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00:01What is going on out there?
00:04Everyone, we're about to evacuate the plane. Remain calm.
00:08I certainly knew that with both engines on fire, it was not going to go well.
00:12157 passengers rush to escape a burning 737.
00:17Let's go, let's go!
00:19It goes up like a bomb.
00:21In the struggle to explain the inferno, the smallest parts come under intense scrutiny.
00:31The analysis leads to a stunning discovery.
00:34Where is it? It was a true breakthrough in the investigation.
00:37The failure that doomed China Airlines Flight 120 is putting more lives in danger every day.
00:44We really didn't anticipate that there's a risk and it bit us.
00:51Amazing, amazing.
00:52Wow, wow!
00:53Why?
00:54Wow, wow, wow!
00:55Wow!
00:59Wow, wow, wow.
01:00Wow, wow, wow, wow.
01:09China Airlines Flight 120 is on final approach for landing.
01:20landing.
01:21Ladies and gentlemen, we're about to begin our descent into Okinawa and Naha Airport.
01:29Please give the flight attendants your full cooperation as you prepare the cabin for a
01:32landing.
01:33The captain is 47-year-old Yuqin Ku.
01:39What's the weather for approach?
01:40The ceiling is 8,000 feet, winds are 8 knots.
01:43The first officer is 26-year-old Tseng Tawei.
01:47The pilots have more than 8,500 hours of flight experience between them.
01:52Almost straight on the pipe.
01:54Sir.
01:55Landing this Boeing 737 should be routine.
01:58The 737 is probably the most popular airframe in the world.
02:02It's flown by most pilots as they start out in their careers.
02:06It's a short-range domestic airplane.
02:10Flight 120 is a one-hour journey from Taiwan to the southern Japanese island of Okinawa.
02:15This morning, there are 157 passengers and 8 crew on board.
02:23Please put your tray up and pass in your seatbelt.
02:27Jim Caruso is a medical examiner for the US Navy, stationed in Okinawa.
02:34He and his family are on the last leg of a long trip home from vacation.
02:38The family was returning from Brisbane, Australia.
02:41We had done probably 12 or 14 days on vacation and we were hoping to be home for lunch.
02:48Living in Okinawa has given the Carusos the chance to travel through much of Asia.
02:53We got to see China, Hong Kong, mainland Japan, Korea.
02:58We made use of our location to experience the area.
03:05Naha Airport sits at the southern end of Okinawa, on the shore of the East China Sea.
03:13The pilots reconfigure their plane as they slow down and descend for landing.
03:17Let's go to flaps 25.
03:20Flaps 25.
03:22They deploy flaps from the wing's back edge, along with slats from the front edge.
03:29These devices keep the plane airborne at lower speeds.
03:32When we start configuring, we begin to put out flaps and slats, which extend the area of
03:37the wing and give us more lift and allow us to fly slower.
03:41And of course, the landing and touchdown itself are the most complicated part of the flight.
03:46They're now less than a minute from the runway.
03:50OK, honey, you have to remain in your seat.
03:55I think everybody was looking forward to landing, getting off the airplane and getting back
04:00to regular life.
04:0213, 20, 10.
04:15It's a textbook landing.
04:20Once you're landed, you figure you're home free.
04:35The taxi is usually routine.
04:39After landing truckless.
04:43Speed brakes.
04:45All that's left for the China Airlines pilots is to park the plane.
04:52Engine start levers. Engine start levers, cut off.
04:56With the engines off, they can finally relax.
05:00The pilot is relieved. He's no longer at risk.
05:04A catastrophic event after you're parked is almost non-existent.
05:08Seatbelts. Seatbelts off.
05:14The biggest challenge ahead of you from there is making sure you can get through customs.
05:21No one ever expects anything to go wrong, especially once the engines are turned off.
05:26But one passenger has noticed that something's not right.
05:31My wife was next to a woman who made some sort of exclamation towards the engine on the right side.
05:39I was in here.
05:46What's going on?
05:48There was some smoke coming from that engine.
05:51That was the first sign that something was out of the ordinary.
05:55What is going on out there?
05:57Anti-ice off.
05:59Star switches off.
06:01The pilots are finishing the shutdown checklist.
06:04Transponder TCAS.
06:07Hey, what is this?
06:11What's happening?
06:12Just when they thought they were safely parked.
06:15Cockpit ground.
06:16Number two engine fire.
06:19A radio call alerts them to an urgent danger.
06:22Their plane is on fire.
06:24Attention crew on station.
06:26Attention crew on station.
06:27Bringing the flight attendants to their station tells them that what might likely be next would be an emergency evacuation.
06:33Dynasty 120.
06:34We are calling a fire truck.
06:35Remain.
06:36Stand by.
06:37Uh, we have...
06:38Wheel fire, please.
06:39Cabit crew, prepare for evacuation.
06:40Prepare for evacuation.
06:41Everyone, remain calm.
06:42We're about to evacuate the plane.
06:43Remain calm.
06:44Fear begins to spread throughout the cabin.
06:48Outside, the fire is getting worse.
06:49The engine on my side also started smoking and flaming.
06:55So now we had both wings on fire and at that point people began to panic.
07:03outside the fire is getting worse the engine on my side also started smoking and flaming
07:11so now we had both wings on fire and at that point people began to panic remain calm no pushing
07:23i had no idea at that point how things would play out
07:26but i certainly knew that with both engines on fire it was not going to go well
07:33the pilots know they need to get their passengers off the plane before flames reach the fuel tanks
07:45but they can't open the cabin doors yet ng fire warning switches override they must follow an
07:52evacuation checklist we want the pilots to grab the list simply read it and do it no wondering
07:59what step is next because the sequence of the steps are very important and rotate
08:08everybody remain calm do not bring your luggage or personal belongings
08:14seconds feel like hours as the crisis escalates
08:17finally the pilots are ready to open the doors evacuation required now required
08:29don't push it no pushing please keep moving forward but it will take time for all 157 passengers to make
08:36it to the exit george ishizaki is watching the unfolding disaster from inside the airport terminal
08:44i just happen to have my camcorder with me i thought oh my god what is happening
09:02keep moving forward with the fire growing more intense time is running out let's go let's go
09:08we were quite a ways back from any exit since the overwing exits were were useless so my focus was
09:17really to get the kids moving forward and off the aircraft
09:26go ahead go ahead all right jim caruso stays behind to help other passengers get off the burning plane
09:33i don't actually remember hesitating it may have been a little difficult to make that decision since the
09:39kids were already moving forward okay no pushing keep moving forward
09:51the smoke actually started building and that's where everything started happening really quickly
10:03jim caruso is separated from his family the heat and smoke are getting worse he hears a cry for help
10:13the woman behind me pointed towards the overhead bin i was concerned she was pointing towards flames coming
10:20in i looked up and i saw a pair of crutches
10:33everybody was just sliding down the slides and once they gone on the ground they were just scrambled
10:42once the smoke and fire started building the cabin became rather warm
10:46i do recall some of the windows actually cracking from the heat
10:53finally they make it to the exit
10:55the plane has been burning for close to three minutes it could explode at any moment
11:14captain all passengers are evacuated you're the last one
11:16i'm gonna get out of here
11:27typically the captain will stay until everybody's off and he will verify
11:30that the airplane is empty
11:34the pilots have put their passengers safety first
11:37but now it may be too late for them
11:41we're gonna have to climb up to the window you're first
11:44all 737 cockpits are equipped with an emergency escape rope
11:49it's designed to help pilots exit through the side window but it's no easy maneuver
11:54easing the airplane is more difficult than it sounds it's a relatively small window
11:58so going down the rope has a risk
12:06then
12:16you felt a huge kaboom
12:21i've never felt anything like that
12:22we actually could feel the ground shake
12:31passengers run to safety as a fiery explosion engulfs the plane they just escaped
12:38the fate of the pilots is still unknown
12:42as i look back after the first explosion i recall crew members fast roping as it were out of the cockpit
12:48the force of the blast overpowers the first officer he dropped down from the height of the cockpit
12:57window onto the ground incredibly he's able to get up and away from the flames
13:05the captain quickly follows it was good that he did that because the fire just gutted the airplane
13:12more explosions rock the airport the fuselage i guess melted the back half just kind of
13:18fell to the ground finally fire trucks arrive on scene everybody had exited the aircraft at that
13:27point and was gathering in the terminal
13:34it was a huge relief to have the kids and my wife and i together we certainly were looking back at the
13:41aircraft again in amazement fire on an airplane can quickly become lethal
13:50incredibly on flight 120 all 165 people on board have escaped unharmed i've never heard of any
13:59evacuation where somebody wasn't hurt to get this many people off in such a dire circumstance
14:04in a very short period of time with no injuries is miraculous if there's a next time passengers may
14:13not be so lucky pressure to figure out what happened falls on an international team of air crash investigators
14:22okay let's get to work
14:25they need to explain how an airliner that had landed safely and turned off its engines suddenly burst into flames
14:37we have no clue we do not know what happened we try to find out from the records remain still on the apron
14:45normally fires occur in flight perhaps during taxi sometimes but rarely in a parking spot after the
14:54engines are shut down the challenge for investigator is most of the evidence will be destroyed by the fire
15:07across the globe there are more than 5 000 boeing 737s in service
15:12there's a 737 taking off and landing uh every three or four seconds in the world
15:20if the plane has a design flaw that somehow leads to uncontainable fire
15:25countless passengers could be at risk we're aware that the 737 is probably the most popular airliner out
15:32there so there's a reason once an accident occurs to try to figure out what happened pretty darn quickly
15:42the search for flight 120's black boxes begins immediately one of our main goals initially is to
15:51try to find the cockpit voice recorder and the flight data recorder these are important because a lot of
15:57times they tell us what happened but investigators know that after such an intense fire there's a chance
16:04the black box data will be lost they need other leads good investigators don't rely totally on flight
16:13data recorders for instance or cockpit voice recorders because they can be destroyed so we rely on witnesses
16:19to tell us their impression of what happened well we taxied off the runway down the apron to our assigned
16:26parking spot once we parked we shut off the engines and sometime after that we heard the aircraft was on fire
16:32we needed to know what type of fire it was what the ignition source would be what the fuel source would
16:40be those were the areas of our main questioning right off the bat i radio the controller letting him know we
16:47had a wheel fire investigators know that if a wheel caught fire on flight 120 there's more than one possible
16:57cause a deflated tire can result in burning rubber overheated brake pads could potentially ignite
17:05hydraulic fluid in a wheel well of an aircraft there are a lot of hydraulic lines going to the landing gear
17:12assemblies and things like that hydraulic fluid is very flammable if a hydraulic leak occurred and it happened
17:19to drip onto a drip onto a hot brake for instance now there you go hey what is this we have wheel fire if the pilots
17:28are right about where the fire started investigators should be able to find proof
17:36they examine the plane's right side wheel well and landing gear assembly they find scorched wreckage but not
17:44enough to convince them that this is where the fire began once we were able to closely examine that part
17:50of the aircraft we were very confident that a wheel well fire per se did not occur the seat of the fire
17:56seemed to be forward and a little bit to the right of the wheel well area it seems the pilots were mistaken
18:02about the origins of the fire where it started remains a mystery
18:07solving that mystery may have just become easier investigators have recovered the plane's black boxes
18:19the japanese team they retrieved the both cvr and fdr let's get working on the fdr immediately
18:28on modern 737s the flight data recorder has thousands of parameters data bits that
18:35come in to the recording device itself it will take time to download and verify all the data
18:48meanwhile the charred fire scene continues to challenge investigators
18:55with all this heat damage it's nearly impossible to tell where the fire started
19:00they're almost certain the fire began on the right side of the plane as witnesses reported but where exactly
19:11scorched wires provide a promising new lead
19:14what do you think did an electrical fire destroy flight 120
19:19serious electrical failures are rare but not unheard of
19:23in 1998 the cockpit of swiss air flight 111 began filling with smoke shortly after takeoff the pilots tried
19:33to make an emergency landing in halifax canada they never made it their plane disappeared into the
19:39atlantic ocean killing all 229 people on board investigators found that an electrical fault in the entertainment system
19:48almost certainly sparked the fire that doomed the plane
19:56okay see what we got
20:00if the fire aboard flight 120 was caused by faulty wiring investigators may now be able to confirm it
20:07they've successfully downloaded the black box data
20:11any electrical problem or failure in any onboard system should show up in the data
20:16almost every system on the aircraft is recorded its status is recorded
20:22so we looked very quickly through these hundreds of electrical possibilities and we found nothing
20:29it wasn't electrical
20:32the analysis comes up empty
20:35at that time we can root out some will fire or some other electrical fire
20:46investigators turn their attention to the aircraft's right engine
20:52in flight the cfm 56 power plant generates internal temperatures of more than 2000 degrees fahrenheit
21:00hotter than molten lava
21:04could an engine fire have sparked the inferno
21:07we of course looked at the engines very carefully
21:11the right engine especially because there was a lot of fire damage around it
21:14it was fairly easy to look inside the engine and examine the core so to speak where all the
21:21damage in an engine failure usually occurs and we found nothing wrong
21:31the engine was damaged externally but not internally so we eliminated it as a possible factor
21:37what could have burned this entire plane down the investigation has hit a wall
21:47the cause of the catastrophic fire remains unknown while every day thousands of 737s continue to fly
21:56there's growing pressure on investigators to find the answer we knew had a little bit of
22:01uh detective work ahead of us and we pressed on
22:09the video capturing the fiery destruction of china airlines flight 120 could provide investigators with
22:17clues to what started the fire
22:23whoa the footage reveals just how quickly the flames spread through the passenger jet
22:29but for investigators the most important clue is missing the recording hasn't captured the critical moment the fire started
22:39from the video we can only understand there was fire and the location of the fire
22:46the fire and it seems that something feeding to the fire but we cannot understand why
23:00investigators widen the search for leads
23:05what did you see the effort pays off when an airport ground worker provides a critical detail
23:11the ramp worker on the right side of the aircraft said very distinctly that he saw
23:17a liquid running down the leading edge of the right wing before fire broke out thanks
23:26fluid leaking from this part of the wing of the aircraft can be only one thing jet fuel
23:32the 737 holds 4390 gallons of fuel much of it in tanks located inside the plane's two massive wings
23:48when we figured out that the actual fuel leak had occurred it was a breakthrough a true breakthrough in
23:53the investigation we now needed to know why it originated
24:03we know the fuel was leaking but from where fuel line
24:10finding solid evidence amongst the burnt remains of the plane's fuel system won't be easy
24:15the boeing 737-800 has high pressure pumps inside the wing they deliver 200 gallons of fuel per hour to the engine
24:30all that fuel flows through flexible pipes could one of those fuel pipes be the culprit fuel lines are
24:37probably in a sense the most vulnerable part of a fuel system they take bends and sometimes they're exposed
24:44where they can get knocked or punctured by something so we tried to trace the entire fuel system of the aircraft
24:58it's another dead end it wasn't a few allies none of the fuel lines are ruptured
25:07we had a lot of fire damage but the fuel lines that we examined seem to be intact and functional
25:15investigators still can't explain the fire they know enough fuel leaked from the plane to feed the flames
25:22but they don't know where it came from once we eliminated fuel lines per se as a possible problem
25:30pretty much the only thing out in that area that could have gone wrong is a leak in the fuel tank itself
25:36the plane's fuel tanks are made from aluminium alloy and designed to withstand the rigors of flight for years
25:42they should never crack or leak examining them presents one of the most difficult challenges yet
25:51they hope a tool called a bore scope will do the trick
25:54it's a small camera that can peer into tight spaces it gives them a unique view inside the plane's right-wing fuel tank
26:04what it reveals changes the entire course of this investigation
26:16whoa would you look at that all of a sudden it clears a bell and we saw this bolt sticking out of
26:24the fuel tank itself
26:28where the bolt came from is a complete mystery
26:30but it has ruptured the tank right where the ground worker spotted leaking fuel it's hard to describe
26:37how significant this was i mean this was the core of the investigation
26:41now we knew what happened the rest of the investigation was trying to figure out why this occurred
26:52a punctured fuel tank was the cause of one of the most infamous air crashes in history
26:59a supersonic air france concorde burst into flames on takeoff after running over a piece of metal debris on
27:06the runway did a similar scenario lead to the total destruction of china airlines flight 120
27:16okay we need to cut into this wing investigators need to get a closer look at the mysterious bolt that
27:23made a hole in the fuel tank the investigator in charge said yep now's the time to start cutting into
27:30that thing
27:51okay got it now they need to figure out where the bolt came from
28:01they study schematics of the 737 wing structure
28:08we went back to the drawings and went back to things like maintenance records
28:12to try to figure out exactly what it was they soon get their answer
28:16a downstop assembly the downstop assembly is part of the slat mechanism on the wing's leading edge
28:33let's go to flaps 25
28:37flaps 25
28:39pilots extend flaps and slats during every takeoff and landing
28:46the downstop is fixed to the end of a track that slides back and forth
28:51the device prevents the slats from moving too far forward the downstop is there
28:56quite frankly to stop it when it reaches its maximum deployment length
29:01if it didn't exist then there would be no way to retain the slant on the aircraft
29:11investigators have identified the piece that penetrated the fuel tank
29:15they know it's not from another plane like the runway debris that caused the concord disaster
29:23but they have other important questions that need answers
29:26we had the assembly we knew it punctuated the tank our next step was trying to figure out
29:32how this could possibly have occurred
29:40investigators pour over boeing service documents to learn more about downstop assemblies on the 737
29:46they make a surprising discovery this has happened before and it's happened more than once
30:00there have been two previous instances of this device coming apart and causing minor few leaks
30:08this was the first instance of an actual destructive fire in both previous instances parts from a downstop
30:15assembly punctured a fuel tank just like on flight 120
30:22clearly they knew it was a problem boeing was so concerned about the problem
30:28it issued a special work order to secure the downstop assembly on all 737s worldwide
30:35the solution that boeing had recommended was to remove the nut from this particular device
30:42and installs some thread hardening material and then you reinstall the nut it hardens in place
30:53what if the work order on this plane was never completed investigators review the boeing work orders
31:01if the plane that burned in okinawa was never fixed
31:04that could explain the accident we're trying to figure out when is the last time
31:11is anybody touch that assembly but according to the records the proper work was carried out very
31:19recently we discovered that this particular component this downstop had been manipulated
31:24only a couple of weeks or so prior to the accident just doesn't make sense investigators can see that the
31:32nut on the downstop assembly is still attached it seems that the work order to replace it was completed
31:39just as the records show so what went wrong that's the weird part that we want to figure out at that time
31:49they examine the downstop assembly from flight 120
31:57they check all the component parts
32:02finally they spot something
32:07we decided to count parts and lo and behold a washer was missing
32:11washer right behind the nut could a single missing washer have played a role in the accident
32:26it seems unlikely but investigators can't rule it out they need to find the washer we thought initially that
32:33the washer may have somehow gotten inside the fuel tank but that's not the case at all
32:38we examined very carefully the rest of the wing we found that particular washer in the leading edge
32:47assembly of the wing just laying in there loose
32:54the washer's a fit recovering the missing washer raises a puzzling question
33:01the nut was on there and it was torqued down correctly but there was no washer on it at all
33:06how did the washer become detached from the bolt but not the nut if the nut is still on the ball why
33:14there is something between well followed
33:19it seems like an impossibility and yet somehow it happened
33:23the flight 120 fire investigation heads to taiwan and the headquarters of china airlines
33:38investigators hope to shed some light on the mystery of the detached washer i appreciate you making the time
33:44we went to china airline to ask them to demonstrate how they do the maintenance work do you think you can show
33:54me how you completed this repair on the downstop assembly
33:59sometimes maintenance records don't tell you the true story they can tell you that according to somebody
34:04a maintenance procedure had been done correctly but to get a better story you have to actually watch the
34:10procedure being done a mechanic demonstrates how he performed the downstop repair
34:19you'll be able to see much of what i'm doing
34:25performing maintenance on this particular downstop is a little tricky
34:32mechanic is going to be in a very restricted visual area
34:36so he's going to have to work with his hands he's going to have to feel the apparatus
34:46after applying glue you put the bolt into place
34:50you can imagine that you're under the wind and you cannot see it
35:10sorry just dropped it don't worry it's easy to pick up again
35:20it's an eye-opening demonstration that's how it's done
35:29thank you you have been very helpful it's not very easy for them to confirm they finished their job
35:37and everything is in order there
35:39records show that the work order repair was the only time mechanics ever serviced the downstop
35:49in the history of the accident airplane
35:53there's only one possible explanation for how the washer found in okinawa came loose
36:00it fell off during the maintenance procedure in taiwan
36:04it could have just slipped off the gentleman's fingers when he was trying to install it
36:12it could have stuck to the nut and then fallen off just before he touched them together
36:18a lot of things could have happened the bottom line is the washer was not there
36:23but understanding what happened to the washer still leaves investigators scratching their heads
36:39the downstop assembly had a well tightened nut that was also glued to the bolt how could it fall out
36:45and how did this piece start a raging fuel fire that destroyed a 70 million dollar airplane
37:03all right now let's test it without a washer
37:08investigators experiment with the suspicious part from flight 120 to see how it performs without the washer
37:15the design of the design of this assembly requires each component
37:18to play a specific role so any piece that is not reinstalled is critical
37:27they make a stunning discovery
37:34the small washer is the only thing preventing the unit from falling out of its mount
37:39without the washer without the washer it fails we discovered that the nut and the bolt was smaller than
37:48the rest of the assembly and that the washer was a required item
37:56this is an example of an intact uh downstop assembly we'll take the nut off
38:01take the washer off take the washer off the nut back on like they did in taiwan
38:10and now you'll note that the assembly itself is pretty ineffective it falls apart
38:16without much problem at all
38:21finally it's clear why the downstop assembly was able to fall out of the slat track
38:26how it punctured the fuel tank is the final piece of the puzzle but investigators believe the design of
38:35the slat mechanism itself may hold the answer the engineers are designing these aircraft they take
38:41into consideration maximum space utilization and for the design of a leading edge slant they came up with
38:49something called a can the slat can is the area inside the wing that houses the moving track
38:56the can is a void that extends into the fuel tank and allows for the device that operates the slat to move in and out
39:08the space inside the slat can is tight just big enough for the sliding track
39:15a foreign metal object taking up any space inside the can would be an accident waiting to happen
39:21it would render the entire assembly not only non-functional but dangerous
39:26it would render the air in the air in the air in the air in the air in the air in the air in the air
39:36china airlines flight 120 157 passengers eight crew
39:44investigators believe they finally understand the sequence of events that led to a devastating fuel fire in okinawa
39:57it all begins weeks before the accident with a botched repair to a critical component
40:06a single missing washer turns a downstop into a hidden danger
40:12a bolt that can work its way loose over time
40:17washers really aren't supposed to hold things together but this washer did because of its design
40:21six weeks after the failed repair
40:31please give the flight attendants your full cooperation as they prepare the cabin for landing
40:36a routine descent into okinawa requires the pilots to deploy the flaps and slats as usual
40:41inside one of the track cans on the right wing the loosened downstop is just barely holding on
40:55touchdown is enough of a jolt to finally knock the downstop out of its track
40:59the unsuspecting crew soon retracts the flaps and slats the plane's powerful hydraulics move the slat
41:10track back into the can but now the downstop bolt is in the way the track pushes it to the back of the
41:18can and then straight through puncturing the right wing fuel tank
41:27a hole in the fuel tank caused a leak
41:32the plane would have been carrying thousands of liters of fuel
41:36as the plane taxis the engine exhaust is powerful enough to disperse the leaking fuel
41:43it can't come into contact with the hot tailpipe or brakes after landing chocolates
41:50but once the pilots park and shut down the engines
41:54the situation instantly becomes much more dangerous engine start levers then you start levers cut off
42:01the leaking fuel starts dripping directly onto the scorching hot tailpipe
42:11what is going on out there the leaking jet fuel ignites on contact the speed of the development of
42:19the fire is incredible obviously fuel burns very well and it goes up like a bomb everybody remain
42:27the cabin crew's professional conduct gets 157 passengers off the plane in just one minute and 42 seconds
42:40the naha airport fire leads investigators to a striking realization the repair that was ordered
42:51actually caused the fire
42:52it's kind of ironic taiwanese maintenance procedure was to prevent an accident and in essence the
43:01procedure had a lot to do with why this particular accident happened
43:06it's a great study in unintended consequences we really were trying to fix a problem we really didn't
43:12anticipate that every time we handle a maintenance piece like this there's a risk and it bit us
43:18in the wake of the naha airport inferno aviation authorities around the world order the inspection of the entire
43:26fleet of 737s in the us alone 21 planes are found to have the same defect all of them at risk of a
43:34catastrophic fuel leak and fire boeing takes immediate action it redesigns the downstop mechanism and ensures
43:42that the improved part is installed on each and every plane boeing made the changes necessary to
43:48ensure that the accident didn't occur again took a little time as it normally does to get to the
43:53final resolution of it but they did what they needed to do
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