- 10个月前
The New Culture Movement
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00:00At the beginning of the 20th century, China was at the crossroads of the ancient and the modern,
00:05the East and the West. The old dynasty had collapsed, but a new order had not yet been
00:11established. In such a tumultuous time, an ideological change called the New Culture
00:17Movement quietly began. Its banner was two seemingly simple but profound words,
00:23Mr. De, Democracy, and Mr. Tsai, Science. But have you ever wondered why these two
00:29words? Was the New Culture Movement really just an imitation of the West? Or did it harbor the
00:36ideals, struggles, and even confusions of the Chinese themselves?
00:47In 1915, the launch of a magazine, New Youth, ignited a cultural storm. At a time when the
00:54embers of feudalism had yet to be dispersed and the desire for modernization was coming in like a
00:59tidal wave, a group of young scholars shouted out two names, Mr. De and Mr. Tsai. Democracy and
01:06Science, this was not a political manifesto, nor was it the promotion of laboratory results,
01:11it was a cry of ideas, the spiritual coordinates of this ancient country's attempt to move towards
01:17the modern world. Why them? Why, in the 5,000 years of Chinese civilization, should these two
01:24imported banners be held high? Because the old world is collapsing, but the new world has not yet
01:31come. Traditional Confucianism is no longer sufficient to support the social order, the
01:36imperial examination was abolished and the imperial system ended, but people's hearts are not liberated
01:41and their minds are still shackled. Democracy, meaning equality and civil will, is the end of
01:48authoritarian kingship. Science, on the other hand, represents rationality, evidence and empirical
01:55evidence, and is a farewell to empty superstition. They are the scarcest but most urgently needed
02:01spiritual resources in that turbulent era. Chen Duxio said, democracy is the people's mastery,
02:08science is the weapon to break down superstition. They were not imitators of the West, but explorers
02:14of ideas. They believed, to transform China, we can't just repair machines and build factories.
02:22It's more important to liberate the mind and awaken the heart. So they chose to start with culture.
02:29They used words to break the silence, and used education to shock prejudice. They firmly believe
02:35that the change of a country is never just a reconstruction of guns and systems, but also an awakening
02:41of people. Every Chinese should have the ability to think rationally and the possibility to participate
02:48in public life. Democracy and science are not decorative slogans. They are the keys to modernity
02:55for the Chinese people, and the path to national transformation. All this may be just the light of
03:01an ideal, but it is this light that has made China think seriously for the first time. What kind of
03:07country we want to be, and what kind of citizens we want to be?
03:23But are ideas alone enough? Could the banners of democracy and science really penetrate the heavy
03:30ground? This is the embarrassment that the new culture movement encountered from the very beginning
03:35of its spread. It aroused the blood of the intellectual class, but it failed to move the broader Chinese
03:41society. Most of the initiators of the new culture movement were western-educated elites.
03:48They stood on the rostrums of Peking University and shouted, down with Confucius. But by the time
03:54their speeches were printed, 90% of the Chinese people could not even pronounce the name, democracy.
04:00They didn't understand Mr. Science. And they didn't know if Mr. Science was Tsai. This is not the fault
04:08of the people. It's a gap in time. The new culture movement was a revolution of the mind. But it was
04:16stuck on the ground. In a China where industrialization has not been completed, where the illiteracy rate is
04:22as high as 80%, and where national unification has not yet been achieved. Talking about democracy and
04:31science is like building a house in the wind. Bone-skinny ideals have collided with flesh and
04:37blood realities. What's more, the spread of democracy and science lacked institutional support.
04:44Under the turbulent Baeyang government, the country was in a state of disarray.
04:48Who could allocate funds for scientific education? Who would guarantee the freedom of opinion for
04:55democracy? Mr. Tsai had just taken to the streets, and before he had a chance to speak,
05:02was scared away by the gunfire of the warlords. Perhaps the most fatal aspect of the movement was
05:08its literati nature. Almost all the participants in the new culture were literati. They had high ideals,
05:16but often belittled the complexity of practice. They criticized Confucius and ritualism in their
05:22writings. But they forgot that Confucius had already been transformed into the ethical structure
05:27of millions of families. Embedded in people's language, habits, and routines.
05:34Hu Xur, Chen Duxio, and Li Dajiao. All believed that ideas could awaken the people and reshape the country.
05:41But their voices, more often than not, seem to be floating in mid-air.
05:47Too far away from the lives of the majority of the people, too abstract.
05:52They are believers and idealists. But the times don't always listen to idealistic words.
05:59The fire of ideas, though weak, is still burning.
06:03They may not have been able to change China immediately.
06:05But they planted the seeds of skepticism and discernment in China.
06:10And opened the windows of the mind for later revolutionaries, reformers, and educators.
06:15If thought is a sharp carving knife,
06:25then whose heart does it carve into?
06:28How deep can it go?
06:30The ideal of the new culture movement was to transform national character and awaken modern consciousness.
06:37However, this, cultural enlightenment, is slowly revealing an embarrassment.
06:42It seems to have changed the voice of culture.
06:44But failed to shake the foundation of culture.
06:49Participants of the new culture movement, such as Hu Xiu, Chen Duxio, and Li Dajiao.
06:54Were all exploring one thing.
06:57Whether a truly modern civilization could be achieved without destroying the essence of Chinese culture.
07:03Hu Xiu advocated bold assumptions and careful proof, and implemented the reform of the vernacular language.
07:09He hoped to use popular language to spread rational thoughts.
07:14He wanted to use popular language to disseminate rational ideas.
07:20However, a person who can change the language may not be able to change the context of the society.
07:26Chen Duxio, on the other hand, was even more radical.
07:30He held high the banner of, democracy and science, and
07:34Repeatedly criticized Confucius and Mencius in new youth, and even rejected the Confucian system directly.
07:42However, in a society like China, where rituals are deeply rooted,
07:47Anti-traditional voices are easily regarded as, disloyal and unfilial, words of a rebellious son.
07:54Culture is not just an academic matter.
07:57It is buried in every detail of how people eat, dress, and respect their elders and children.
08:04This is the biggest dilemma of Chinese modernization.
08:07Traditional culture is not an abstract enemy.
08:10It lives in every human body, engraved in habits and ethics.
08:15Even if you criticize it, you can't get away from it.
08:19Therefore, the radicalization of the new culture movement is not unreasonable.
08:24It is an attempt to break free and a cry of struggle.
08:28Therefore, some people question.
08:31Is it necessary to change the heart or the system first for the transformation of culture?
08:36Should the people be educated first, or should the old power be subverted first?
08:43Li Dazhou's answer was, to use thought to promote action.
08:47But he soon realized that he could not summon the wind and thunder with ink and brush alone.
08:52He turned to a more radical path, the propagation of Marxism.
08:57Cultural ideals are lofty, but reality is always low.
09:01Between the two, the new culture movement was in a tug of war.
09:04On the one hand, vernacular language, free love, anti-ritualism.
09:10On the other hand, war, poverty, bureaucrats, and the remnants of feudalism.
09:16It was like a beautiful dream.
09:19But before the dawn, it was awakened by a more complex historical reality.
09:23The new culture movement is one of the most brilliant burns in China's modern intellectual history.
09:42It raised the banners of democracy and science in an attempt to awaken a nation that had been asleep for thousands of years.
09:49But no matter how hot the ideal is, it has to face the coldness of reality.
09:56These thinkers, professors, and editors who want to change the country.
10:00They can write manifestos that will change the world.
10:04But they cannot really participate in the table of rule.
10:08They wanted to transform the country, but they couldn't wield power.
10:11They wanted to awaken the people, but they often overestimated their readiness.
10:17There were no modern citizens in China, only hungry peasants.
10:21Talk of science.
10:24Freedom.
10:25In the midst of the war and the suffering of the people, these words sounded like extravagant talk.
10:31This is where the greatest tension lies in the new culture movement.
10:34It wants to replace political revolution with cultural change.
10:39It believes in thinking first, but forgets that reality is often impatient to wait.
10:45Their weapons were books, magazines, podiums, and pencils.
10:50But in front of the forces that really dominate history.
10:53These were too fragile, too gentle, and too idealistic.
10:58When the new culture movement came to a crossroads.
11:01A voice became clearer and clearer.
11:05Cultural enlightenment cannot solve China's problems, only revolution can.
11:10As a result, some of the former culture fighters took to the political arena.
11:15Some retired from their studies, and some lost their lives in the afterlife.
11:19They did not change the system of the country.
11:22But quietly shaped the soul of the country.
11:26The new culture movement may not have brought about a real-life, democratic revolution.
11:30But it taught Chinese people two words, doubt and exploration.
11:35It was not the end of China's modernization.
11:38But it was the real starting point of intellectual awakening.
11:41It left behind an indomitable light of reason for those who came after it.
11:47It was not the history of the country.
11:47It was a越als to the world.
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