:06You're trying to solve a mystery that can never be solved, so you're always on the hunt, you're always on the chase to find a little bit more information, to find more facts.
10:14Jay and his team have spent 15 years excavating the ruins of Thmuis, once a bustling city of 20,000 people.
10:26When Cleopatra ruled Egypt, this city was a thriving metropolis.
10:33In 2012, Jay's Egyptian colleagues made a startling discovery in this corner of the site.
10:39Sometimes in archaeology, you're confronted with something that's brand new, something you haven't seen before.
10:46And that was the case of what happened here.
10:52Archaeologists unearthed what seems to be a manufacturing workshop, centered around a mysterious apparatus.
11:00It's made up of two large vats, possibly for heating or baking things.
11:07A pipe runs from the vats to two rows of broken amphorae.
11:13It's not clear how this worked, but it seems to be an ancient site for making or mixing chemical ingredients.
11:21Scattered all over the site, the team found shards of very fine clay.
11:29They were once containers for tiny volumes of liquid.
11:34What did they hold?
11:40Jay hunts for clues amongst the four tons of pottery excavated from the site.
11:45What's particularly interesting is that we have a lot of bottles of a particular size that were being manufactured here.
11:56So here's a really fine little ceramic one.
11:59The bottles have one thing in common.
12:02They hold the same volume of liquid.
12:05It seems to be a standardized measurement for whatever is being held in these bottles.
12:13Perhaps these are the bottles being manufactured for the sale and export of perfume.
12:20The question is, what can we do now to test our hypothesis that we have in fact discovered a perfume workshop?
12:28Alongside the small bottles, Jay has unearthed many larger amphorae at the site.
12:35Some of these ancient storage pots could still have chemical clues attached.
12:43If this workshop is for perfume, that means that those amphorae were used for processing the perfumes.
12:50And that means that there's a fair chance that residues would be in the bottom of those amphorae.
12:58If Jay can confirm his hypothesis once and for all, he'll be one step closer to experiencing a fragrance from 2,000 years ago.
13:08Is there some way those can help us reconstruct the formula for the ancient perfumes to reconstruct the smellscape of Cleopatra?
13:20At the temple in Edfu, Colleen is investigating how perfumes were used in Cleopatra's Egypt.
13:39Now she wants to find out what made up these heavenly scents.
13:45One room's entrance offers clues.
13:48Above this doorway are representations of a tremendous amount of incense and sacred fragrances.
13:57I think that gives us a clue as to the function of this room.
14:06This is not a typical hieroglyphic inscription that you find in a temple.
14:11It has an abundance of numbers and even fractions.
14:15It seems to be an ancient recipe.
14:19Seven different aromatic herbs, finely ground and sieved, as well as a base of raisins from the oasis, wine, as well as honey.
14:33Now, after these materials were mixed together, they had to be reduced in volume, or as the ancient Egyptians say, consumed by fire.
14:43And the result of this entire process was excellent kufi for use in temple ritual.
14:53Kufi, or kaifi, is one of the most renowned incenses in the ancient world.
15:00It predates Cleopatra by more than 2,000 years, going back to the time of the ancient pharaohs.
15:08Old kingdom priests burned kufi in their temples to purify these sacred spaces and entice the gods to visit.
15:21Expeditions to faraway lands would secure exotic ingredients like frankincense resin and even sapling myrrh trees.
15:29In Cleopatra's day, kaifi was produced on a large scale, a laborious process of grinding and cooking 16 separate ingredients that took many months to complete.
15:43Kaifi was often burned in the evening, its sacred smoke spreading through the temples and palaces of pharaohs.
15:50In their day-to-day lives, the ancient Egyptians would have experienced a lot of unpleasant odors, but a smell of incense was divine.
16:04And kaifi didn't just purify a place for gods to visit. It had a medicinal role, too.
16:10For those who could afford it, kaifi's soothing properties were believed to cure everything from bad dreams to liver and lung ailments.
16:21Next, Colleen wants to investigate how Cleopatra took incense one step further, applying the power of perfume to the world of politics.
16:32In ancient Philadelphia,
16:44Bassem's team is unearthing a tomb from Cleopatra's era.
16:49As they dig deeper, they find more signs it was created for high-status people.
16:55A very nice plastered stairs. This is the finest example that we have ever seen an expensive way of taking care of your afterlife.
17:11Hopefully we could reach the entrance by the end of the day.
17:15As the team scrapes the sand away, one archaeologist spots something.
17:20Painted scraps of wood.
17:31So this is a very good indication. This is the fragments of the rare mummy portraits.
17:39I would say that this is part of the dress, the tunic of the owner.
17:46I know that this is small fragments that might look not important, but this is really a precious material.
17:57In a previous season, Bassem found more painted pieces which he was able to reconstruct.
18:03It's a portrait of a well-dressed young woman.
18:08It has a lifelike European style.
18:12A striking departure from older, stylized Egyptian art.
18:17In one hand, she holds a bottle, most likely containing precious perfume.
18:22The painting would once have adorned the individual's mummy.
18:28An expensive image to ease their passage into the afterlife.
18:33For the afterlife, keeping the characteristic of the face is something really important so that the soul could identify the owner of each mummy.
18:49And lifelike mummy portraits don't just reveal these people's hopes for the afterlife.
18:56They reflect how Egyptian culture in Cleopatra's time was absorbing European ideas.
19:03A rare example, a unique piece, and it's a good indication of what we can see in this tomb.
19:13Only the rich could afford a portrait.
19:16They're found on very few mummies in this region.
19:22As the team digs deeper, more signs emerge this tomb belonged to wealthy individuals.
19:28So you see the decoration now of the entrance, and it's a kind of an arch.
19:34This is the first tomb that we have seen to have this entrance with an arch.
19:39It needs a very well-skilled people who could build this.
19:43With a tomb this grand, who knows what might lie underground?
19:48It's going much deeper and deeper inside.
19:51In Cairo, Jay is looking for final proof his 2,000-year-old sight at Thmuis is a fragrance factory.
20:11And if it is, what the perfume may have smelt like.
20:15Today is the day where we are going to have the answer to a question that we've been studying for 10 years.
20:24What are the ingredients underlying this residue?
20:29Is it a perfume? And if it's a perfume, what type of perfume is it?
20:32Is it flower-based perfume? Or is it kaifi, this very powerful and ritualistic incense?
20:39He's come to the Research and Conservation Center of Antiquities.
20:47Very excited to be here.
20:50Jay has brought the broken bottoms of amphora, ancient jars once used to hold liquids.
20:58Well, this is kind of exciting.
21:01So let's see if we can find one that has some residue in it.
21:06Yeah.
21:07If the amphora once made perfume, then these fragments could be coated with vital chemical clues.
21:15This one looks very good.
21:17Yeah.
21:19Mohamed Hassan is an expert in extracting and analyzing ancient chemicals.
21:23Do you have organic residue here or maybe?
21:28It looks like it, yeah.
21:30Maybe perfume?
21:32Yeah.
21:33Do you think we have enough residue to make the amphora?
21:36Yeah, I think we have enough residue to make analysis.
21:39To discover exactly what the amphora once held, Mohamed and his colleague Sohar grind the residue into a powder.
21:47Then they add a solvent.
21:50This will release organic molecules, chemicals from plants or other living material, including ingredients from potential perfumes.
22:01Astonishingly, these can still be present even after 2000 years hidden in the ground.
22:11With the sample to make extraction.
22:14Funny to think that that little sample of soil contains 2000 years of history.
22:19Yeah, that's right.
22:20That's right.
22:22The team places the flask into an ultrasonic water bath to shake the liquid gently.
22:29If the sample contains ancient perfume, plant-based chemicals will start to appear in the solution.
22:35After 10 years of work, Jay must wait one last hour for the results.
22:49In ancient Philadelphia, Bassem's team has unearthed an underground tomb from Cleopatra's era.
23:00The signs so far have led Bassem to believe it's the final resting place of a high-status Egyptian family.
23:13Okay, so, let's see.
23:18Now, we have reached the eternal part of the tomb.
23:22The tomb is a catacomb with 10 burial places, very large ones.
23:29However, the internal part of the tomb is filled by sand.
23:34We need to investigate more and to go inside this.
23:39The team starts to dig.
23:41After three days, they've removed several tons of sand.
24:05Bassem returns with high hopes.
24:12Now we have an accessibility to the internal part of the tomb.
24:18Let's go and see.
24:22The first signs are not encouraging.
24:25When I saw the upper part of this tomb, it looks fancy, and it gives me the impression that we would see something really unusual.
24:37But it looks intensively looted, not only one time, but many times.
24:42Mud brick barriers that once would have sealed the mummies into burial niches have been torn down.
24:48Most of the niches are occupied with sand and debris.
24:55How are you talking about the mummy portraits?
24:59Mummy portraits.
25:03Yeah.
25:06This was originally part from the mummy portraits that were placed on the face of the mummy.
25:13Just a tantalizing trace of what once would have been here.
25:20It's a disappointing result.
25:26But, on the other side of the site, there is better news.
25:31From the first tomb Bassem looked at.
25:34The team has found the entrance and cleared away enough sand to peek inside.
25:40We just wanted to go down to see what's going on.
25:47Fortunately, I can see internally, from the first impression, that we still have mummies in situ, in place.
25:55Near Aswan.
25:58Colleen is continuing her investigation into how fragrances were used in Cleopatra's Egypt.
26:02Now she wants to explore how the great queen used perfume to enhance her political power.
26:08Cleopatra made a crucial voyage by boat in 41 BCE.
26:13The Roman historian Plutarch describes the moment that Cleopatra arrives to meet Mark Antony
26:42in a boat. She came sailing up the river Cudness in a barge with gilded stern and outspread
26:49seals of purple. She herself lay all along under a canopy of cloth of gold dressed as Venus in a
26:56picture. Her maids were dressed like sea nymphs and graces. The perfumes diffused themselves from
27:03the vessel to the shore. Cleopatra needed Mark Antony on her side or she risked losing
27:12her empire to the superpower of Rome. Under Emperor Julius Caesar, Rome was Egypt's greatest
27:21threat. To help save her kingdom, Cleopatra seduced Caesar and bore his son. When Caesar
27:31was assassinated, Cleopatra needed a new Roman leader for an ally.
27:35The Queen had to win Mark Antony's favor. Perfumed incense is a key component of her overtly theatrical
27:49appearance. It's a deliberate power move.
27:55The Romans thought Cleopatra's display was inappropriately ostentatious. That's something
28:01a Roman would never do. But for Cleopatra as an Egyptian queen, she had a very different
28:07frame of reference.
28:10This temple at Philae, built by Cleopatra's ancestor, holds a clue to why scent was part
28:18of her ploy to save her empire. It is dedicated to Isis, the most important goddess in ancient Egypt.
28:25Here in the sanctuary, we see one of Cleopatra's ancestors praising the goddess Isis. She's the great
28:33one, mother of the god, who fills the palace with her beauty. Lady of charm, her hair drips with myrrh.
28:45As we learn from other temple inscriptions and classical sources, Cleopatra directly identified
28:51herself with Isis. Cleopatra's use of scent at her crucial meeting deliberately evoked her godlike
29:01status. Her performance for Mark Antony, from her clothing and attendance to the fragrance, shows him
29:09that she is divine. She is the goddess Isis. It worked. Antony forged an alliance with Cleopatra.
29:21She bore him three children, and their relationship protected the Egyptian empire from Roman invasion.
29:31Cleopatra played on the power that perfumes could wield beyond ritual and medicine.
29:39Scents could be seductive too.
29:41Next, Colleen wants to explore how Cleopatra exploited a thriving market for Egypt's exotic fragrances to sustain her rule.
29:53in Cairo.
30:05Jay Silverstein is about to find out if he's uncovered ancient perfume, dating from Cleopatra's era.
30:12A colored liquid is a positive sign. It means chemicals from plants or other living material are in the sample.
30:29Possible ingredients from a perfume.
30:31We take them out to the solvent by seeding.
30:34The chemical residues are captured now in this solution.
30:37Yeah.
30:40Mohamed and his colleague Soha carefully pass the liquid through a filter.
30:46Their goal is to remove any leftover soil or clay particles from the original amphora.
30:51These would contaminate the analysis, destroying all their hard work.
30:58You see, it's a clear solution without soil.
31:03Finally, Jay's sample is ready for the last step.
31:07Using gas chromatography to detect which chemical molecules are in the liquid.
31:12The hope is this fingerprint will point to a perfume.
31:19It's an anxious moment for Jay and the team.
31:29In ancient Philadelphia,
31:33Bassem's team has now reached the burial chamber of the first tomb they discovered.
31:38What I can see is that just after this spoil heap, there are lots of mud bricks and fragments of mummies.
31:47Some of the mummies have been pulled from their burial niches.
31:51A sign this tomb was also found by looters.
31:55But it seems these robbers were not as thorough.
31:59The wrapping of the mummies are exceptional.
32:03So excited.
32:04It's a good moment, it's a good day today.
32:06I mean, finally we have archaeological materials that is quite well preserved in a tomb.
32:15Bassem's team will need to work fast.
32:19An approaching sandstorm threatens to undo all their hard work.
32:24This is not the favourite condition you could work at the desert.
32:28I mean, the wind will blow the sand in your eyes.
32:31It's very difficult.
32:32Finally, the team manages to clear the entrance.
32:33This is the first time to see a mummy in the side from this kind of tombs in its original location.
32:53The still-wrapped mummies give the team hope they may find valuable funerary objects.
33:01The items high-status people were buried with.
33:05This is part of amphora for wine.
33:08So, enjoying the afterlife.
33:11You must have something to drink.
33:13Imagine who could offer a large quantity of wine, expensive wine.
33:19Who else except someone from the elite?
33:20Strings of beads emerge, made from hundreds of date seeds.
33:26Now we have more, even more of these coming.
33:31How nice is this?
33:33These perhaps formed a necklace or a decorative shroud draped over the mummy.
33:38And the amazing finds keep coming.
33:44A piece of glass with organic materials inside.
33:48This was used for perfumes, for oil, for scents.
33:53It's very rare to find glass inside too.
33:56Because it's really fragile.
33:57Egypt was one of the first places on earth to master the art of glass making.
34:03This expensive bottle and its perfumed contents are more signs these were high-status individuals.
34:11This is just the beginning.
34:14I would imagine how much material is left in this tomb.
34:18Near Aswan.
34:35Colleen is exploring the upper reaches of the Nile.
34:39The highway that connects Egypt's major cities to the wider world.
34:44This bond was the southern border of Cleopatra's empire.
34:49The gateway to trade routes from Egypt to the Red Sea, across to Arabia and as far east as India.
34:57Cleopatra was a savvy ruler.
35:01She realized alliances with other nations were essential to build and maintain her kingdom's wealth and power.
35:08So she made trade deals with neighboring rulers.
35:13Enhancing the flow of luxuries, including perfume, in and out of Egypt.
35:21In Cleopatra's kingdom, the exotic ingredients for fragrances were in huge demand.
35:29Perfume making took place on an industrial scale.
35:32Raw materials were imported from India, Arabia and East Africa.
35:39Then fine fragrances were sold across the ancient world.
35:45Thanks to huge demand for high-end perfumes, Egypt became an olfactory superpower.
35:51Cleopatra used incense and perfumes to enhance her image and project her power.
35:59Her astute decision making brought a time of peace and prosperity to Egypt.
36:05As a woman, as a queen, as a goddess, perfumes were essential to Cleopatra's identity.
36:12In Cairo, the first chemicals making up the 2,000-year-old mystery residue start to emerge.
36:27It's a tense moment for Jay.
36:30Chemicals found in plants.
36:31A strong sign they're on the right track.
36:33Salamone.
36:34Salamone.
36:35Yes.
36:36Salamone.
36:37Yes.
36:38Linoline.
36:39Acid related to fragrant fruit.
36:40The marker of bio-sumurism.
36:41Bio-3.
36:42Yes.
36:43Good.
36:44So those are some really key ingredients.
36:45Yes.
36:46The sample contains chemicals found in pine resin and cinnamon, both strong-smelling ingredients.
36:57It's definitely some form of fragrance.
37:02The question is, which one?
37:17In Cairo, Jay is trying to work out which perfume was made at the 2,000-year-old industrial site.
37:27This is bitumen.
37:28Oh my gosh.
37:29The bitumen makes me think more of Caifi.
37:30Yeah.
37:31Bitumen is a crucial ingredient in Caifi, the most sacred perfume.
37:44This is exciting.
37:46This is what we're hoping to see, is that we're seeing results that are confirming our idea
37:52that we have not just a perfume, but probably what's appearing to be closest to Caifi.
37:59It's an incredible result, and one of great significance.
38:05It isn't possible to match every plant's image on temple walls with species we know of today.
38:11So until now, a complete list of Caifi ingredients has eluded archaeologists.
38:18Once the team can do more analyses, Jay's sample might reveal the missing links.
38:25Now we can start to refine it, both at the chemical level, but also the process of making the perfume.
38:31This is one sample, but when we complete the work, we will get another information.
38:36Yeah.
38:38Jay and his team have uncovered a perfume factory, the first found in ancient Egypt, and come a step closer to experiencing a real fragrance from Cleopatra's world.
38:53For an archaeologist, the days don't get much better than this.
38:59This is a major discovery.
39:02Now we have the chemical evidence to prove the fact that this was indeed a fragrance factory, and it's clearly producing Caifi.
39:12I feel closer to Cleopatra.
39:16I can understand a little bit more about the fragrances that she so cherished, and that she was obviously passionate about.
39:29In ancient Philadelphia, Bassem's team continues their excavation of the newly discovered tomb.
39:37We have one leg of one mummy here, one leg of another mummy here, and the third mummy on top of them.
39:46It will take a while to clean it and excavate.
39:50As they dig around the mummies, Bassem spots something.
39:54Uh-huh.
39:55Uh-oh.
39:56Uh-oh.
39:57This is unbelievable.
39:58This is something very rare, extremely rare.
40:14Yeah, this is a golden sheet.
40:16A golden sheet resembles a tongue.
40:20It was placed in the skull so that it acts as part of the flesh of the gods.
40:29It is one of the finest things that I have ever found here in Philadelphia.
40:34We have never found something like this before.
40:36We even have never found any gold things in Philadelphia.
40:39This is the first time.
40:41Gold was hugely important in Cleopatra's day.
40:51Its rarity meant it was coveted by the rich and powerful.
40:57In her crucial kingdom-saving meeting with Mark Antony, Cleopatra offered golden vessels.
41:04And as gold was considered the flesh of the gods, the rich were mummified and buried with golden tongues to allow them to speak to Osiris, Lord of the Underworld.
41:16Gold's everlasting shine would sustain long into the afterlife, where a golden tongue ensured you could breathe, speak, and eat for eternity.
41:27Buoyed by the best find of the season so far, the team finishes off their excavations.
41:41And once the tomb is fully revealed, Bassem makes one final inspection.
41:48I'm so excited and I'm absolutely happy.
41:51We were able now to put all the pieces of the puzzle together.
41:55We got the conclusion and could build the whole story about the objects and the owners of the tomb.
42:04They were elite and high social status.
42:07For them, afterlife is a new life.
42:10That's why they have to be very well equipped.
42:13The mummy portraits, the perfume bottle, and the golden tongue are amazing finds.
42:20They are clear signs of the ways Egyptian elites used precious objects to manifest their power, even after death.
42:30Cleopatra herself was the ultimate master of status symbols.
42:40Her savvy knowledge of the value of luxuries and perfume helped her to hold onto her empire, crafting a legend that still thrives today.
42:53Alton Worreau Spinner, has ...
43:03Alton Witwe
43:05The Spinner Chains
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